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Transcript
Educational Orientations Different learning theories have different foci • Behaviourist • Humanist • Cognitive • Social Cognitive • Constructivist Behaviourist • Environmental factors determine behaviour • John Watson • Classical Conditioning • Edward Thorndike • Early 20th Century • Law of Effect: A pleasing after-effect strengthens the action that produced it • Stimulus-Response Theory Behaviourist • Ivan Pavlov • Reinforcement • Conditioned reflex • B.F. Skinner (1938) • Operant conditioning • Reinforce desirable behaviour • Ignore undesirable behaviour Discussion • What educational practices are informed by the behaviourist perspective? Humanist • Human potential for growth. Educate the whole person. • Maslow (1970) • Hierarchy of needs Humanist • Rogers (1983) • Learning that leads to personal growth • Often adopted for Adult learning • Characteristics • • • • • Personal Involvement Self-initiated Pervasive Evaluated by learner Making meaning of experiences Discussion • What educational practices are informed by the humanist perspective? Cognitive • Learning is influenced by internal state of the mind • Prior knowledge • Processing of information in memory • Jean Piaget • • • • • Assimilation and accommodation Sensorimotor stage Pre-operational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage Cognitive • Ausubel (1967) • Rote learning = no context • Meaningful learning = new information related to existing experiences • Bruner (1965) • • • • Discovery-based learning Acquire new knowledge Manipulate knowledge to fit task Evaluate whether it is a good fit Discussion • What educational practices are informed by the cognitive perspective? Social Cognitive • Recognition that learning occurs when observing others • Albert Bandura (1976) • Learning through imitation • Vicarious learning • Learning involves individual and the environment • Self-efficacy • Estimate of ability to succeed in a given context Discussion • What educational practices are informed by the social cognitive perspective? Constructivist • Learning is the process of constructing meaning • Neo-Pigetian theorists • Learning is individual • Process of adjusting internal schema to environment • Practical activities are central Social Constructivist • Knowledge constructed through discussions and social interaction • Shared understanding of meaning • Lev Vygotsky (1978) • Learning mediated through culture • Foundation for Activity Theory, which focuses on activities and artefacts that form the basis for learning in the classroom • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Discussion • What educational practices are informed by the social cognitive perspective?
