* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unnatural disasters - International Fund for Animal Welfare
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Saskatchewan wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
The impacts of climate-related emergencies on wildlife, livestock, and companion animals. I NTE R N A T I ON A L F U ND F O R A N I M A L WEL F A R E In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, the International Fund for Animal Welfare dispatched emergency rescue teams to New Orleans. The teams methodically combed the city, door-to-door, rescuing thousands of cats and dogs left behind by evacuees. Most of the residents left their pets thinking they would be allowed to return home in a couple days. Others were rescued by first responders and weren’t allowed to bring their pets. Evacuees who made their way to shelters or temporary housing were not allowed to bring pets either. The mass exodus out of New Orleans left animals in a dire situation. IFAW and other animal rescue groups flocked to the city and spread across the ruined neighborhoods in boats and trucks. Teams were forced to pry open doors and windows to retrieve pets on the brink of starvation and dehydration. A countless number of dogs and cats drowned. Many residents of New Orleans simply refused to leave without their pets. They turned away rescuers and stayed in the city for days until they were assured their pets would be evacuated too. Though thousands of animals were rescued, many were not. The failure to include animals in the evacuation plans complicated disaster relief efforts, causing death and harm to animals and increasing the suffering of the human victims of the disaster. Though disasters of the size and scope of Hurricane Katrina are the exception rather than the rule, the impact of disasters on animals is not. Every year in the United States fires, floods, hurricanes and other natural disasters leave thousands of animals vulnerable. There is an urgent need to ensure that animals are formally considered in disaster preparedness plans. The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina amplified the message that people care passionately about animals. Most consider pets to be part of the family and abandoning them is unthinkable. We need to ensure that policy and planning reflect this sentiment. No one should be forced to leave a pet behind. © IFAW/M. Booth In the Philippines following Typhoon Ketsana — Neck-high floods forced humans and animals to rooftops. Relief in the form of water and food was provided for animals and a meal consisting of bread, canned tuna and water was provided for humans in the devastated areas. This isn’t only an issue for the United States. Worldwide, due to climate change, natural disasters are increasing in frequency and severity. In developing countries, IFAW often encounters refugee camps in which animals are not allowed. Again, intervention is required and animal emergency relief groups, such as IFAW, spring to action. Other times, animals and evacuees mass together informally, congregating around cooking and latrine areas, and creating an increased risk of disease. In these cases, animals must be vaccinated. Sometimes by the thousands. Climate change is affecting animals around the world. Not only companion animals stranded after natural disasters, but also livestock and wildlife. Species of sea turtles, some old enough to have seen the dinosaurs come and go, are disappearing before our eyes. Stronger storms are eroding the sandy beaches which the turtles use to nest and increasing sand temperatures have skewed egg sex ratios, producing mostly females. The loss of summer sea ice is causing starving polar bears to move to towns and human settlements in search of food, leading to humanwildlife conflict. Harmful algal blooms are stripping seabird feathers of vital water-proofing properties, causing hundreds of seabirds to wash up dead or dying on our beaches. Outbreaks of the deadly Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus is increasing among great apes. The future migration of monarch butterflies is threatened. Long-term climate change adaption strategies are needed to address many of these animals’ needs. Although all animal crises linked to climate change warrant meaningful attention, this report looks specifically at animals in distress from climate change in events requiring emergency intervention. The report details the connection between climate change and the pressing need for animal emergency preparedness. The report also offers recommendations for actions decision-makers and stakeholders can take to mitigate the impacts of these incidents. With anticipated increases in the frequency and severity of disasters due to climate change, animals and humans need preparedness planning and response efforts now more than ever. Sincerely, Fred O’Regan President, IFAW Climate Introduction Change Introduction Mitigating the devastating effects that climate change will have on our planet is undeniably the most important environmental challenge our generation, and indeed future generations, will face. According to the world’s leading scientists,1 climate change will have significant impacts lasting decades and centuries to come. However, a changing global climate will have — in fact is having — more immediate detrimental consequences for both human communities and the countless animals upon which humans depend for sustenance, economic growth Importance of Animals Impor ta nce of A nim a l s Livestock animals are highly valued for their milk, meat, eggs, draft animal power, wool, leather, and dung. Often one of the only economic activities available to poor people in developing countries, livestock rearing can provide a steady stream of food and revenue for families, and does not require formal education, large amounts of capital, or land ownership. 6 Owning livestock also increases the essential consumption of protein and creates employment opportunities beyond the immediate household. 7 Whether we rely on them for food, revenue, companionship, or to help balance our ecosystems, animals play an important role in our lives. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the leader in international efforts to defeat hunger, has recognized the close link between the welfare of humans and the welfare of animals. Currently, roughly one billion people depend directly on animals for income, social status and security as well as food and clothing. 2 Companion Animals and stability, and social and quality of life development. © IFAW/S. Cook 2 Unnatural Disasters © IFAW/D. Gleason It is critical to develop and implement far reaching measures to combat the negative long-term impacts of climate change on animals. In the interim, however, animals are suffering and will continue to suffer from the more immediate effects of climate change, which also causes suffering and destruction to human communities. It is becoming increasingly evident that as climate change progresses, natural disasters will occur with increasing frequency and severity. Prior to, during, and following these disastrous events, local communities, non-governmental organizations, governments, and other stakeholders need to collaborate to prevent the suffering and death of livestock, companion animals, and wildlife — the animals upon which human populations depend. Livestock More than 900 million people worldwide are undernourished. Most of those people are in developing countries where secure food supplies often depend on the health and productivity of animals, and these in turn depend on the care and nutrition that animals receive. 3 Climate change is expected to worsen this hunger crisis by negatively affecting crop productivity and loss of livestock. 4 As climate change impacts food availability, livestock animals are becoming increasingly important. In Asia, for example, livestock currently provides the livelihood support for over 35 percent of the poor and is seen as one of the key sectors for poverty alleviation. 5 The link between animal welfare and human welfare extends beyond practical benefits. Positive interactions with animals provide comfort, social contact and cultural identification for people all over the world. 8 Studies illustrate that an individual’s relationship with a companion animal positively impacts social development and quality of life. In fact, research suggests that there are both psychological and physical health benefits to owning and interacting with companion animals. 9 In addition, there is an increased awareness of the links between human social, personal, and moral development and attitudes and behavior towards animals. 10 For example, good animal care can be a force for social cohesion within a family, a community or a business 11 while studies have also recognized a correlation between animal abuse, family violence and other forms of community violence. 12 Wildlife In addition to the emotional, aesthetic, and social benefits that people gain from experiencing wildlife in their natural habitats, wildlife plays a vital role in essential ecological and biological processes on which we depend. 13 Biodiversity, the combination of life forms and their interactions with each other and with the rest of the environment, provides invaluable goods and services that support human survival. 14 Studies show that biodiversity influences the rate, magnitude, direction, and delivery of essential ecosystem processes such as pollination, agricultural pest and disease control, nutrient conservation in soil, and water purification. 15 In order for humans to thrive, we must protect biodiversity. Given that species are disappearing at an alarming rate due to the impacts of climate change and human activity, this need to prevent the further loss of biodiversity is greater than ever. Currently, roughly one billion people depend directly on animals for income, social status, and security as well as food and clothing. International Fund for Animal Welfare 3 Arctic >> Eurasian Snow Cover Extent (Jan 08) Largest January extent on record and smallest extent during March, April, and boreal spring. >> Arctic Sea-Ice (Sep 07) All-time lowest extent on record in September. Surpassed previous record set in 2005 by 23% >> Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Extent (Jan 08) Largest January snow cover extent on record. 36 >> Arctic Sea-Ice (Oct 09) 12 >> Northern Europe (Mar 08) 2nd lowest extent on record behind Sept 2007. 15 >> British Isles (Jan 09) Severe North Atlantic storm disrupted power to 100,000 homes across Ireland, and caused structural damage to buildings. >> US (08) 14 One of the top 10 years for tornadorelated fatalities since 1953. Powerful storms with wind gusts up to 160 km/hr. 27 13 23 28 11 18 Pa c i f i c 10 6 4 19 16 1 Atlan tic 7 26 >> Typhoon Neoguri (Apr 08) 35 33 Max winds 175 km/hr; earliest typhoon to strike China on record. >> Hurricane Paloma (Nov 08) 32 >> Iraq (July 09) 2nd strongest November Atlantic hurricane on record. Max winds 230 km/hr. >> Tropical Storm Fay (Aug 08) 2 1st storm on record to strike Florida 4 times, max winds 100 km/hr. >> Hurricane Norbert (Oct 08) Max winds 220 km/hr. Most powerful 2008 East Pacific hurricane. Worst sandstorm in living memory, lasting more than a week. 37 Max winds 205 km/hr. The longestlived July Atlantic tropical storm on record (17 days). Max winds 105 km/hr; farthest east tropical storm to form in the eastern Pacific since 1970. 31 >> Hurricane Omar (Oct 08) 22 8 Max winds 205 km/hr. 25 Significant Climate Anomalies Worst storm to hit Cuba in 5 decades. Max winds 240 km/hr, with 341 km/hr wind in Paso Real San Diego, the high in Cuba’s history. >> Tropical Cyclone Nargis (May 08) Max winds 215 km/hr; most devastating cyclone in Asia since 1991. 21 >> Hurricane Ike (Sep 08) Max winds 215 km/hr; one of the strongest cyclones ever in Madagascar. 29 24 3 39 17 40 5 2 Mexico (Aug 09) 6 Spain and Portugal (08) 4 US (08) 3rd worst fire season and persistent drought in western and southeastern US. 4 Cold Front Paraguay, 5 Argentina, Uruguay (Jan 08 – Sep 08) Worst drought in 50 years in central and southern parts. Unnatural Disasters 20 I n di a n 1 South California (Apr 09) 3 9 >> Tropical Cyclone Ivan (Feb 08) Max winds 230 km/hr, 3rd most destructive US hurricane after Katrina. Drought Chile (08) >> Tropical Cyclone Sidr (Nov 07) Max winds at landfall 240 km/hr. The worst storm to hit Bangladesh since 1991. More than 8.5 million people affected and over 3,000 fatalities. >> Hurricane Gustav (Aug 08) 2007 to 2009 Worst drought in 70 years, affecting about 3.5 million farmers, with 80% of water reservoirs less than half full, 50,000 cows dead, and 17 million acres of cropland wiped out. Max winds 220 km/hr; worst typhoon to hit China’s Guangdong province in more than a decade. 34 >> Hurricane Bertha (Jul 08) >> Tropical Storm Alma (May 08) Worst wildfire in 30 years scorched nearly 8,100 hectares in the area. >> Typhoon Hagupit (Sep 09) 30 Worst drought in over 50 years in some areas. Worst drought for over a decade (Spain); worst drought winter since 1917 (Portugal). 7 Iraq (Aug 09) Experiences its 4th consecutive year of drought, with half the normal rainfall resulting in less than 60% of usual wheat harvest. 8 Kenya (09) Worst drought in almost two decades affecting 10 million people and causing crop failure. 9 Australia (Jan 09) Warmest January in the 1950 – 2008 record. Driest May on record. Drought conditions for over a decade in some parts. 10 Liaoning, China (Aug 09) 12 Alaska (07 – 08) 2nd highest winter snowfall in 30 years. 13 Central Canada (08) Arctic air brought subzero temperatures. Lowest temperatures recorded 36°C, with a wind chill of -50°C. Experienced worst drought in 60 years, affecting 5 million acres of arable land and more than 200,000 livestock. 14 11 15 United Kingdom (08 – 09) China (Feb 09) Suffers worst drought in 50 years, threatening more than 10 million hectares of crops and affecting 4 million people. Source: NOAA 2007, NOAA 2008, NOAA 2009a Canada (08) Toronto’s 3rd snowiest winter on record. Coldest winter since 1996 – 1997. 16 Middle East Region (Jan 08) Heaviest snowfall in more than a decade in Iran. First snowfall in living memory in Baghdad, Iraq. 38 Rain/Flooding Africa 17 South (May 08 – Jun 07) Warm Front 21 Bolivia (Jan 08) 22 Ecuador (Feb 08) Africa 26 Northern (Sep 08 – Nov 08) Heavy rain and worst flooding in the country’s history. Flooding affected tens of thousands in Algeria and Morocco; worst floods in a century for Algeria. 18 23 US (Jun 08) 27 19 China (Jan 08) 24 Brazil (Nov 08) 28 Central Europe (Jun 09). 32 33 Dhaka, Bangladesh (Jul 09) 25 Northeastern Brazil (Apr 09) 29 34 Philippines (Jan 09) 30 India (Jun 08) 35 Taiwan (Aug 09) Cold front led to 54 weather records in May. In June, Johannesburg received its 1st major snowfall since 1981. Uzbekistan (Jan 08) Coldwave with lowest temperatures in 40 years. Worst severe winter weather in decades affecting over 78 million people. 20 New Zealand (08) Major winter cyclone caused flash floods and widespread wind damage across North Island in July. Heavy rain and flooding. Heavy rain and worst floods since 1993 across the Midwest in June. Heavy rain and flooding affected 1.5 million people. The worst deluge in more than 20 years in this normally semi-arid region, with floods and mudslides driving more than 186,000 people from their homes. United Kingdom (08) One of 10 wettest summers on record. Flooding: worst natural disaster since 2002. Southeastern Africa (Jan 08) Flooding in Mozambique, Malawi and worst floods ever recorded in Zimbabwe. Heaviest rainfall in 7 years in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Eastern Philippine 31 Islands (May 09) Typhoon Kujira triggered floods and major landslides, affecting over 246,000 people. Max winds were 213 km/hr. Vietnam (Oct 08) Heavy rain and floods. Received 11.4 inches of rain in the largest rainfall in a single day since 1949, leaving 12 million stranded. 36 Fenno-Scandinavia (08) Warmest winter ever recorded in most parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland. 37 India (Jun 09) Intense heat wave resulted in nearly 100 fatalities as temperatures soared past 40°C. and 38 Australia New Zealand (09) 39 Southern Australia (09) Exceptional heat wave, triggering new temperature records and deadly wildfires, claims 210 lives. Australia, 40 Southern Adelaide (Jan 09) On January 28, temperatures spiked to 45°C; the hottest day in 70 years. Experienced their warmest August since records began 60 and 155 years ago, respectively. Torrential downpours caused flash floods and landslides, forcing 200,000 to evacuate. Typhoon Morakot; worst flooding in 50 years with 83 inches of rain in southern parts. International Fund for Animal Welfare 5 Impacts of Climate Change Ef f ec t s of Cl im at e Ch a nge The long term impacts of climate change include an increase in global average surface warming, rise in sea level, and more acidic oceans. By 2100, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated that global average surface warming will increase by between 1.1 and 6.4° C and sea level will rise between 18 and 59 cm. The more immediate and obvious impacts include increased frequency of temperature extremes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation events, as well as more intense tropical cyclones with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation associated with ongoing increases of tropical sea surface temperatures. 16 The average temperature on Earth has already warmed by close to 1°C. 6 Unnatural Disasters While we need to develop and execute technologies and solutions to mitigate the long-term impacts of climate change, it is pressing to take action on the more immediate consequences as well. A natural disaster occurs when a vulnerable and illprepared population or community is exposed to a natural hazard, an unexpected or uncontrollable natural event of unusual intensity that threatens people’s lives, property, or activities. 20, 21 Examples of natural hazards include weather-related hazards such as floods, hurricanes, droughts, and tsunamis. Projected Impact of Climate Change Food Falling crop yields in many areas, particularly developing regions Possible rising yields in some high latitude regions Emergencies caused by climate change-related natural disasters cause immense loss and suffering. For those who do not immediately lose their lives, many will lose family members and possibly breadwinners, livestock on which their livelihoods or even survival depends, experience catastrophic damage to their homes, sources of income, and destruction to their communities, and suffer the dangers and humiliations of displacement and destitution. 22 Some 25 million people are thought to be displaced from their homes at any time as a result of natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, and avalanches. 23 The current number of people affected and the damage inflicted by extreme weather events including torrential rain, bursting rivers, violent winds and insidious droughts is historically unprecedented. Each year, almost 250 million people are affected by natural disasters. This number is growing and is likely to expand greatly as climate-related disasters become more common and extreme. By 2015, the average number of people affected each year by natural disasters could increase to 375 million. 24 Natural disasters result in great economic and non-economic losses. Between 1991 and 2005, 3.47 billion people required humanitarian assistance after disasters, 960,000 people died, and economic losses were $ 1.193 trillion. 25 The cost of responding to disasters has risen tenfold between 1992 and 2008. 26 Besides physical injury, death, displacement, and damage to property, natural disasters also create health hazards. Extreme weather events, especially heavy downpours, can create conditions conducive to “clusters” of diseases carried by mosquitoes, rodents, and water. In addition, the increased number of refugees and internally displaced persons across the globe leads to living conditions that raises the risk of epidemics of communicable diseases. 27 Water Global Temperature Change in Celsius (Relative to Pre-industrial) Small mountain glaciers disappear water supplies threatened in several areas Significant decrease in water availability in many ares, including Mediterranean n and South Africa Extensive damage to coral reefs Ecosystems Extreme Weather Events Risk of Abrupt and Major Irreversible Changes Falling yields in many developed regions Sea Level rise threatens major cities Rising number of species face extinction Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves Increased risk of dangerous feedback and abrupt, large-scale shifts in the climate system Source: Stern Review. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-ARENDAL © IFAW/M. Booth We are already feeling the ramifications of climate change. In September 2009, the United Nations Environment Programme released a report that indicated that climate change is accelerating at a much faster pace than was previously projected by scientists. New scientific evidence suggests important tipping points, leading to irreversible changes in major Earth systems and ecosystems, may already have been reached or even overtaken. 17 Atmospheric and ocean temperatures are higher than they have been at any other time during at least the past five centuries, and probably for more than a millennium. 18 The average temperature on Earth has already warmed by close to 1°C since the beginning of the industrial period in the late 18th Century. 19 Impacts of Climate Change-Related Disasters on People While climate change-related disasters will affect all countries, people in the poorest and smallest countries and poor people in richer countries are likely to suffer the most. Experts predict that developing countries will bear most of the costs of the damages from climate-related hazards (75–80 percent). 28 The more impoverished, unequal and unprepared a population is, the worse the disaster will be when a natural hazard occurs. Poverty and inequality force people to live in high-risk places, such as flood plains, steep hillsides, urban slums, and in poorly built homes. This, in conjunction with inadequate preparedness mechanisms and low capacities for risk reduction measures leads to a cycle of vulnerability that becomes more difficult to escape with every disaster. 29 IFAW Emergency Relief responders arrive in the Philippine villages of Sucol and Masili to rescue animals in distress and provide relief for those impacted by Typhoon Ketsana. International Fund for Animal Welfare 7 Climate Change Impact of Climate Change on Animals Climate Change © IFAW/A. Mookerjee India experienced the worst flooding in over 50 years. An estimated two million people were forced to evacuate. A huge area of farmland and livestock were severely affected. Impacts of Climate Change on Animals The impacts of climate change are placing additional pressures on ecosystems already stressed by overuse, degradation, fragmentation and loss of total area. 30 Warming temperatures are forcing wildlife to move to higher elevations, searching for climates where they can survive. 31 As they are forced to immigrate to new areas, many animals will find themselves in conflict or competition with people and livestock that inhabit the urban and agricultural landscapes that surround current wildlife habitats. In many cases, further complications will arise from the complexity of species interactions and different sensitivities to changing conditions between species. 32 Those animals that remain in the same place may have to evolve to match their new environment, through either a behavioral response (such as shift in the time of breeding) or a genetic response (such as an increase in the proportion of heat tolerant individuals). 33 8 Unnatural Disasters Impacts of Climate Change-Related Disasters on Animals People are not the only victims of natural disasters. When catastrophe strikes and chaos ensues, animals are often abandoned and left to fend for themselves. The result is usually tragic-death and extreme suffering. Unlike people, animals have nowhere to go to escape the impacts of natural disasters. The impacts of climate change-related disasters such as hypothermia, dehydration, starvation, physical injury, disease, and drowning threaten the lives, and cause the suffering, of many individual animals, and may also push endangered populations towards extinction. Climate change is likely to be the main drive of biodiversity loss in the future © IFAW Significantly more likely, however, is that irrevocable habitat change will lead to species or population extinctions. According to the IPCC, climate change is likely to be the main driver of biodiversity loss in the future. As populations move north in an attempt to adapt to warming climates, they tend not to be replaced. Other species and populations, such as those that are already at high elevations or those on islands, have nowhere to go. 34 According to a 2006 report published by UNEP and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), it is projected that by 2050, climate change will cause the extinction of a substantial number of the subset of 1000 endemic species currently being analyzed globally. 35 International Fund for Animal Welfare 9 Wildfires Climate Change The International Fund for Animal Welfare sent an Emergency Relief team to help wild and domestic animals affected by the devastating fires in Victoria, Australia. © IFAW/M. Filinger Wildfires In the United States climate change-related wildfires are a growing natural hazard in most regions of the country, posing a threat to life and property, particularly where native ecosystems meet developed areas. 36 Studies have found that the recent surge of massive forest fires in the Western United States have been linked to climate change and are likely to continue to be a major concern. 37 Climate change is likely to bring drier conditions in many parts of the world. This, along with more severe storms, will play a role in changing fire patterns. In North America, fire severity is predicted to increase in the future due to higher numbers of lightning strikes and the intensity and frequency of windstorms. In addition, as ecosystems become more vulnerable to fire because of climate change or land-use practice that encourage the spread of fire, human-induced fire becomes increasingly likely to create natural disasters. 38 Case Study 1 Australian Wildfires of 2009 In February 2009, the worst bushfires in Australian history, which scientists believed may have been linked to climate change, left 173 people dead and 39 more than 2000 properties and almost 430,000 hectares (just over 1 million acres) of land destroyed. The disaster caused more than A $1 billion (US $920,522,120) worth of damage. Insurance costs are expected to reach A$1.23 billion (US $ 1,132,242,207). The massive bushfires destroyed entire towns 40 and killed a quarter of Victoria state’s koalas, kangaroos, and other wildlife. Up to a million wild animals are thought to have perished as a result of the fires, along with an estimated 13,000 commercial farm animals, including sheep, beef and dairy cattle, goats, poultry and pigs. Additionally, many companion animals lost their lives. 41 While the full extent of the impacts of the Victorian bushfires on animals is not currently known, it is clear that these large, intense fires have likely devastated the populations of some of Victoria’s most endangered animals and plants, raising major concerns for their survival in the future. 42 Countless animals were also severely injured. Many were burned, mostly to the front and back feet but large numbers of animals had more extensive burns covering more of the body. These animals were generally euthanized unless the burns were minor and the animal could be rehabilitated quickly and released. There were also thousands of starving wild animals and orphaned young. Other injuries included smoke inhalation, broken bones, eye damage, shock and dehydration. 43 © IFAW/C. Ord 10 Unnatural Disasters International Fund for Animal Welfare 11 Climate Change Biological Disruptions Biological Disruptions In addition to the direct consequences of climate change-related disasters, animals lose their lives and suffer from indirect impacts of these natural hazards. These biological disruptions include aggravated disease, disrupted migratory patterns, and increased strandings. Studies indicate that some of the long-term impacts of climate change could include increased incidence and severity of animal disease as well as emerging or re-emerging diseases affecting livestock, companion animals, and/or wildlife. 44 Wildlife health is important to consider, not only because of concerns about biodiversity protection, population sustainability and animal welfare, but also for human public health and economic reasons. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from a wildlife reservoir. 45 Approximately 80 percent of emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are zoonotic (i.e. transmissible between a wild or domestic animal and humans), and a rising number of these diseases are spread by either direct or indirect (with livestock as an intermediary) contact with wildlife. 46 Therefore, as livestock producers and wildlife shift their distribution in response to changes to water and vegetation caused by climate change, opportunities will arise for more wildlife disease to infect both people and domestic animals. 47 In addition to the health threats that diseases pose to human and animal populations, the pathogens that originate from or move through wildlife populations have already caused significant economic losses. For instance, several livestock diseases that have re-emerged since the mid-1990s (including avian influenza) have caused an estimated $100 billion in losses to the global economy. 48 For example, as a result of increased drought and the resultant decrease in water availability, higher concentrations of individuals may congregate around water resources, increasing interactions between animals of both the same and different species, and increasing the risk of infection contraction. 51 Climate change may also change the severity of animal diseases. Changes in rainfall and humidity may alter the quality and availability of breeding sites for disease carriers such as ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. 52 In eastern Kenya and southern Somalia, a severe outbreak of Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne zoonotic disease, was linked to heavy rainfall in 19971998. The outbreak killed more than 500 people and some livestock owners lost up to 70 percent of their animals. 53 A recent study suggests that climate-related hazards such as droughts or floods can create conditions in which diseases that are tolerated individually may converge and cause mass deaths of livestock or wildlife. Extreme climate conditions may alter normal host-pathogen relationships and cause a “perfect storm” of multiple infectious outbreaks that could trigger epidemics that would lead to catastrophic mortality. 54 As extreme weather events become increasingly frequent, the consequent synchronization of infections (or their carriers) may result in diseases becoming a significant threat to populations that were historically immune. Unnatural Disasters Canine Distemper Virus Epidemic in 1994 and 2001 in Lions Case Study 2 Extreme weather conditions in Tanzania combined with exposure to the normally non-fatal canine distemper virus (CDV) resulted in deadly epidemics in Serengeti lions in 1994 and Ngorongoro Crater lions in 2001. The 1994 epidemic left a third of the Serengeti lion population dead, while the 2001 epidemic resulted in the deaths of nearly 40 percent of the Ngorongoro lion population; a population which remains consistently below carrying capacity and weakened by inbreeding depression. 55 Both fatal outbreaks of CDV coincided with similar ecological circumstances – severe droughts followed by intense rains. The suspected reason for these extreme mortality events was the combination of the highly prevalent CDV, the source of which can be traced to domestic dogs, with an abnormally high level of Babesia, or tick borne disease, which was directly related to climate extremes. Drought led to reduced food and water, resulting in many weakened, starving, and dying Cape buffalo, one of the lions’ key prey species. The compromised buffalo developed high tick burdens, leading to large die-offs that in turn gave the lions “easy meals” to feed on high numbers of tick-infested buffalo carcasses. While neither pathogen in isolation would have had such tragic results, the combination of the Babesia and CDV, an immunosuppressant infection that compromised the lions’ immune systems and prevented them from fighting the Babesia, killed the lions. 57 © IFAW/M. Booth 12 A male lion looks over his shoulder while resting on a patch of rocky soil in the Kidepo National Park in Uganda. In 1994, witnesses observed Serengeti lions that appeared to be in good condition suddenly experience horrible seizures culminating in death. Tanzania National Park officials and scientists that responded to the outbreak were shocked and confused to see a population that had been so well protected suffer and die off by the hundreds. In 2001, the die-off did not occur in exactly the same way. Witnesses did not observe seizures in this much smaller population of approximately 60-70 lions. Instead, the lions were lethargic and exhausted, barely able to move. In a matter of weeks, 24 of the 61 Ngorongoro Crater lions were dead. 56 Climate change will likely influence the incidence and geographic range of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue, and plague. As vectors, or carriers, shift their range as a result of climate change, the distribution of their transmitted diseases will shift as well. The number of carriers may increase in some areas, but may also decrease in others. For example, plague is spread by rodents and their fleas. Climate change is expected to change the distribution of rodent populations around the globe, therefore impacting the range of this disease that still causes significant death rates in wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. 49 Other impacts of climate change include increased severity of disease and decreased host resistance, mainly due to increased susceptibility to infection because of changes in host behavior. 50 © IFAW/D. Willetts Increased Incidence of Disease and Climate Change Dr. Craig Packer, a professor of biology at the University of Minnesota who not only was present during these epidemics but has been studying East Africa’s lions since 1978, noted that the climate extremes of drought and flood have been much more frequent and dramatic in recent years. According to Dr. Packer, “as extreme weather events become more frequent and intense, it is likely that these kinds of outbreaks will become more common as opportunities for synchronization of diseases and infections increase.” 58 International Fund for Animal Welfare 13 Climate Change Biological Disruptions Shift in Migratory Patterns Because they require separate breeding, wintering, and migration habitats of suitable locations, migratory species are expected to be at greater risk due to climate change than others. 59 Migratory species are already suffering, and are likely to do so even more in the future, from changes in their critical habitats and shifts in their migratory patterns. Unnatural Disasters An example of a migratory bird whose migratory patterns have been West Indies and many Caribbean Islands, and to Guyana and Venezuela in South America. 67 Once a common sight on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, the brown pelican was nearly wiped out before it was listed as ‘endangered’ under the Endangered Species Act in 1970. The Atlantic coast is the only part of the brown pelican’s range where it is not currently listed as endangered. 68 The major threat to these birds was pesticide poisoning through ingestion of pesticide residues in fish. Since DDT was banned in 1972, there has been a full recovery on the East Coast and other brown pelican populations are showing steady improvement. 69 Although the species is recovering, it is important to maintain conservation efforts of the brown pelican, especially with the increase of human population along the California coast with the related marine traffic and pollution. 70 There is also cause to believe that climate change may be an added threat to brown pelicans. The combination of the long-term impact of delayed migration and the short-term impact of an extreme winter storm had tragic results for hundreds of California brown pelicans in December 2008. During the week of December 10th, ice storms and subfreezing weather hit the Northwestern United States and continued for several weeks with record low temperatures. 71 Unseasonably warm weather and abundant food supply are believed to have caused an estimated 4,000 pelicans to delay migration and remain in Oregon and Washington until December when they were caught in record-breaking freezing temperatures while en route to California. Once they began migrating south, the mixture of cold weather, physical stress, and unstable food supply contributed to a mass stranding event along the West Coast. Experts estimated the number of stranded and dead brown pelicans to be between 300 and 400. The primary cause of this stranding and mortality event appears to be weather and migration-related. When found alive, the birds appeared disoriented and frail, often with blistered or bruised looking feet and pouches, suggestive of frostbite. Depression and abnormal behavior, likely the result of exhaustion, hypothermia, and/or hypoglycemia, were also reported. 72 Climate change has also led to alterations in location, timing, and length of migration routes of migratory birds. 63 In some cases, birds are migrating earlier in the spring. A study of 63 years of data for 96 species of bird migrants in Canada showed that 27 species have altered their arrival dates significantly, with most arriving earlier, in conjunction with warming spring temperatures. Birds also seem to be delaying autumn departure. In a study of 13 North American passerines, 6 species were found to delay their departure dates in conjunction with global warming and, and there have even been some cases in which birds have abandoned migration all together. 64 14 Brown Pelican Stranding Event in 2008 the coast in California and from North Carolina to Texas, Mexico, the There is also evidence that predators are following their prey into waters outside of their normal migratory patterns. 61 The result of this disruption in feeding patterns can be disastrous. Warm ocean currents may have been the indirect cause of 2,500 Magellan penguins washing ashore – dead and alive – on Brazil’s northern coast in 2008. Experts believe that these penguins followed their prey, anchovies, into deeper colder waters, taking the penguins more than 2,500 miles off course. When the penguins couldn’t reach the anchovies, they ended up stranded, starving and disoriented, on Brazilian beaches. 62 About 84 percent of migratory birds have the potential to be affected by climate change from changes in water regimes, such as lowered water tables, mismatch in food supplies, rise in sea levels, changes in prey range and increased storm frequency. Migratory birds are particularly vulnerable to more frequent and intense natural hazards because they use multiple habitats during migration as stopover sites for feeding, resting or to sit Case Study 3 disturbed by climate change is the brown pelican. Its range extends along © IFAW One major concern is related to food availability. Climate change is leading to food shortages and changes in feeding patterns of migratory species. As waters are warming, prey species are either not thriving or shifting their range towards colder waters. In the Southern Ocean for example, penguins, albatrosses, seals, and whales may be faced with significant food shortages. As temperatures in bodies of water rise, krill, an important source of food for these species, may be out-competed by salps, a species that is more tolerant of warmer waters. 60 out bad weather. 65 Because these birds are also highly dependent on stable weather for their migratory journeys, changes in wind patterns and increases in storm frequency may negatively impact migratory patterns. For example, evidence indicates that a higher spring storm frequency in the Caribbean can cause problems for migrating passerine birds, and lead to reduced numbers reaching the breeding grounds. 66 © IFAW/C. Somonte A close-up of a Brown pelican perched among the dark rocks on an island in the Galapagos. A pelican that was cleaned by IFAW ER team and released. The bird was affected by a major oil spill near Veracruz Mexico that occurred on December 22, 2004. International Fund for Animal Welfare 15 Climate Change Biological Disruptions © IFAW/M. Danbolt Winter Storm Causes Mass Stranding in Cape Cod in 2005 Case Study 4 Extreme tides and high winds are often associated with mass strandings, as they were in December 2005. On December 10, a nor’easter with hurricane force winds forced higher than normal tides and caused massive destruction to several towns bordering Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts. 78 The storm surge pushed pilot whales and pelagic dolphins even further into shore than is normally possible, causing them to strand. There is also the possibility that the winds, high surf and likely increased turbidity may have made echolocation more difficult in the near shore waters, possibly causing the animals to become disoriented and strand. Marine mammals 79 use echolocation to obtain information about their surroundings and to find food. They do this by producing sounds or sonar clicks that are reflected back when they strike an object. Strandings There may also be links between climate change and strandings, which occur when marine mammals or sea turtles swim or float into shore and become “beached” or stuck in shallow water. 73 Mass strandings occur when groups of distressed marine mammals come ashore dead or alive. These strandings can involve anywhere from a few to several hundred animals. Once animals start coming ashore, it is extremely difficult to stop the process from continuing and escalating. Affected animals will follow one another ashore, as if crippled by widespread panic, even when there is clear access to open water. 74 When a marine mammal comes ashore alive, physiological changes occur, often leading to shock and death. Live-stranded animals are usually in need of medical attention and cannot return to their natural habitat without assistance. 75 80 The storm left 45 pilot whales and dolphins stranded in the snow and ice on beaches and marshes from Barnstable to Wellfleet. Although some animals were found alive, the freezing temperatures and wind burn caused hypothermia. Some suffered serious injuries from being beaten against seawalls by the pounding surf. The storm also complicated rescue efforts, as it was unsafe and even impossible for emergency relief teams to respond initially, as snow and downed trees blocked the roads. Unfortunately, many animals died as a result of the hypothermia, injuries, and/or shock and stress from being stranded. The rest were humanely euthanized to end their suffering. 81 There is no universally accepted explanation for strandings. Possible causes of strandings include infectious disease, starvation, exposure to pollution, trauma from ship strikes or entanglement in fishing lines, harmful algal blooms and associated biotoxins, ocean noise, and extreme weather events. 76 If a bad weather system, such as a hurricane or a severe winter storm, comes through, animals can become disoriented and wash ashore. The storm surge pushed pilot whales and pelagic dolphins even further into shore than is normally possible, causing them to strand. © IFAW/M. Booth 16 Unnatural Disasters International Fund for Animal Welfare 17 Oil Spills Increased Use of Oil Another indirect impact of climate changerelated hazards is an increased risk of large oil spills at sea, resulting in great injury to ecosystems, affected communities and marine wildlife. © IFAW/V. Papastavrou People are using vast amounts of oil. From the petroleum used to fuel our transportation, heat our homes, and lubricate our machinery, to the asphalt we use to pave our roads, to the myriad of oil-derived products such as plastics, medicines, ink, paints, and fertilizers, oil is literally everywhere. 82 In an increasingly technological era, the world has become and will continue to become more dependent upon oil-based products to help us maintain our high standard of living. 83 In 2007, the United States consumed about 7.5 billion barrels of oil, an increase of almost 30 percent over the last 20 years alone. 84 Currently, global consumption of oil is 3 billion gallons a day. 85 This number is expected to grow as global demand for oil increases. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has projected that by 2030 global demand for oil will increase by nearly 34 percent above 2006 levels. 86 Possible Increased Risks of Oil Spills Every step of the transportation equation – from loading, shipping, unloading, piping and storage – presents a chance for oil to escape. 87 During shipping, large unintentional oil spills can be caused by human error, breakdown of equipment, or extreme weather events. 88 Approximately 5.65 million tons of oil were lost as a result of tanker incidents from 1970 to 2008. 89 Oil spills occur all around the world. Large spills (at least 10,000 gallons) have occurred in the waters of 112 nations since 1960. 90 In China, at least 90 percent of the nation’s crude oil imports are transported by sea. In 2004, this figure was nearly 110 million tons. Between 1973 and 2003, more than 2,350 oil spills occurred along the nation’s coast – one spill every 4.6 days. 91 Climate Change and Oil Spills The long-term impacts of climate change are linked to an increased risk of oil spills. Studies have noted that climate change could potentially cause a shift in the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, making the Northwest Passage across North America more easily navigable. This, in turn, could lead to increased shipping traffic, possibly increasing the risks of oil spills in a delicate Arctic ecosystem already threatened by melting ice-caps. 92 18 Unnatural Disasters An emergency relief worker carries an oiled Brown pelican contaminated by an oil spill. Short-term extreme weather events are more often the direct cause or one of the contributing factors of large oil spills at sea. Impacts of Oil Spills on People Large oil spills can have catastrophic results for both the environment and human populations near the spills. The financial cost of cleaning up an oil spill depends on multiple factors. Some estimate the cost of cleaning oil from offshore waters to be approximately $7,350 per metric ton of oil spilled, while shoreline cleanup can average 20 times that at $147,000 to $294,000 per metric ton. In the three years following the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989, in which 11 million gallons of crude oil were spilled into the Prince William Sound in Alaska, $2.5 billion was spent on clean-up over a period of three years. Despite these costly efforts, more than 12 years after the spill, studies of the impact area showed that more than half of the beaches analyzed still had considerable amounts of oil pollution. 93 Short-term extreme weather events are more often the direct cause or one of the contributing factors of large oil spills at sea. This, along with the fact that climate change will likely lead to an increased frequency and intensity of climate change-related storms, is likely to increase the risk of future large oil spills. © IFAW/J. Hrusa Black waves polluted by an oil spill crest into a white froth as they crash into the dark rocks along the coast of La Caruna in Northwest Spain. © IFAW/R. Sobol Oil Spills International Fund for Animal Welfare 19 Oil Spills © IFAW/D Barritt A person wearing a yellow jacket and red protective gloves gently holds a penguin covered in oil. Several other penguins stand in the background. The penguins were rescued from an oil spill off Dassen Island. oil components. The effects of indirect oil exposure include headaches, nausea, vomiting, eye irritation, vertigo, worsened asthma symptoms, and upper respiratory tract irritation. 96 A close-up of an oiled penguin standing on the Eastern shore of South Africa’s Robben Island. The penguin was contaminated by a spill off the island’s coast. Impacts of Oil Spills on Animals Oil spills can be deadly for marine wildlife. When an oil spill occurs in water, it spreads very rapidly, leaving little possibility of escape. Many animals are killed directly after an oil spill. Even a seemingly harmless dime-size drop of oil could kill a bird. 97 In the case of Exxon Valdez, 300 harbor seals, 900 bald eagles, 2,800 sea otters and 250,000 sea birds were killed days after the incident. 98 Three species of cormorant, a type of seabird, the common loon, the harbor seal, the harlequin duck, the pacific herring and the pigeon guillemot still have not fully recovered. 99 The primary immediate effects of oil contamination on animals include hypothermia; dehydration resulting from lack of food; stomach and intestinal disorders and destruction of red blood Large oil spills can threaten the livelihoods of those communities that rely on the ocean for food or income. In the case of Exxon Valdez, over $300 million of economic harm was done to more than 32,000 local people whose livelihoods depended on commercial fishing. 94 Oil spills can also cripple coastal and eco-tourism. Coastal areas provide a variety of recreational activities that are compromised by oil spills, such as boating, scuba diving, fishing, swimming, and whale watching. In the 20 Unnatural Disasters year immediately following the Exxon Valdez disaster, tourism revenue decreased by eight percent in South-Central Alaska and 35 percent in Southwest Alaska. 95 In addition to the direct effects of oil spills mentioned above, public health may also be affected by indirect exposure to oil. Examples of indirect exposure include consumption of contaminated fish or water, or inhalation of evaporated © IFAW/J. Hrusa Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the water-repelling abilities of a bird’s feathers, thus exposing these creatures to hypothermia or possibly freezing to death. International Fund for Animal Welfare 21 Oil Spills cells resulting from ingestion of oil; pneumonia resulting from inhalation of oil vapors; skin and eye irritation from direct contact with oil; and impaired reproduction. 100 In addition, oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the water-repelling abilities of a bird’s feathers, thus exposing these creatures to hypothermia or possibly freezing to death. 101 Even species that do not come directly in contact with oil can be harmed by a spill. Predators that consume contaminated prey can be exposed to oil through ingestion. 102 In addition, oil can cause incalculable injury to wildlife habitats, making them unsuitable for feeding, nesting, and other services they provide to marine life. 103 Although marine wildlife may be seriously injured or killed very soon after contact with the oil in a spill, non-lethal toxic effects can be more subtle and often more long-term. 104 In cases where oil does not directly kill an animal, it may compromise its survival. For example, animals with eye damage may be unable to effectively avoid predators. Others may die prematurely due to organ damage. Reproductive success may also be affected by these injuries or by direct damage to reproductive organs or changes in behavior caused by oil exposure. 105 Also, exposure to oil, either directly or via food sources, can have lasting impacts on individuals, populations, and ecosystems. Reduced numbers of prey species due to oil exposure can have a chain reaction, affecting all the species in the food web. 106 Case Study 5 The Prestige Oil Spill in 2002 Intense storms, old age and poor construction are believed to have caused the Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain on November 13, 2002, resulting in what some call the largest environmental disaster in Spain’s history. After It is not clear how long it takes for environments to recover from oil spills. In the case of Exxon Valdez, for example, oil persisted in the environment years after the incident and continues to cause harm to individual animals and some animal populations. In 2006, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council listed 31 species and resources as still injured by the spill. 107 In the case of the Torrey Canyon, an oil tanker that ran aground off the Isles of Sicily in 1967, spilling 31 million gallons, some scientists believed that the marine environment took over 30 years to fully recover. 108 days of bad weather, the Prestige oil tanker encountered strong winds, which ripped a 60 foot hole in the tanker’s side. The vessel began taking in water through the hole, causing it to break in two and sink into the Atlantic Ocean. The 27 crew members were evacuated by helicopter and salvage tugs 109 towed the stricken vessel away from the Spanish coastline. Strong winds 110 © IFAW/S. Cook and rough seas hampered efforts to contain the resulting oil spill. After the sinking, the wreck continued leaking oil. The tanker leaked approximately 125 tons of oil a day for two months, which polluted the sea bed and contaminated the coastline, especially along the territory of Galicia. 111 It was later found that 64,000 tons of oil were spilled from the tanker that was carrying 77,000 tons of oil. Experts have estimated that some of the affected ecosystems and commercial resources will take over a decade to recover. 112 The heavy coastal pollution forced the region’s government to suspend offshore fishing for six months. 113 This was devastating for an area that is heavily reliant on the fishing industry and aquaculture. Damage to fishing and related economic sectors, tourism, and the natural heritage along 3,000 km of coastline polluted by the spill were estimated to cost ¤5 billion (US $7,459,001,597), 114 with society at large paying 97.5 percent of it. An estimated 30,000 people in the fishery and shellfish sectors were directly affected. 115 The affected area is a very important ecological region, supporting coral reefs and many species of sharks and birds. 116 Within days after the spill, oiled wildlife, including rare and endangered seabirds, were being found on the beaches in large numbers, and as search and collection efforts got underway, oiled birds began flooding small local rehabilitation centers. 117 A total of 12,000 birds were collected from the beaches. Of these 12,000 birds, only 2,300 were still alive. 118 International animal emergency relief teams, local groups, and Spanish environment authority officials joined forces to rehabilitate hundreds of birds suffering from dehydration, emaciation, anemia, and hypothermia. Emergency relief efforts were difficult because large numbers of birds were oiled far offshore, long before there was an opportunity for rescue. In addition, stormy weather conditions and high sea cliffs complicated search and collection efforts. Ultimately, approximately 300,000 sea birds (gannets, guillemots, razorbills, puffins, loons, shags, cormorants, scoters, and Balearic shearwaters, a seabird listed as critically endangered by the World Conservation Union) 119 are estimated to have been killed by the oil spill. 120 An oiled seal found on a beach near Cape St. Mary’s Ecological Reserve in Newfoundland. Every year the illegal and deliberate dumping of oil from ships kills 300,000 seabirds off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. 22 Unnatural Disasters International Fund for Animal Welfare 23 Oil Spills A nim a l Emergency Rel ief Ef f or t s As climate change-related disasters hazards become more frequent and intense, the need for humanitarian disaster preventative action, preparedness, and response is becoming increasingly urgent. It is important, however, to ensure that the companion animals, wildlife, and livestock on which human populations depend, are not forgotten. To minimize the suffering and loss of life to these animals, and the impacts of that loss on local communities, stakeholders, NGOs, and governments must work together to prevent, prepare for, and respond in a timely manner to climate change-related emergency situations. Volunteer rescue workers box a group of clean penguins. © IFAW/J. Hrusa • Natural Disaster Response – During and immediately following a natural disaster, experienced professionals are necessary to assess the needs of the community and impacted animals and respond to these needs by taking steps to alleviate suffering and prevent death. This response includes search and rescue efforts as well as providing shelter, food, and veterinary care for the animals. Several cleaned penguins are released on South Africa’s Milnerton beach after being (rescued from an oil spill, nursed back to health). • Marine Mammal Stranding Response – Responding to a marine mammal stranding involves evaluating live-stranded animals to identify candidates for rescue, relocation, rehabilitation and release as well as planning and conducting relocation and release efforts. In addition, it is important to undertake efforts to prevent mass strandings whenever possible and appropriate. 121 Unnatural Disasters © IFAW/J. Hrusa 24 © IFAW/J. Hrusa • Oiled Wildlife Response – If quick and effective response is taken, oiled wildlife can be rehabilitated and released back into the wild. Responding to oiled seabirds, however, requires very specific types of housing, supportive care and, most importantly, re-waterproofing. International Fund for Animal Welfare 25 Oil Spills Costs/Donations of the MV Treasure Oiled Wildlife Relief Efforts* The MV Treasure Oil Spill in 2000 Case Study 6 Expenses Supplies/Equipment In June 2000, the MV Treasure bulk ore carrier sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, spilling over 1000 tons of heavy fuel oil into Media Table Bay and leaving over 20,000 endangered African Penguins oiled. Emergency Relief teams were faced with great challenges. Not only did they rescue an unprecedented number of penguins and other birds, Travel and Expenses In-Kind donations they also evacuated 11,000 clean birds to prevent them from becoming oiled. In addition, responders took over the rearing of many chicks 122 Wages paid to IFAW Staff, Consultants, and Temporary/Contract Assistance that otherwise would have died. 123 Responders took on the daunting tasks of transporting the penguins to two large temporary rehabilitation facilities and treating them so that they could be released into the wild once the oil was cleaned up. In addition to setting up a well-equipped rehabilitation center, there are many logistics that need to be coordinated to rehabilitate thousands of penguins. For example, feeding the penguins was a huge task because each bird had to be fed at least 4 fish a day along with vital vitamins. Initially they had to be hand-fed because they were unused to eating dead fish and had to be taught to do this. Working with the logistics team were technical operations specialists including a team of qualified and experienced staff and specially trained volunteers that worked to hydrate the birds by tube feeding. A large team of vets worked tirelessly to oversee all aspects of veterinary care and minimize the risk of disease. First, the penguins were stabilized for 48 hours before they were pre-treated with a highly refined vegetable oil to loosen the bulk of weathered bunker oil on their feathers. Next, they were washed using a detergent effective in removing oil without harming the birds. The penguins helped to complete the washing process by swimming in outdoor pools in the rehabilitation facility to rinse their feathers and help regain their waterproofing. After the washing, the birds were removed to large drying rooms equipped with hanging infrared heat lamps. Every bird was given a medical check-up to ensure that each of them was healthy enough to be released into the wild. Thanks to the rescue efforts of 12,000 people lasting 12 weeks, 18,294 of the 20,251 treated penguins were rehabilitated and released to the wild, significantly helping to conserve this endangered species. Long-term monitoring of the birds, as part of the evaluation process, has indicated that over 90 percent of the birds survived and went on to breed successfully in the wild. Thanks to the rescue efforts of 12,000 people, 18,294 of the 20,251 treated penguins were rehabilitated and released to the wild. 26 Unnatural Disasters $24,000 $42,000 $132,000 $200,000 $350,000 $748,000 * These figures are approximated and are only those associated with the direct costs of the International Fund for Animal Welfare’s (IFAW) international relief efforts. Other groups responded in support and they may have additional figures not covered by IFAW. Efforts to Prevent Future Oil Spills © IFAW/J. Rodriguez To successfully rehabilitate oiled birds, a rehabilitation center must meet strict requirements. These include power and a reliable source of water; an admissions center with medical facilities for blood testing and general checks; secure areas to wash and rinse; drying areas equipped with hot air blow dryers; observation areas; swimming pools and feeding areas. Total Cost of Effort Cost IFAW has also played an active role in achieving preventative measures to help ensure that similar catastrophes do not occur. Immediately following the MV Treasure oil spill, IFAW initiated research and efforts that led to the proposal and adoption of the decision to declare the South African coastline a Special Area. 124 In 2006, the international shipping community agreed to a designation of the Southern South Africa Sea area prohibiting or severely restricting the dumping of oily waste in that area. 125 Implemented in 2008, the designation as a Special Area status signifies reduced chronic or acute oil pollution from passing vessels as ships are restricted or prohibited from releasing oil waste discharges. In addition, illegal discharges of oil are deterred by highlighting the protected area status on international navigation charts. IFAW has also played an active role in achieving preventative measures to help ensure catastrophes do not occur. International Fund for Animal Welfare 27 Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusions and Recommendations Natural disasters are dealing a heavy blow to wildlife, and the other animals upon which people rely for livelihoods and companionship such as livestock and pets. In 2009 alone, the number of natural disasters globally exceeded 100. The impacts of oil spills 126 and other events that can be caused by climate change-related disasters make the situation even more severe. United States • IFAW urges Congress to include provisions in upcoming new or recurring legislation that would authorize comprehensive animal emergency preparedness, response, and relief efforts prior to, during, and immediately following climate related disasters. Appropriate legislative vehicles include cap and trade, energy security, and other climate change legislation; 28 Unnatural Disasters foreign assistance reform legislation; and annual homeland security, foreign assistance, animal welfare, conservation, and defense authorization legislation. • IFAW urges Congress to appropriate resources for animal emergency preparedness, response, and relief efforts prior to, during, and immediately following climate change-related disasters in annual Departments of Homeland Security, Interior, Commerce, State, Justice, Agriculture, and Defense appropriations legislation. • IFAW urges the State Department to offer assistance to foreign governments in the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness plans that include strategies for preventing the deaths and suffering of animals, as well as in responding directly to the needs of animals during and following climate change-related disasters. © IFAW/M. Booth As the United States Congress tackles extensive climate change legislation and world leaders meet at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 15) in Copenhagen to negotiate a comprehensive international climate change agreement, it is imperative that decision makers address both the direct impacts of climate change that are transpiring today as vigorously as they do the impacts that will take place over the long term. Governments and international bodies must support effective and efficient animal emergency preventative, preparedness, and relief efforts in order to alleviate the direct, immediate, and devastating effects of climate change that threaten wildlife, livestock and companion animals. Consequently, IFAW offers the following recommendations: IFAW Emergency Relief teams handed out humanitarian aid and continued animal relief efforts in the Philippines following Typhoon Ketsana. United Nations and Other Intergovernmental Organizations Non-Governmental Organizations and the Private Sector • IFAW urges the United Nations to achieve a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare that encourages people and governments to consider animals in disaster preparedness and response efforts surrounding climate change-related disasters. • IFAW urges non-governmental organizations and private sector groups that provide humanitarian relief during and following natural disasters to develop partnerships with non-governmental organizations with expertise in animal emergency relief to exchange information and skills and collaborate on emergency relief efforts to minimize the suffering and loss of life to animals and communities. • IFAW urges the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the UN entity that oversees and facilitates the disaster-relief efforts of the UN system, and other similar entities to consider animals in coordinating disaster preparedness and response efforts surrounding climate change-related disasters. Examples include developing partnerships with non-governmental organizations with expertise in animal emergency relief to deliver assistance to animals in need and ensuring that emergency response personnel are trained to mitigate the impacts of climate-related disasters on animals. • IFAW urges environmental organizations and financial supporters that are currently focusing on addressing the long-term impacts of climate change to also direct resources towards mitigating the immediate impacts of climate change and climate change-related disasters on wildlife, companion animals, and livestock by supporting animal emergency preparedness and relief efforts. International Fund for Animal Welfare 29 © IFAW/C. Cullen Climate Change IFAW’s EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Emergency relief workers scan floodwaters for signs of life in Oakville, Iowa. IFAW ’s Emergency Rel ief Progr a m IFAW maintains a group of highly trained professionals ready to help animals threatened by disasters or victimized by cruelty. Our Emergency Relief (ER) Team is trained to operate in difficult circumstances, often for weeks or months at a time. We are one of the few international animal organizations that can assist national authorities and local rescuers around the world, train local ER responders and wildlife rehabilitators, and provide expert emergency rescue services. Working with local communities, IFAW steps in to alleviate suffering, save lives, and educate local officials to avoid and/or prepare for future disasters. The members of IFAW’s ER Team are experts in assisting seabirds harmed by oil spills; pets, livestock, and wildlife abandoned or injured by natural disasters; stranded marine mammals; and wildlife requiring rescue, rehabilitation, and release back into the wild. Our Emergency Relief (ER) Team is trained to operate in difficult circumstances, often for weeks or months at a time. Disaster Relief When disaster strikes, IFAW’s ER Team does what it can to help ease suffering. IFAW has responded to hurricanes, cyclones, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and wildfires. In 2008, IFAW responded to six of the Top Ten International Disasters including Hurricanes Ike and Gustav in the United States, Sichuan Earthquake in China, Cyclone Nargis in Burma, Floods in the Midwestern United States, and the Floods of Bihar in India. Marine Mammal Rescue IFAW, which is headquartered in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has been working to rescue stranded whales and dolphins in its backyard since the 1980s. In 2007, that commitment was taken to another level when the Cape Cod Stranding Network, Inc. (CCSN), recognized as a leader in this field, formally merged with IFAW. The mission of the IFAW Marine Mammal Rescue and Research program is to promote the conservation of marine mammal species and their habitat by improving response and humane care for stranded marine mammals, advancing stranding science, and increasing public awareness through education. 30 Unnatural Disasters Oiled Wildlife Response Wildlife Rescue Since 1989, IFAW has responded to more than 25 oil spills in 15 different countries. In the last decade, IFAW has emerged as the world leader in oiled wildlife response. The IFAW ER Team responds to oil spills involving wildlife, collaborates with NGOs and governments, and works toward prevention and preparedness. Wild animals are continually being placed into crisis situations as a result of human activities, such as habitat loss, wildlife trade, unethical hunting practices, and commercial exploitation. IFAW’s ER Team works to rescue such individuals and place them in appropriate places of safety; rehabilitate individual animals for release back to the wild; and place them in sanctuaries for long-term care only when release to the wild is not possible, and when quality of life can be assured. International Fund for Animal Welfare 31 References 1 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008, September). Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefing Note 01. Retrieved from http:// www.unisdr.org/eng/riskreduction/climatechange/docs/Climate-Change-DRR.pdf 2 D. Fraser et al. (2009). P. 1. Capacity building to implement good animal welfare practices: Report of the FAO Expert Meeting. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/011/i0483e/i0483e00.pdf 18 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008, September). P. 3. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefing Note 01. Retrieved from http:// www.unisdr.org/eng/riskreduction/climatechange/docs/Climate-Change-DRR.pdf 19 The World Bank. ( 2009, September 15 ). P. 14. World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. Retrieved from http://siteresources. worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/ Resources/5287678-1226014527953/ WDR10-Full-Text.pdf 20 3 D. Fraser et al. (2009). P. 1. Capacity building to implement good animal welfare practices: Report of the FAO Expert Meeting. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/011/i0483e/i0483e00.pdf 4 http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/08/ global/no_hungry.htm 5 S. Forman et al.,Climate change impacts and risks for animal health in Asia. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz.2008; 27 (2); 581-597 6 S. Forman et al.,Climate change impacts and risks for animal health in Asia. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz.2008; 27 (2); 581-597 7 The International Working Group on Animals in Disasters. (2008). P. 5. Protecting Animals From Disasters. Retrieved from http://wspa-usa.org/download/83_iwgaid.pdf 8 D. Fraser et al. (2009). P. 5. Capacity building to implement good animal welfare practices: Report of the FAO Expert Meeting. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/011/i0483e/i0483e00.pdf 9 National Institutes of Health Department of Health and Human Services. (2009, February).Can Pets Keep You Healthy? Retrieved from http://newsinhealth.nih. gov/2009/February/feature1.htm 10 Michael C. Appleby PhD and Lorna Sherwood for World Society for the Protection of Animals. (2008). P. 8. Animal Welfare Matters to animals, people, and the environment: The case for a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare. 11 D. Fraser et al. (2009). P. 5. Capacity building to implement good animal welfare practices: Report of the FAO Expert Meeting. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/011/i0483e/i0483e00.pdf 12 American Humane Association. (2009). Understanding the Link Between Animal Abuse and Family Violence. Retrieved from http://www.americanhumane.org/about-us/ newsroom/fact-sheets/understandingthelink.html 13 Hinterland Who’s Who. (2009). Issues and Topis: Benefits of Wildilfe. Retrieved from http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?cid=4&id=221 14 Secretariat on the Convention of Biological Diversity. (2000, April). P. 2 Sustaining Life on Earth: How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being. Retrieved from http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/ cbd-sustain-en.pdf United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008, September). P. 5. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefing Note 01. Retrieved from http:// www.unisdr.org/eng/riskreduction/climatechange/docs/Climate-Change-DRR.pdf 21 Jon Van de Grift (n.d.) NaturalHazard.org: Visualizing a Safer Planet. Retrieved from http://www.naturalhazards.org/. Accessed October 28, 2009. 22 Oxfam International. (2009, April). P. 13. The Right to Survive: The humanitarian challenge for the twenty-first century. Retrieved from http://www.oxfam. org.uk/resources/papers/downloads/ right_to_survive_report.pdf 23 Christian Aid. (2007, May ). P. 17. Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.christianaid.org.uk/Images/ human-tide.pdf 24 Oxfam International. (2009, April). P. 2. The Right to Survive: The humanitarian challenge for the twenty-first century. Retrieved from http://www.oxfam. org.uk/resources/papers/downloads/ right_to_survive_report.pdf 25 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008, September). P. 5. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefing Note 01. Retrieved from http:// www.unisdr.org/eng/riskreduction/climatechange/docs/Climate-Change-DRR.pdf 26 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2008). Climate Change: Coping with the Humanitarian Impact- The Threat of Climate Change. Retrieved from http:// ochaonline.un.org/News/ClimateChange/ TheThreatofClimateChange/tabid/4981/ language/enUS/Default.aspx 27 The Worldwatch Institute. 2009 State of the World: Into a Warming World. New York: W.W. Norton & Company; 2009. p. 78. 28 The World Bank. ( 2009, September 15 ). P. 15. World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTWDR2010/Resources/52876781226 014527953/WDR10-Full-Text.pdf 29 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008, September). P. 5. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefing Note 01. Retrieved from http:// www.unisdr.org/eng/riskreduction/climatechange/docs/Climate-Change-DRR.pdf 30 15 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 8. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 4. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf 31 16 United States Geological Service. (2006, June, 7). USGS Science Helps Build Safer Communities Wildfire Hazards—A National Threat. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ fs/2006/3015/ 17 United Nations Environment Programme. (2009, October 21). P. ii. Climate Change Science Compendium 2009. Retrieved from http://www.unep. org/pdf/ccScienceCompendium2009/ cc_ScienceCompendium2009_full_en.pdf Craig Moritz et al., Global Warming, Elevational Range Shifts, and Lowland Biotic Attrition in the Wet Tropics. Science. 2008;322. Craig Moritz et al., Impact of a Century of Climate Change on Small Mammal Communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science. 2008;322. 32 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Climate Change and Biodiversity: Species. Retrieved from http:// www.unepwcmc.org/climate/species.aspx 33 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Climate Change and Biodiversity: Species. Retrieved from http:// www.unepwcmc.org/climate/species.aspx 34 Bryan Walsh. How Climate Change Will Impact Animals.Time. October, 13, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/ health/article/0,8599,1849698,00.html- 35 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 9. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf 36 United States Geological Service. (2006, June, 7). USGS Science Helps Build Safer Communities Wildfire Hazards—A National Threat. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ fs/2006/3015/ 37 Pew Center on Global Climate Change. (2007, December). P. 2. Wildfires and Global Climate Change: The Importance of Climate Change for Future Wildlife Scenarios in the Western United States. Retrieved from http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/ Regional-Impacts-West.pdf 38 In the Warming West, Climate Most Significant Factor in Fanning Wildfires’ Flames. (2009, July 1). Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily. com/releases/2009/06/090626091140.htm 51 Pablo M. Beldomenico, Damien O. Joly, Marcela M. Uhart, William B. Karesh. (2008) p. 195-6 Wildlife Health As An Indicator of Climate Change. 52 S. Forman, et al.,Climate change impacts and risks for animal health in Asia. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz.2008; 27 (2); 581-597 53 P. Van den Bossche & J.A.W. Coetzer. Climate change and animal health in Africa Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz.2008; 27 (2);551-562 72 86 56 73 55 Craig Packer, Telephone Interview, September 11, 2009 57 Linda Munson, et al. (2008, June) Climate Extremes Promote Fatal Co-Infections During Canine Distemper Epidemics in African Lions. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone0002545 58 Craig Packer, Telephone Interview, September 11, 2009 59 60 Joanna Cooney. (2009, August, 6). Australians Want Safety Plan as Victorian Bushfire Season Nears. Bloomberg.com. Retrived from http://www.bloomberg. com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aRE1 YwubRSNk 41 Australian Bushfires’ Devastating Impact on Animals. (2009, April, 30). Voxy. co.nz. Retrieved from http://www.voxy. co.nz/national/australian-bushfires039devastating-impact-animals/5/13040 42 The Wilderness Society. (2009). P. 2-3. Preliminary report: impact of 2009 Victorian Bushfires on nature and wildlife. Retrieved from http://www.wilderness.org. au/files/preliminary-report-impact-2009vicbushfires-on-nature-and-wildlife.pdf 43 Greg Boland, Inspectorate Services Manager, RSPCA (Victoria), Personal Communication, April 22, 2009. 44 Climate change amplifying animal disease. (2009, May, 25 ). Physorg.com. Retrieved from http://www.physorg.com/ news162486984.html 45 Pablo M. Beldomenico, Damien O. Joly, Marcela M. Uhart, William B. Karesh. (2008) p. 193 Wildlife Health As An Indicator of Climate Change. 46 J. Pinto et al. Climate change and animal diseases in South America. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2008, 27 (2): 599-613. 47 P.F. Black et al. Managing animal disease risk in Australia: the impact of climate change. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2008, 27(2): 563-580 48 ‘Deadly Dozen’ Reports Diseases Worsened by Climate Change. (2008, October 8). Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2008/10/081007073928.htm 49 Pablo M. Beldomenico, Damien O. Joly, Marcela M. Uhart, William B. Karesh. (2008) p. 194 Wildlife Health As An Indicator of Climate Change. 50 Pablo M. Beldomenico, Damien O. Joly, Marcela M. Uhart, William B. Karesh. (2008) p. 193 Wildlife Health As An Indicator of Climate Change. 85 Linda Munson, et al. (2008, June) Climate Extremes Promote Fatal Co-Infections During Canine Distemper Epidemics in African Lions. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone0002545 Deadly Dozen’ Reports Diseases Worsened by Climate Change. (2008, October 8). Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2008/10/081007073928.htm 20 0 9apr09,0,655 85.story Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 6. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf David A. Jessup. (2009, January, 20) Brown Pelican Stranding Event of FallWinter 2008-09 in the North Eastern Pacific 54 Julie Cart. (2009, April, 9). What will global warming look like? Scientists point to Australia. LA Times. Retrieved from http:// www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/ la-fg-climate-change-australia9- 40 69 Smithsonian National Zoological Park. (n.d.). Fact Sheets: Brown Pelican. Retrieved from http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Birds/ Facts/FactSheets/fact-brownpelican.cfm 84 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Emergency ResponseResponding to Oil Spills. (2008, October, 26). What’s the story on oil spills? Retrieved from http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry. php?RECORD_KEY(entry_subtopic_ topic)=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=184&subtopic_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_ subtopic_topic)=1 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 5. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf 39 68 Rosemary Drisdelle, (2008, March, 12). The Return of the Brown Pelican: Endangered Since the 1960s, Pelecanus Occidentalis is Thriving. Suite 101.com. Retrieved from http://wildbirds.suite101. com/article.cfm/the_return_of_the_brown_ pelican United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 27. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf 61 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 28. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/ CMS_CimateChange.pdf 62 Adrienne Appel. ( 2008, December, 31). Environment: Climate Change Forcing Penguins North. Inter-Press Service. Retrieved from http://ipsnews.net/news. asp?idnews=45273 63 70 Betsy Robertson Cramer. (2005). A Success Story. The Pelican Project. Retrieved from http://pelicanlife.org/ success/recovery.html 71 David A. Jessup. (2009, January, 20) Brown Pelican Stranding Event of FallWinter 2008-09 in the North Eastern Pacific National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. (n.d.) Strandings. Retrieved from http://www.nmfs. noaa.gov/strandings.htm 74 New England Aquarium. (n.d.) Mass Strandings. Retrieved from http://www.neaq.org/conservation_ and_research/projects/conservation_ medicine/rescue_and_rehabilitation/ learn_about_rescue_and_rehabilitation/ animal_strandings/mass_strandings.htm 75 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. (n.d.) Marine Mammal Stranding Response Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http:// www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/health/ stranding_fact_sheet.pdf 77 89 NOAA Fisheries Service: Protected Resources Division. (2008, July, 10). Highlights. Retrieved from http://www.nero. noaa.gov/prot_res/stranding/strand1.html 78 Cape Cod Stranding Network, a project of IFAW. (n.d.) Strandings on Cape Cod: Stranding Highlights-2006. Retrieved from http://www.capecodstranding.net/site/c. ciJJLVPDKpG/b.1633305/k.630D/2006.htm 79 Katie Touhey, Manager Marine Mammal Research and Rescue, IFAW, Personal Communication, September 11, 2009 80 University of Rhode Island Office of Marine Programs. (n.d). Science of Sound in the Sea: Sounds in the Sea. Retrieved from http://www.dosits.org/science/ssea/1b.htm 81 Cape Cod Stranding Network, a project of IFAW. (n.d.) Strandings on Cape Cod: Stranding Highlights- 64 82 UNEP/CMS and UNEP/AEWA. (2007, May, 7). Migratory Birds Severely Impacted By Climate Change. [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Themes/ biodiversity/docs/WMBD_pressRelease.pdf 66 Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 52. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/ publications/pdf/CMS_CimateChange.pdf 67 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1995, January). Brown Pelican, Division of Endangered Species, Species Accounts. Retrieved from http://www.fws.gov/ endangered/i/b/sab2s.html Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 9. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. (n.d.) Marine Mammal Stranding Response Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http:// www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/health/ stranding_fact_sheet.pdf 76 20 65 87 88 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Emergency ResponseResponding to Oil Spills. (2008, October, 26). What’s the story on oil spills? Retrieved from http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry. php?RECORD_KEY(entry_subtopic_ topic)=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=184&subtopic_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_ subtopic_topic)=1 UNEP/CMS and UNEP/AEWA. (2007, May, 7). Migratory Birds Severely Impacted By Climate Change. [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Themes/ biodiversity/docs/WMBD_pressRelease.pdf Nature Canada. (2006-2009). Climate Change and Birds. Retrieved from http:// www.naturecanada.ca/climate_change_ birds.asp Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 6. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 0 6. Retrieved from http://www. capecodstranding.net/site/c.ciJJLVPDKpG/ b.1633305/k.630D/2006.htm National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Emergency ResponseResponding to Oil Spills. (2008, October, 26). What’s the story on oil spills? Retrieved from http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry. php?RECORD_KEY(entry_subtopic_ topic)=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=184&subtopic_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_ subtopic_topic)=1 83 United States Environmental Protection Agency-Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. (1999, December). P. 1. Understanding Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response, Retrieved from http://www.epa. gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/oilspill_book/intro. pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/ oilspill_book/intro.pdf The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited. (2009). Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.itopf.org/ information-services/data-and-statistics/ statistics/index.html 90 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Emergency ResponseResponding to Oil Spills. (2008, October, 26). What’s the story on oil spills? Retrieved from http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry. php?RECORD_KEY(entry_subtopic_ topic)=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=184&subtopic_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_ subtopic_topic)=1 91 Cao Desheng. (2005, July, 6). Increased shipping brings oil pollution. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www2.chinadaily. com.cn/english/doc/2005-07/06/ content_457481.htm 92 Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). (2006). P. 27. Migratory Species and Climate Change: Impacts of a Changing Environment on Wild Animals. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/ publications/pdf/CMS_CimateChange.pdf 93 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 20. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 94 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach. (2009). Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/ fileadmin/oceana/uploads/Climate_Change/ Toxic_Legacy/Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 95 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach. (2009). Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/ fileadmin/oceana/uploads/Climate_Change/ Toxic_Legacy/Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 96 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 20. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 97 International Bird Rescue Research Center. (2009). How Oil Affects Birds. Retrieved from http://www.ibrrc.org/ oil_affects.html 98 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 4. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 99 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 11. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 100 United States Environmental Protection Agency-Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. (1999, December). P. 21-26. Understanding Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response, Retrieved from http://www. epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/oilspill_book/ chap5.pdf 101 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Emergency ResponseResponding to Oil Spills. (2008, October, 26). What’s the story on oil spills? Retrieved from http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry. php?RECORD_KEY(entry_subtopic_ topic)=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=184&subtopic_ id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_ subtopic_topic)=1 102 United States Environmental Protection Agency-Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. (1999, December). P. 5-8. Understanding Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response, Retrieved from http://www.epa. gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/oilspill_book/chap1.pdf 103 Oceana. (2009). Offshore Drilling: Overview. Retrieved from http://na.oceana. org/en/our-work/climateenergy/offshoredrilling/overview 104 United States Environmental Protection Agency-Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. (1999, December). P. 5-8. Understanding Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response, Retrieved from http://www.epa. gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/oilspill_book/chap1.pdf 105 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 14. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 106 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 14. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf. 107 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb,Jacqueline Savitz, Jeffrey Short, PhD, and Marianne Veach.(2009). P. 14. Toxic Legacy: Long Term Effects of Offshore Oil On Wildlife and Public Health. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/ uploads/Climate_Change/Toxic_Legacy/ Toxic_Legacy_FINAL.pdf 108 World Wildlife Fund (n.d.).The Prestige oil tanker disaster –the facts. Retrieved from http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/ prestige.pdf 109 Emily Birr. (2002, November, 27). Cleaning up after an oil spill. PBS Online. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/ newshour/extra/features/july-dec02/oil.htm 110 International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2008). Prestige Oil Spill in Spain and France. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ifaw. org/ifaw_united_states/join_campaigns/ emergency_relief/oil_spills_rescuing_ animals,_protecting_the_seas/ past_ifaw_oil_spill_responses/shortcut_ of_prestige_oil_spill_in_spain_amp%3b_ france.php 111 Prestige Oil Spill (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2009 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill 112 World Wildlife Fund. (2003, November 6). The Prestige: one year on, a continuing disaster. Retrieved from http://www.panda. org/?uNewsID=9623 113 Prestige Oil Spill (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2009 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill 114 Using current exchange rate as of October, 2009 115 World Wildlife Fund. (2003, November 6). The Prestige: one year on, a continuing disaster. Retrieved from http://www.panda. org/?uNewsID=9623 116 Prestige Oil Spill (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2009 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill 117 International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2008). Prestige Oil Spill in Spain and France. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ifaw. org/ifaw_united_states/join_campaigns/ emergency_relief/oil_spills_rescuing_ animals,_protecting_the_seas/ past_ifaw_oil_spill_responses/shortcut_ of_prestige_oil_spill_in_spain_amp%3b_ france.php 118 IFAW Prestige Oil Spill fact sheet 119 IFAW Prestige Oil Spill fact sheet 120 World Wildlife Fund. (2003, November 6). The Prestige: one year on, a continuing disaster. Retrieved from http://www.panda. org/?uNewsID=9623 121 Cape Cod Stranding Network, a project of IFAW. (n.d.) What We Do. Retrieved from http://www.capecodstranding.net/ site/c.ciJJLVPDKpG/b.956999/k.F519/ What_We_Do.htm 122 The International response effort both to rehabilitate and release the oiled birds as well as to hand-rear chicks was managed by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) on behalf of The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB). The evacuation of the clean birds was undertaken by Cape Nature Conservation and other conservation groups. 123 South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds, International Fund for Animal Welfare, and the International Bird Rescue Research Center. Spill: Saving Africa’s Oiled Penguins. South Africa: Inyati Publishing; 2000. P. 21 124 IFAW. (2006, March, 27). Global Protection for South Africa’s Southern Waters [Press Release]. 125 IFAW. (2006, March, 27). Global Protection for South Africa’s Southern Waters [Press Release]. 126 Latest Natural Disasters: 2009. Reliefweb. Retrieved from www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb. nsf/doc110?OpenForm ISBN: 978-1-906920-01-2 International Headquarters 290 Summer Street Yarmouth Port, MA 02675 United States Phone: 1 (508) 744 2000 Phone: 1 (800) 932 IFAW (4329) Fax: 1 (508) 744 2009 [email protected] As one of the world’s leading animal welfare organizations, IFAW works in more than 40 countries to safeguard wild and domestic animals. With international headquarters in the United States and representation in 15 countries, IFAW works both on the ground and in the halls of government, promoting practical solutions to animal welfare and conservation challenges that advance the well-being of animals. Australia Belgium Canada China France Germany India Japan Kenya Netherlands Russia South Africa United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States © 2009 IFAW 100% post-consumer paper, certified Ecologo, processed chlorine free, FSC recycled and manufactured using biogas energy. Printed with soy-based Inks. Acknowledgments Cover: © IFAW/M. Booth This report was written by Mayumi Sakoh from IFAW’s Washington, DC, office. The author wishes to thank Jeff Flocken, Paul Todd, Ian Robinson, Cindy Milburn, Shawna Moos, Chris Cutter, Valeria Ruoppolo, Tania Duratovic, Jan Hannah, Katie Touhey, and Michael Booth from IFAW who assisted in the information gathering and editing of this report. In addition, IFAW would like to thank Dr. Craig Packer, Dr. Mike Ziccardi, Greg Boland, Kristy Greengrass, Lisa Weston, and Larry Roeder for their valuable contributions.