* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - Classes with Mrs. Sheetz
Inflammation wikipedia , lookup
Anti-nuclear antibody wikipedia , lookup
Social immunity wikipedia , lookup
Vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Plant disease resistance wikipedia , lookup
Infection control wikipedia , lookup
Complement system wikipedia , lookup
Autoimmunity wikipedia , lookup
Duffy antigen system wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Sociality and disease transmission wikipedia , lookup
Innate immune system wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 31: Human Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 Immunologic, Endocrine, and Excretory Systems Immune System • A complex system which protects us from infectious organisms • Pathogens: organisms that cause infection • Immune system fights off pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi • Components: white blood cells, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils, thymus gland, spleen (page 655) Barriers: • Physical: skin, mucous membranes of mouth, nose, trachea, lungs -block pathogen from entering • Chemical: fluids of eyes, mouth, stomach -enzymes and acid kills pathogen Non-Specific Response • Responds in a generic way • Inflammatory response occurs • Histamine: a chemical which initiates the inflammatory response; causes blood vessels to dilate, increases blood flow to area • Phagocytes (macrophages & neutrophils): engulf and remove pathogens Specific Response; Immune Response • Carried out by special white blood called lymphocytes • Two branches: 1) humoral response – targets and/or inactivates pathogens using antibodies 2) cell-mediated response – kill infected cells using killer T-cells • Antigen: a foreign protein that triggers an immune response • Helper T-cells: present the pathogen’s antigen to B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells • B-cells: makes antibodies directed toward a specific antigen; target the antigen for removal • Cytotoxic T-cells: make proteins called receptors specific to the one antigen; sticks to antigen and kills it • Suppresser T-cells: shut the immune response off when infection is gone • Memory: the body has the ability to remember/recognize a pathogen and prevent future infection Active & Passive Immunity • Active: develops as the result of being infected by/exposed to a pathogen (ie. vaccine) • Passive: develops as the result of transfer of antibodies from one individual to another (ie. breast-feeding a baby) Autoimmune Response • An immune response that is mounted against a person’s own body. *see chart page 660 Endocrine System • Complex system using chemical messengers called hormones • A gland synthesizes a hormone, sends it into the blood stream to reach a target organ some distance away. • Two types of hormones: *amino acid – not soluble in the cell membrane; attach to receptors on the cell *steroid – soluble in the cell membrane; attach to receptors in cytoplasm Regulation: • Hypothalamus: main control gland of endocrine system; tells pituitary gland which hormones to release • Feedback inhibition: see example bottom page 661 • See chart page 663 Excretory System: • 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, one urinary bladder, one urethra • The kidneys filter blood to remove wastes and conserve water, ions, and nutrients • Nephron: the functional unit of the kidney