Download What are the characteristics of a mineral?

Question:
Juan found a mineral with
a mass of 102 grams.
He calculated the
volume to be 30 ml.
What mineral did he
find?
D=M/V
MYP Unit Question: What’s out there?
Standard: Every science standard!
Learning Target: Today I will determine how
well I remember my Earth Science standards
because the CRCT is next week.
IAN #??
• Title: CRCT Review
Rocks and Minerals Standard
• S6CS2. Students will use standard safety practices for all
classroom laboratory and field investigations.
• a. Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus.
• b. Demonstrate appropriate techniques in all laboratory
situations.
• c. Follow correct protocol for identifying and reporting
safety problems and violations.
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• S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how
the earth’s surface is formed.
• b. Investigate the contribution of minerals to rock
composition.
• c. Classify rocks by their process of formation.
• d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of
the earth.
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Terms
Lab safety, goggles, aprons, safety symbols.
Mineral- Naturally formed inorganic solid with a crystal structure.
Rock- Naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter.
Inorganic-Is not alive, never has been alive.
Crystalline- A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
Composition- The materials that an object is made from.
Texture- The size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock.
Rock cycle- The continual process by which new rock forms from old rock material.
Compaction- layers of sediment pressed together with pressure
Cementation- hardening layers of rock together
Igneous- Latin word that means “fire.” Forms when lava or magma, cools and solidifies.
Metamorphic- type of rock formed by heat and pressure
Sediment- tiny weathered rock particles
Sedimentary- type of rock formed by the deposition of sediment
Intrusive- rock formed as magma cools and solidifies beneath Earth's surface.
Extrusive- rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface
Coarse-grained- rock with large mineral crystals, cooled slowly, intrusive
Fine-grained- rock with small or no evident mineral crystals, cooled quickly, extrusive
Foliated (banded)- thin separate layers are evident in rock
Non-foliated (non-banded)- no separate layers are evident in the rock
What are the characteristics of a
mineral?
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What are the characteristics of a
mineral?
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Naturally occurring
Inorganic (made from non-living material)
Solid
Chemical composition
Crystalline structure
What are the properties of minerals
and how can we test them?
What are the properties of minerals
and how can we test them?
• Hardness—use the scratch test and Moh’s
Hardness scale
• Streak test
• Density—mass divided by volume
• Fracture and Cleavage (break the mineral)
• Luster (the way it reflects light)
• Special properties such as magnetism,
fluorescence, taste, etc.)
Find the density of a mineral
1. The mass of a mineral was 14 grams. The
volume of that mineral was 7ml. What is the
density of that mineral?
2. Another mineral’s density was 6g/ml. It’s
volume was 3ml. What was the minerals’
mass?
Density problems
1. The mass of a mineral was 14 grams. The
volume of that mineral was 7ml. What is the
density of that mineral? 2.0 g/ml
2. Another mineral’s density was 6g/ml. Its
volume was 3ml. What was the mineral’s
mass? 18 grams
Rock Cycle Song
What processes are shown by the
arrows?
Black arrows—
Weathering,
Deposition,
Compaction and
cementation
intrusive--magma
--course grained
Extrusive--lava
--fine grained
Red arrows—
Melting and cooling
Tan arrows –
Heat and pressure
clastic
FoliatedNon-foliated
Weathering, Erosion, Soil Standard
• S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view
of how the earth’s surface if formed.
• d. Describe processes that change rocks and the
surface of the earth.
• h. Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks
and decomposed organic material.
• i. Explain the effects of human activity on the
erosion of the earth’s surface.
• j. Describe methods for conserving natural
resources such as water, soil, and air.
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Terms
Weathering- Breaking down rocks into smaller pieces
Erosion- The process by which sediment is removed from its source
Chemical Weathering- Breaking down rocks through a chemical change
Mechanical Weathering- Breaking down rocks physically
Abrasion- Grinding and wearing down rock surfaces physically
Iron- Naturally occurring element that rust when exposed to oxygen
Gravity- An invisible force that causes objects to be pulled each other
Ice wedging- Breaking down rocks through repeated freezing and
thawing
Acid rain- Rain that contains above normal acid
Renewable resources- Resources that can be continually replaced.
Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are used faster than it is mad
Conservation- Protection, preservation, or restoration of the natural
environment.
Organic matter- Biological material that is decaying or decomposing,
such as humus.
Horizons- Specific Layers of soil.
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering—the breaking up of rock
(Two kinds: ____________ and _________)
The product of weathering is __________.
Erosion is … (power teaching)
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering—the breaking up of rock
(Two kinds: Chemical and physical )
The product of weathering is soil.
Erosion is … when wind, water, ice and gravity
move soil from one place to another.
CRCT Review: Soil 4/22/14
COPY IN YOUR NOTES---Topsoil DANCE
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Topsoil
-Organic
-Humus
B
Subsoil
Weathered Bedrock
Clay
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Bedrock
Investigating groundwater
• Enter the subterranean world of groundwater
Weathering
Chemical
Acid rain
Oxidation(oxygen/iron)
--rust
Animals--lichens
Mechanical (physical)
Abrasion(grinding and wearing down rock
surfaces by other tiny rocks/sand)
Ice Wedging
Animals
Erosion
Moving sediment (weathered rock)
Gravity
(slump, landslides)
Deposition
Depositing the sediment (delta—where rivers meet larger water sources)
Dynamic Earth—Plate Tectonics
• S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of
how the earth’s surface is formed.
• a. Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and
core including temperature, density, and composition.
• e. Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move
and cause major geological events on the earth’s
surface.
• f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate
tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption,
gravity) on geological features including oceans.
• g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing
surface and climate of the Earth.
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Terms
Crust - The outermost layer of the Earth
Mantle - The layer of the Earth between the crust and the outer core
Core - The earth layer that extends from below the mantle to the center of the Earth.
Outer core- liquid part of core, made of molten iron and nickel
Inner core – solid part of core, mostly made of solid iron
Asthenosphere – a plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move
Lithosphere- the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
Seismic waves- earthquake waves that travel out from the earthquake in all directions.
Convection currents- Fluid movement due to differences in temperature and density
Sea floor spreading – Ocean floor separating as magma rises and solidifies.
Convergent boundary- Boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding
Divergent boundaries- Boundary between two tectonic plates that are separating
Transform boundary- Boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other
horizontally
Continental drift- Hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations.
Tectonic plates- Pieces of the lithosphere that move top of the asthenosphere.
Pangaea - All of the present continents were once joined in a single, huge continent.
Fossil evidence – Similar fossils on different continents supporting continental drift
Mountain building- Mountains resulting from colliding convergent plates
Faults – Breaks in the Earth’s crust
Volcano – A place where hot liquid magma reaches the surface.
Draw and Label the layers of the Earth
crust
• Which layer has the most
mass?
mantle
mantle
Outer core
• Which layer is the thinnest?
Inner core
crust
• Which layer is liquid?
Outer core(mantle is molten)
• What is the inner core
made of?
Solid
iron/nickel
• What are the currents
called where warm
molecules rise due to
density…. Convection currents
Asthenosphere – a plastic
layer of the mantle on
which pieces of the
lithosphere move
Lithosphere- the
crust and the rigid
upper part of the
mantle
Plate tectonics
Tectonic Plates Rap
Convergent—collide
– Mountains (cont—cont)
SUBDUCTION
--trenches
– Land volcanoes (cont—
ocean)
– Island volcanoes (ocean—
ocean)
Divergent—divide
• Seafloor spreading
--mid ocean ridge (magma rises)
--rift valley (on land)
Transform—slide
--earthquakes (cause seismic waves)
Pangaea and Fossil evidence
**Alfred Wegner Song***
Continental drift- Hypothesis that states that the continents
once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their
PANGEA!!
present locations……..
Standard: Hydrology
• S6E3 Students will recognize the significant role
of water in earth processes
• a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s
surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers,
lakes, underground water, and ice.
• b. Relate various atmospheric conditions to
stages of the water cycle.
• c. Describe the composition, location, and
subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
• d. Explain the causes of waves, currents, and
tides.
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Terms
Water cycle- Water moving continuously from the ocean/land to the sky and back
Evaporation- Liquid water changing to water vapor and rising to the atmosphere
Condensation- Water vapor changing to liquid and forming clouds.
Precipitation- Rain, Sleet, Snow, or Hail falling down
Transpiration- Evaporation from plants
Runoff- Water flowing on the ground due to gravity
Infiltration- Water sinking into the ground
Fresh water- Water in lakes, rivers, underground, and glaciers
Salt water- Ocean water
Aquifer- Water stored under ground
Groundwater- Water held in soil and rock crevices
Surface currents- Ocean surface water movement
Tides- The rise and fall of the ocean water due to moon’s gravity and partly by the sun
Continental shelf- Gentle sloping seabed near the land
Continental slope- Outer edge of the continental shelf to the ocean floor
Continental rise- Ocean floor between the continental slope and the abyssal plain.
Mid-ocean ridges- Ocean floor mountain system form by plate tectonics
Seamounts- Mountains under the ocean
Volcanic island- Island above the ocean surface form from seamounts
Ocean trench- Deepest parts of the ocean floor at a subduction zone
Renewable resources- Resources that can be continually replaced.
Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are used faster than it is made
Water cycle song
• What drives the Water Cycle? SUN
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Water cycle- Water moving continuously from the ocean/land to the sky and back
– Evaporation- Liquid heating up and changing to water vapor (gas)
– Condensation- Water vapor changing to liquid and forming clouds.
– Precipitation- Rain, Sleet, Snow, or Hail falling down
– Transpiration- Evaporation from plants
– Runoff- Water flowing on the ground due to gravity
– Infiltration- Water sinking into the ground
Ocean Floor
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Continental shelf- Gentle sloping seabed
near the land
Continental shelf— as you walk out from
the beach
Continental slope- Outer edge of the
continental shelf to the ocean floor
Continental rise- Ocean floor between the
continental slope and the abyssal plain.
Mid-ocean ridges- Ocean floor mountain
system form by plate tectonics
Seamounts- Mountains under the ocean
Volcanic island- Island above the ocean
surface form from seamounts
Ocean trench- Deepest parts of the ocean
floor at a subduction zone
Distribution of Earth’s Waters
Where is all the water?
• 97% salt water
• 3% freshwater
Ice caps and glaciers (frozen)
Freshwater: Most is found _______________.
• Renewable resources- Resources that can be
continually replaced.
– Water, wood (for now)
• Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are
used faster than it is made
– Coal, natural gas
Standard: Climate and Weather
• S6E4. Students will understand how the distribution
of land and oceans affects climate and weather.
• a. Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose
heat at different rates and explain the resulting effects
on weather patterns.
• b. Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to
form large global wind systems and weather events
such as tornados and thunderstorms.
• c. Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans
affects the weather patterns and weather events such
as hurricanes.
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Terms
Atmosphere- mixture of gases that surrounds Earth
Air pressure - the force of air molecules pushing on a surface
Wind - movement of air caused by differences in air pressure
Global winds- Predictable air mass movement at every 30 degrees of latitude.
Land breeze- Breeze flowing from land to the sea (night time)
Sea breeze- Breeze flowing from sea to land (day time)
Coriolis effect- Curving of the winds and ocean currents due to the Earth’s rotation.
Air mass- large body of air where temperature and moisture are similar throughout.
Continental- air mass that forms over land, dry.
Maritime- Air mass that forms over oceans.
Tropical- air mass that forms over the Tropics.
Polar- Air mass that forms over the polar regions, cold.
Warm front- A warm front forms where warm air moves over cold, denser air.
Cold front- A cold front forms where cold air moves under warm air
Occluded front- Warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses.
Stationary front – Cold air mass meets a warm air mass and move very little
Hurricane- A severe storm formed over tropical oceans and with winds greater than 120 km/h (74mph)
Thunderstorm- Intense weather systems that produce strong winds, heavy rain, lightning, and thunder.
Tornado- A destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds and that may be visible as
a funnel-shaped cloud.
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Lightning- An electric discharge that occurs between a positively charged area and a
negatively charged area.
Greenhouse effect- Process by which gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapor and
carbon dioxide, absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth
Atmosphere and Weather
Air Pressure
• the force of air molecules pushing on a surface
• Differences in air pressure caused by unequal
heating of the surface
Weather is caused by unequal heating
of land and water on the Earth
Winds
Air Masses/Fronts
Wind: movement of air caused by
differences in air pressure
Air Mass: similar temperature/humidity
Weather Maps
Warm fronts
• Slow moving
• Brings in warm air
• Gentle rains
Cold fronts
• Fast moving
• Cold air moves in
• Warmer air get “pushed”
up—less dense
• Forms cumulonimbus
clouds and
thunderstorms
****the faster the cold
front is moving…the more
severe the storms will be**
Stationary front
• A warm front meets with
a cold front, and neither
overtake the other
• Little movement
• Continuous rain until one
air mass pushes the other
• ** (usually another front
will come in to move
them along)
QUICK REVIEW
Rocks/Minerals
• Types
– Igneous (holey looking): basalt
– Sedimentary (layers): limestone w/fossils, sandstone
– Metamorphic: gneiss, rearranged minerals
(foliated/nonfoliated)
Weathering/Erosion/Soil
• Weathering: breaks down, cracks in sidewalk, acid
rain causes destruction
• Erosion: moving sediment, if you move natural
structures (trees, etc) erosion speeds up…so these
must be replaced.
QUICK REVIEW
Plate Tectonics
--temp increases as you go to center
--plates move on the lithosphere/upper mantle
Divergent: midocean ridge, new sea floor at “cut”—older the farther out
Convergent: volcanoes, mountains….
Transform: earthquakes
Hydrology
--know the features of the ocean floor
--percentage of salt and freshwater (mostly frozen)
--waves caused by winds
--currents caused by temperature changes in water
--know the water cycle (evaporation needs heat)
QUICK REVIEW
Weather
--Low pressure, storms….warm and moist air
--High pressure, clear skies mostly….cooler and dry
Astronomy
--Eclipses S m E = solar eclipse
S E m = lunar eclipse
--ALL things in our solar system orbit the SUN
because of gravity
Tides:
due to gravitational pull of moon and sun
Spring Tide
• highest/lowest tide (spring)
when moon is full/new
Neap Tide
• not much difference (neap)
when moon is quartered
Astronomy
Seasons--look where the sun is—the USA in
the northern hemisphere