Download Chapter 9 Review Questions 1. Please state two different types of

Chapter 9 Review Questions
1. Please state two different types of cues that can lead to DNA damage. Which of
these cues would spontaneous DNA damage fall under? Which of these cues would
induced DNA damage fall under? Please explain your answer in detail.
2. Please state 3 external agents that lead to DNA damage.
3. Please explain the differences in the definition of mutation for Geneticists and
Molecular Biologists. Which of these definitions is more rigorous?
4. Can mutations have a positive effects or negative effects on organisms? Please
explain your answer.
5. Please state two general regions of a gene where mutations occur. A mutation in
which of these regions will most likely result in an effect on corresponding protein
levels?
6. Please name four types of possible mutations and explain their nature in detail.
7. For each mutation below, please state whether it is a point mutation.
a. An insertion of 2 base pairs
b. Deletion of 1 base pair
c. A base substitution (C  A)
d. A deletion of 35 base pairs
e. A base substitution (G  C)
f. A base substitution (GA)
8. For each of the possible base substitution mutations below, please state whether
there is a transition or a transversion.
a. A  T
b. T C
c. G T
d. A  G
e. C  G
f. G  A
9. For each GENE, please explain the nature of the base substitution mutation in
detail. (i.e. also please explain why you came to your conclusions)-Please note I have
not added the complementary strand of DNA, and I will be giving you the codon
table
a. 5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGATGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
b. 5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTTAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
c. 5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGAATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
d. 5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
e. 5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTACCGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
f.
5’ P-CTGCCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Wild-type
5’ P-CTCCATGCCCGGGACTGAAGGGTAACCCGGGATGATAAA-OH 3’ Mutant
10. Please name and explain three definitions for base substitution mutations
specifically in the protein coding region.
11. Please describe in detail the mutation that leads to the development of
phenylketonuria (PKU)
12. If an insertion or deletion is also considered a point mutation, does it cause a
frameshift? Please explain your answer in as much detail as possible (including how
the corresponding protein for the mutated gene may be affected).
13. Please explain whether the following mutations will cause a frameshift. Briefly,
please explain why for each.
a. Insertions of 28 nucleotides
b. Insertion of 6 nucleotides
c. Insertion of 99 nucleotides
d. Deletion of 9 nucleotides
e. Deletion of 108 nucleotides
f. Deletion of 3 nucleotides
14. Please state three possible classes of DNA damage.
15. Matching. For each cause of DNA damage, please explain the result
a. Deamination reaction
b. Methylation of cytosines
c Alkylation reactions
d. Oxidizing agents
16. Please explain what structural distortions in DNA are? What classes of agents
can lead to structural distortions in DNA?
17. Do thymine dimers cause structural distortions in DNA? Please explain your
answer.
18. Please explain in detail how thymine dimers in DNA are produced.
19. Please explain in detail how intercalating agents work to cause structural
distortions in DNA. Please name two chemical agents that act as intercalating
agents.
20. Please explain in detail how base analogs cause DNA damage? Please name an
agent that acts as a base analog.
21. Assume continuous exposure to X-irradation or UV irradiation. Which type of
radiation causes greater DNA damage? Please explain your answer.