Download Studying Psychological Disorders Studying Psychological Disorders

Studying Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion,
thought, and action considered pathological
for one or more of four reasons:
• statistical infrequency
• disability or dysfunction
• personal distress
• violation of norms
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
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Studying Psychological Disorders:
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):
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provides detailed descriptions
of symptoms
contains over 200 diagnostic categories
grouped into 17 major categories and five
dimensions (or axes)
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorder (characterized
by unrealistic, irrational fear)
Four Major Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
persistent, uncontrollable, and
free-floating anxiety
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD)
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More or less constant worry
Physical symptoms
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headaches
stomachaches
muscle tension
irritability
Panic Disorder
2. Panic Disorder: sudden and
inexplicable panic attacks
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Panic attacks - helpless terror, high
physiological arousal
Peak in 10 minutes or less
Very frightening - sufferers live in fear of
having them
Agoraphobia often develops as a result
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Phobias
3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific
object or situation
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Algophobia
Astraphobia
Pathophobia
Monophobia
Mysophobia
Nyctophobia
Ochlophobia
Ailurophobia
Monophobia
Pyrophobia
Triskaidekaphobia
-pain
-thunderstorms
-disease
-being alone
-contamination
-darkness
-crowds
- cats
- being alone
- fire
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Phobias
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It is not phobic to simply be anxious about
Study of normal anxieties
something
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Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed 70
60
50
40
30
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10
0
Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs Driving Being Cats
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
a car
in
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning in
a crowd
places
small
a house
of people
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
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Specific Phobias
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Specific phobias - fear of specific
object
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animals (e.g., snakes)
substances (e.g., blood)
situations (e.g., heights)
more often in females than males
Social Phobias
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Social phobias - fear of failing or being
embarrassed in public
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public speaking (stage fright)
fear of crowds, strangers
meeting new people
eating in public
Equally often in males and females
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Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts
(obsessions), urges to
perform repetitive,
ritualistic behaviors
(compulsions),
or both
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Checking
Cleaning/washing
Doing things a certain number of times in a row
Doing and then undoing things
Doing things in a certain order, with symmetry
Mental acts such as praying, counting, etc.
Children have an average of 4 obsessions and 4
compulsions at any given time
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Anxiety Disorders
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PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
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Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
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Explanations of Anxiety Disorders:
 Psychological--faulty cognitions,
maladaptive learning
 Biological--evolution, genetics, brain
functioning, biochemistry
 Sociocultural—environmental stressors,
cultural socialization
Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders (characterized by extreme
disturbances in emotional states)
Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:
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Major Depressive Disorder
(long-lasting depressed mood
that interferes with the ability
to function, feel pleasure, or
maintain interest in life)
Bipolar Disorder (repeated
episodes of mania and depression)
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Mood Disorders
(Continued)
Mood Disorders-Bipolar
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PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
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Mood Disorders-Depression
Hormonal?
Cultural?
Socialization?
Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Bipolar Disorders
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Mood levels swing from severe depression to
extreme euphoria (mania)
No regular relationship to time of year (like
Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Strong heritable component
Bipolar disorder often treated with lithium
Mood Disorders
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Explanations of Mood Disorders:
Biological
 Maladaptive Cognitions
 Learned Helplessness
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Five areas of major disturbance:
Perception (hallucinations)
Language (word salad, neologisms)
Thoughts (psychosis, delusions)
Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)
Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy
flexibility)]
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2.
3.
4.
5.
(group of psychotic disorders)
SPECTROAUTOROTATION
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Word Salad
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"Tissues without a triangular head lice be it with controller is the
noodle man of ice pops and radio yes thanks."
"So even with I but he river flow amber rod with it."
"Spiders my mom is a notification true since not like wedding
cake."
"Vegetables interest my translucent memory taken from his ant
mole hill radical."
"Trust the bamboo of pastrami, for the infinite monkey boy is
upon the arrival of distortion steam my vegetables."
"Toothache is Greg in my brain lodged for ski symptoms inside
out raspberry juice for tomorrow you are filthy."
"You can't go sailing past honor for the liking of a room. These
questions are birthday basements. To end the blue radish is the
upside of luxury, and sparking a good lizard will only make tears
fall in hindsight."
Schizophrenia (Continued)
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Other Disorders
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Substance-related disorder
(abuse of, or dependence on, a moodor behavior-altering drug)
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Two general groups:
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Substance abuse (interferes
with social or occupational functioning)
Substance dependence (shows physical
reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal)
Other Disorders:
Substance-Related Disorder
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Other Disorders (Continued)
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People with
substance-related
disorders also
commonly suffer
from other
psychological
disorders, a
condition known as
comorbidity.
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Dissociative Disorders: Splitting apart (disassociation) of experience from memory or
consciousness
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Types of Dissociative Disorders:
 Dissociative Amnesia
 Dissociative Fugue
 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Other Disorders (Continued)
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Best known and most severe
dissociative disorder:
 Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID): presence
of two or more distinct
personality systems in the
same person at different
times (previously known as
multiple personality
disorder)
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Personality Disorder: inflexible,
maladaptive personality traits that cause
significant impairment of social and
occupational functioning
Types of personality disorders:
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Borderline Personality Disorder
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Other Disorders (Continued)
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound
disregard for, and violation of, the rights of
others
Key Traits: egocentrism,
lack of conscience,
impulsive behavior, and
superficial charm
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
impulsivity and instability
in mood, relationships,
and self-image
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