Download Unit 6 Notes

DNA Replication and Protein
Synthesis
Fall 2015
Section 1: Meiosis
production/formation of sex cells
• Meiosis: __________________________________
(eggs and sperm)
– Characteristics similar to __________
Mitosis
•Includes the following structures:
–___________________
Spindle Fibers
–________________
Centrioles
–____________________
Sister Chromatids
–____________________
Chromosomes
–__________________
Centromere
–_________________
Kinetochore
– ______________________
8 Steps or phases
Storm Tracker (6.1)
Instructions: Label the following structures below by using the
word bank provided.
Word Bank: Centromere, Spindle Fibers, Kinetochore,
Chromosomes, Chromatid, Centrioles
Chromatid
Centriole
Centromer
e
Spindle
Fibers
Kinetochore
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Prophase 1
Description
What’s Happening:
nucleus disappears
spindle fibers form
connecting to
centromeres
Genetic Information:
chromatin changes to
chromosomes
***crossing over
occurs
Section 1: Meiosis
• Crossing Over: _____________________________
chromosomal segments exchanging genetic material
_________________________________________
Genetic diversity
– allows for_________
__________ !
Synapse two homologous chromosomes (one
– _________chromatid from each parent) coming together
Non-sister chromatids
• ______________
– _______________________________________
Exchanging genetic material
Crossing Over
Synapse
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Metaphase
1
Description
What’s Happening:
2 full chromosomes
(homologous pair) line
up along metaphase
plate
Lining up @ equator is
random—allows for
Independent assortment
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Anaphase 1
Description
What’s Happening:
chromosome pair
splits
- 1 chromosome (2
chromatids) goes to each
pole
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Description
Telophase 1
What’s Happening:
nucleus reappears
spindle fibers disappear
Genetic Material:
chromosomes turn into
chromatin
- each cell = 46 chromesomes
- each cell = NON-identical
Section 1: Meiosis
similar to interphase… a SHORT resting
• Interkinesis: ______________________________
phase
NO REPLICATION OF DNA!!!!
– ___________________________________
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Description
Prophase 2
What’s Happening:
spindle fibers form
reattach to centromere
nucleus breaks up
Genetic Material:
Chromatin change into
chromatids into chromosomes
-no replication
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Metaphase
2
Description
What’s Happening:
chromosome lines up on
equator
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Anaphase 2
Description
What’s Happening:
chromosome (and
centromere) split and
one chromatid goes to
each pole
Section 1: Meiosis
Drawing
Phase
Telophase 2
Description
What’s Happening:
nucleus reappears
spindle fibers disappear
Genetic Material:
chromosomes change into
chromatin
In the end:
-each cell = 23 chromesomes
= sex cells (male–sperm; female–eggs)
- haploid cells
- non-identical to parent/each other
Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Double Helix
DNA Ladder
Diagram
Description
Normal form of
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Untwisted form of
DNA
Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Diagram
Description
Sugar
D= Dexyribo sugar
P= Phosphate
B= Nitrogen Base
Nucleotide
Base
P
Nitrogenous
Base
A= Adenine
T= Thymine
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine
Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
DNA Ladder
Color Code=
Red= Dexyribo
sugar
Yellow/ orange=
phosphate
Green= Base
Diagram
Description
Keeps bases together,
before replication,
during replication must
break
Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Nitrogenous
Bases
Description
Diagram
A→T
A
G
T
C
T→A
G→C
C→G
Section 2:DNA Replication
• What is DNA Replication?
Making second identical copy
• When does it happen?
Interphase
• Where does it happen?
Nucleus
Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
Untwisting
Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
Unzipping, breaking
hydrogen bonds
Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
Bases match to
find
complementary
base
Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 4.
Diagram
Description
Rezip/ Retwist to
form two identical
copies
Storm Tracker (6.2)
Base
Base
Deoxyribo
sugar (DS)
DS
P
G
P
C
A
T
G G
C
C
A
G
T
A
4
3
2
1
G
A
A
G C
T
G
A
T G
C
C
DNA Replication
unzipping
Pairing
B, A, D, C
Interphase
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Single Helix
Diagram
Description
½ of Double
½ of DNA
Ladder
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Description
Diagram
Nucleotide
Ribo
sugar
P
Base
R= Ribo Sugar
P= Phosphate
B= Base
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Nitrogenous
Bases
Description
Diagram
A
G
U
A= Adenine
U= Uracil
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine
C
A→U
U→A
G→C
C→G
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
RNA
Diagram
Description
Ribonucleic Acid
Single helix
Types of RNA:
mRNA
(messenger)
Carries, messages
from nucleus to
ribosome to make
protein
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA:
rRNA
(ribosomyl)
tRNA
(transfer)
Diagram
Description
Chemical
make up of a
ribosome
Transfers amino
acids from cytoplasm
to ribosome
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA:
Description
Diagram
Codon
Anticodon
Set of 3 bases,
located on
mRNA, codes
for protein
G
Cysteine
Located on
tRNA
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
• Protein: Large complex molecules made of oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
• Protein Synthesis: Making of proteins
•
•
•
•
Transcription:
What: Changing DNA to RNA
Where: Nucleus
When: All the time
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
DNA untwists and
unravels
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
RNA strand is started,
complementary bases
find their match
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
RNA is complete,
breaks away from DNA
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
• Translation
– What: RNA to protein
– Where: Ribosome
– When: As needed
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
RNA moves to
ribosome
(mRNA)
Anticodon finds
amino acid
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
Anticodon
matches up
with codon
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
RNA is
translated
to protein
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
• Mutations:
Segments of DNA that have not
been copied or are miscopied
Start Codon= AUG
Stop Codon= UGA, UAA, UAG
The code of life
START= UAC STOP= AUC
• Turn each code of DNA into RNA
DNA Sequence
Code #1
Code #2
A T G C C C C C G A G A T C C T C G T T T T A G
UA C GG GG G C U C U A GG AG C A A A AUC
A T G A T T C A A C A C A T C C A G C C A C A T T A G
UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC
Code #3
Code #4
A T G G C T C C G A G A G G A G G C A G A G G G T A G
UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC
A T G C C C C C G G A A T G A T G C T A G
UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC
Code #5
A T G T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T T A G
UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC
The Code of life
1st- Find your codons within sets of 3
UACGGGGGCUCUAGGAGCAAAAUC
Start
biology
Stop
is
the
study
of
life
The Code of life
1st- Find your codons within sets of 3
UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC
Start
An
Stop
old
rubber
band breaks
when
pulled
The code of life
UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC
Education is the door to the future
UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC
Biology is all around you
UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC
DNA is the code for life
Transcribe: TACCGTATT
Transcribe: TACGTGACT
AUGGCAUAA
Start
AUGCACUGA
Start Histidine Stop
Alanine
Stop
Study for DNA replication Quiz!
• How is a DNA Ladder formed?
Study for DNA Replication Quiz!
• What is the normal form of DNA?
Double Helix
• What is the untwisted form of DNA?
DNA Ladder
• What is a nucleotide made up of?
Base
Sugar
P
• What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?
A= Adenine
T= Thymine
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine
Study for DNA replication Quiz!
• Where does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
• What is the order of DNA Replication?
–
–
–
–
Untwisting
Unzips
Finds matching bases
Rezips/ retwist
Double Helix- In textbook page 294 top of first paragraph
Deoxyribose sugar: monosaccharide which contains five carbon atoms, helps
construct a nucleotide
Adenine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code,
always pairs with thymine, in DNA and RNA
Guanine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code,
always pairs with cytosine, in DNA and RNA
Thymine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic
code, always pairs with Adenine, is only in DNA
Cytosine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic
code, always pairs with Guanine, in DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous Base: a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same
chemical properties as a base, building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine,
guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil
Phosphate group: structural component of nucleotide, which is the basic
structural unit of DNA and RNA