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Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity The Roman World Takes Shape Geography and Peoples of Italy - Story of Horatius: courage, loyalty, and devotion to duty were pillars on which Rome would build any empire. Geography Italian peninsula looks like a boot Peninsula centrally located in Med. Sea; Rome centrally located in Italy; helped Roman expansion Much easier to unify; not broken into many isolated valleys like Greece Apennine Mtns. run through center of Italy; less rugged than Greece Broad fertile plains in north below the Alps and in the west where the Romans settled Geography and Peoples of Italy Peoples Latins – ancestors of Romans settled along Tiber river around 800 B.C. Small villages scattered on 7 hills; grow into Rome, “City on seven hills” Greeks - settled in S Italy Etruscans – ruled central Italy including Rome Romans learned alphabet from Etruscans and Greeks; learned to build using arches and how to irrigate marshy lands Shared gods and goddesses with Etruscans The Roman Republic 509 B.C. – drove out Etruscan ruler; date considered to mark founding of Roman state; set up new government, republic - The Government Takes Shape Most powerful governing body was the senate; 300 members; were all patricians - Senators elected 2 consuls – Senators made laws and served for life Serve only one term; served as system of checks and balances Dictator – Granted power for 6 months Plebians – at first had no involvement in government 450 B.C. – Laws of the Twelve Tablets made it possible for plebians to appeal a judgement Gained right to elect own officials, tribunes Veto – Could eventually be elected to senate Republic Cont. A Lasting Legacy Common people had access to power and won safeguards for rights without resorting to conflict US Constitution adopted ideas of senate, veto, and checks and balances Roman Society Family is the basic unit of Roman society Male had absolute power in the family strict discipline and demand respect authority Woman was loving, dutiful, dignified, and strong Roman Society Cont. Changing Role of Women Larger role than Greek women; ran variety of businesses, most women worked at home Patrician women went to public baths, dined out, attended theater Some had political influence Education Girls and boys learned to read and write, even lower class Hired Greeks to tutor wealthy kids Rhetoric was very important Roman Society Religion Gods and goddesses resembled Etruscans and Greeks Jupiter = Greek Zeus; ruled sky and other gods Juno = Greek Hera; wife of Jupiter, protected marriage Neptune = Greek Poseidon; god of the sea Mars = Greek Ares; god of war Held feasts and festivals to honor gods; sense of community Expansion of Italy 270 B.C. – Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula Citizen-Soldiers Success due to diplomacy and loyal, well-trained army Legion – Fought without pay and supplied own weapons Good soldiers; valued loyalty, courage, and respect for authoity Gave rewards and punishments to ensure success Conquered Lands Conquered people had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for army Rome let them keep customs, money, and local government Gave full citizenship to privileged; allowed to marry and trade with Romans Result of generous policies, most remained loyal to Rome Expansion Cont. Protection and Unification Posted soldiers throughout the land Built network of all-weather roads Local peoples adopted Latin into languages and customs and beliefs Italy slowly began to unite From Republic to Empire Winning an Empire Wars with Carthage Carthage was a city-state settled by N Africans and Phoenicians Empire stretched across N Africa and W Mediterranean Punic Wars – 264-146 B.C. First Punic War Second Punic War Rome defeats Carthage and gains Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Hannibal, Carthage general, led army through France and into Italy winning many battles Never captured Rome, Carthage was attacked and defeated by Rome Carthage gave up all land except N Africa Third Punic War Rome completely destroyed Carthage Any survivors were killed or sold into slavery Poured salt over the land so that nothing would ever grow there again Winning an Empire Other Conquests Imperialism – Took Carthaginian lands then expanded into E Med. Sea Started wars to defend Roman interests, for plunder Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor Provinces – Others allied with Rome: Egypt Land extended from Spain to Egypt Romans called Med. Sea, Mare Nostrem, “Our Sea” Social and Economic Effects Economy grew from conquest and trade Latifundia – A new class of wealthy Romans emerged; used people captured in war to work as slaves on land Slave labor hurt small farmers; fell into debt and had to sell land Moved to Rome to find jobs and joined unemployed class; began to riot over corruption, greed, and self-interest Winning an Empire Attempts at Reform Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Brothers, patricians; first to attempt reform Elected tribune and called on state to distribute land to poor farmers Used public lands to buy grain to feed the poor Angered the senate, looked at as too powerful; killed the brothers including thousands of followers Decline of the Republic Went through series of civil wars Senate wanted power Single leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms Soldiers fought for commanders instead of Rome (think of the movie Gladiator) Decline of the Republic Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power Ambitious military commander; conquered all of Gaul (France) Senate ordered his army to disband and return to Rome Defied the order and marched on to Rome to crush his enemies Swept through Mediterranean region suppressing rebellions “veni, vedi, vici” – “I came, I saw, I conquered” Kept the senate and other features of the republic Decline of the Republic Caesar’s Reforms Program of public works to employ the jobless and gave public land to the poor Reorganized the government of provinces and granted Roman citizenship to more people Introduction of Julian calendar; based on Egyptian knowledge Assassination and Civil Wars Enemies thought he would make himself king Members of the senate killed him in March 44 B.C. Plunged Rome into new civil war Marc Antony and Octavian killed the murderers but fought each other for power 31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra Roman Empire and Roman Piece Octavian assumed title of Augustus, or “Exalted One” Senate declared him princeps, or first citizen did not want a king Augustus still had absolute power, ruled 31 B.C. – AD 14 Roman Empire and Roman Piece A Stable Government Moderate policies laid foundation for stable government Left senate in place; created efficient, well-trained civil service to enforce laws High-level jobs open to men of talent, regardless of class Cemented allegiance of cities and provinces in Rome through selfgovernment Economic reforms Made tax system more fair; ordered census – Postal service, new coins for easier trade Gave unemployed jobs building roads and temples, farming This form of government lasted 200 years Death of the emperor led to intrigue and violence Roman Empire and Roman Piece Bad Emperors and Good Emperors Some were weak and incompetent Caligula and Nero Both evil and perhaps insane Nero persecuted Christians, destroyed Rome with fire AD96- 180: “good emperors” Hadrian: codified Roman law, built wall in Britain Marcus Aurelius – showed Stoic philosophy and commitment to duty closest to Plato’s example of philosopher-king Roman Empire and Roman Piece Pax Romana 200 year span that began with Augustus ended with Marcus Aurelius; known as Pax Romana, “Roman Peace” Brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity in lands from Fertile Crescent to Britain (roughly the size of the continental US) Armies and Navy kept the peace Trade flowed freely to and from Africa and Asia Grain from Egypt Gold, ivory, and exotic animals from other parts of Africa Spices, cotton, and jewels from India Silk from China Culture and ideas spread throughout empire as well Roman Empire and Roman Piece Breads and Circuses Circus Maximus Rome’s largest racecourse; gladiators Held 150,000 – 250,000 people Entertainment pacified city’s restless mobs Provided free grain to feed the poor Led to future problems; were not meeting social and economic problems correctly Roman Empire and Roman Piece The Roman Achievement Greco-Roman Civilization Blended Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic achievements Trade and travel during Pax Romana helped spread new civilization Early on absorbed ideas from Greek colonists in southern Italy Literature, Philosophy, and History Often imitated Greek styles Great ones used Latin to create own literature Poetry Aeneid – Great Roman epic written by Virgil Wanted to show Rome’s past was just as heroic as Greece; hoped it would arouse patriotism and help unite Rome Satire – Horace – gentle and playful Juvenal and Martial – more harsh and hurtful to others History Used own theme; rise and fall of Rome Livy – historian who sought to rouse patriotism and restore traditional Roman virtuous through the past; tales of Horatius and Cincinnatus Tacitus – wrote bitterly about Augustus; felt he destroyed Roman liberty Philosophy Borrowed much from the Greeks Stoicism accepted widely Art and Literature Based on Greek and Etruscan models Art Stressed realism; revealed an individuals character Some were more idealistic Transformed an ugly and unimposing figure like Augustus into a symbol of power and leadership Mosaic - Technology and Science Engineering – Built roads, bridges, harbors Aqueducts – Wealthy had water piped in Left scientific research up to the Greeks Ptolemy – Astronomer-mathematician who proposed Earth-centered universe Accepted by western world for 1500 years Galen – Doctor who compiled medical encyclopedia that remained standard text for 1000 years Pliny the Elder Roman scientist who compiled volumes on geography, zoology, botany, and other topics, all based on other people’s works Recognized earthquake warnings, foreshock, turbidity in wells, frightened birds Roman Law Greatest legacy may have been its commitment to the rule of law and to justice Law fostered unity and stability; basis for legal systems in Europe and Latin America Two Systems Civil Law – during Republic; applied to citizens, then later to those who were conquered Law of Nations – applied to all people under Roman rule Common Principles Innocent until proven guilty Accused to face accuser and offer a defense Guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight” through evidence Judges interpret laws and make fair decisions The Rise of Christianity A new religion sprang up during the Pax Romana Was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire by AD 395 Reshaped Roman beliefs The Church became the central institution of western civilization after the fall of the Roman empire for the next 1000 years Religious Diversity in the Early Empire Variety of religious beliefs and practices coexisted Traditional Roman gods (Jupiter, Mars, etc) Others looked elsewhere for spiritual fulfilled Mystery Religions Emphasized secret rituals and promised special rewards Most popular was cult of Isis (Egypt), offered women equal status with men Persian god Mithras – championed good over evil and offered life after death; favored by Roman soldiers Religious Toleration As long as citizens shoed loyalty to Roman gods and divine spirit of the emperor, allowed to worship others Most people were polytheistic and did not mind worshipping others Religious Diversity in the Early Empire Divisions in Judea Where Jews lived; were monotheistic and excused from worshipping Roman gods During Hellenistic Age many Jews absorbed Greek customs and ideas Jewish conservatives rejected this and called for strict obedience to Jewish laws and traditions Most Jews were willing to live under Roman rule Zealots were those people who were not; they called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish an independent state. Messiah – Thought this person would lead the Jewish people to freedom Jewish Revolt Roman forces crushed rebellions and destroyed Jerusalem Many Jews left Judea and scattered throughout the Mediterranean Their traditions and Jewish survived over centuries Jesus and His Message Christianity founded by a Jew named Jesus; much of its history is found in first 4 books of New Testament (called the Gospels, “good news”) Life of Jesus Born 4 B.C. in Bethlehem; born of a virgin; son of God Grew up in Nazareth as a carpenter Age 30 began preaching near Sea of Galilee; had twelve followers to help Him spread the Gospel Apostle – Chief apostle named Peter Performed miracles of healing; used parables to communicate message After 3 years He took message to Jerusalem Jesus and His Message The Message Firmly rooted in Jewish tradition Proclaimed himself the son of God; believed by some to be the messiah they were looking for Mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in Him; emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others; importance of forgiveness Death on the Cross Some Jews welcomed Jesus but others regarded Him as a troublemaker Jewish priests felt he was undermining their authority; to Romans he was a revolutionary to lead Jews against Roman rule Betrayed by Judas (disciple) and arrested by Romans and condemned to be crucified Was resurrected three days later; told disciples to spread the Gospel; ascended to Heaven Spread of Christianity Apostles spread the message and established Christian communications Called Jesus, Christ or “the anointed One” in Greek; at first only Jews in Judea called Him this Gradually taught others throughout the empire Peter established Christianity in Rome Spread of Christianity Work of Paul Never saw Jesus; he himself supervised the persecution of Christians under the name Saul Had a vision on the way to persecute Christians in Damascus; became a believer and spread Gospel to the gentiles – Missionary work helped contribute to make Christianity a world religion Journeyed throughout Mediterranean and set up churches from Mesopotamia to Rome Wrote letters to churches explaining doctrines and Christian teachings Emphasized how Jesus sacrificed His life out of love for humankind Belief that Jesus is son of God and followed His teachings you can achieve salvation, or eternal life Spread of Christianity Persecution Rome’s tolerant attitude did not extend to Christianity Suspected them of disloyalty Christians had to meet in secret to avoid persecution Emperor’s like Nero blamed Christians for social and economic failures Those that were killed became martyrs – Peter and Paul were both killed under Nero Spread of Christianity Reasons for Christianity’s Appeal Jesus welcomed all people (humble, poor, oppressed); equality, human dignity, and promise of a better life after death were attractive. Educated Romans were attracted by incorporation of discipline and moderation of Greek philosophy Unity of empire made spread easier Missionaries used roads and the Med. Sea which were protected by Roman soldiers and fleets Books of the Bible written in Latin or Greek People impressed by willingness of Christians to die for their beliefs Triumph Persecution of Christians ended in AD 313 Emperor Constantine granted freedom to worship to all citizens of the Roman empire Influenced by his mother, a devout Christian 80 years later Theodosius made Christianity official religion of Roman empire The Early Christian Church Patterns of Life and Worship Fully joined Christian community by renouncing evil in rite of baptism Sins were forgiven by the grace of God Christians addressed each other as “brother” or “sister”; observed the Eucharist (Lord’s Supper) Role of Women Served as teachers and administrators; barred from any official role in the Church but still worked to win converts Structure of the Church Only men could become priests Bishop Diocese – Bishops in important cities (Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople) gained greater authority; patriarch – Except in Rome, all patriarchs lived in eastern part of the empire; Church developed into a hierarchy The Early Christian Church Divisions in the Church Rivalry among patriarchs Latin-speaking bishops of the west came to be called popes – In Greek-speaking east, patriarchs shared spiritual authority Heresies Councils of Christian leaders met to decide official Christian teachings Theology and Scholarship Theology – “talk or discourse about God” Clement and Origen Lived and worked as teachers in Alexander; wrote in Greek Origen accepted the Gospels, but believed that he could reach deeper understanding of Jesus’ teachings through reflection; wrote On Prayer and On First Principles Augustine Bishop of Hippo in N Africa Combined Greco-Roman learning with Christian doctrine Wrote The City of God which taught that the community of those who loved God would one day live with Him in Heaven; those who lived worldly lived outside City of God The Long Decline Crisis and Reforms After the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD180, the golden age of Pax Romana ended; the next 100 years political and economic turmoil Struggles for Power Disruptive political pattern Emperors were overthrown by political intriguers or generals who seized power with support from troops These rulers usually didn’t last long until they were overthrown or assassinated; 26 emperors in 50 year period Economic and Social Problems High taxes to support army and bureaucracy placed heavy burden on businesses and farmers; farms were being over cultivated Famers left land and began working for landowners; technically free but not allowed to leave land Crisis and Reforms Emperor Decline AD 284 – Diocletian divided empire into 2 parts to make it easier to govern He controlled wealthier eastern empire and appointed co-emperor to rule western; kept absolute control for himself Diocletian tried to increase prestige; many ceremonies, people had to kiss his robe when in his presence Inflation – Forced farmers to remain on land; sons required to follow fathers’ occupations; kept steady production of food and goods Emperor Constantine Became emperor in AD 312; granted toleration to Christians and encouraged its growth Built a new capital, Constantinople; this made the eastern part of the empire the center of the empire While the western empire declined, the eastern would prosper for many more centuries Mixed Results Diocletian and Constantine revived economy and increased power of govt Failed to stop long-term decline Internal problems combined with outside attacks brought empire down Foreign Invasions Impact of the Huns AD 200 – wars in E Asia were setting up for the Huns to come into the Roman empire The Huns were a nomadic people migrating across C Asia Were skilled riders and fighters; defeated German tribes on their way (Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and others) Romans surrendered Britain, France, and Spain and eventually Rome Rome Defeated Visigoths and Vandals defeated Roman forces throughout Italy AD 434 – Attila the Hun set out to conquer all of Europe His invasion sparked many more invasions by Germanic tribes for years to come AD 476 – Odoacer, Germanic leader, got rid of Roman emperor and Roman power ended in the west Causes of the Fall in Rome Military Causes Germanic invasions Roman legions of the late empire lacked discipline and training of past armies Hired mercenaries – Many were German warriors who felt little loyalty to Rome Political Causes Government became more oppressive and authoritarian; lost support of the people Growing numbers of corrupt officials Frequent civil wars over succession to throne Dividing empire weakened west Social Causes Decline in values like patriotism, discipline, and devotion to duty The need to replace citizen soldiers with mercenaries Upper class more interested in luxury than leadership; “bread and circuses” Did Rome Fall? An emperor still ruled eastern empire which later became known as the Byzantine empire that lasted another 1000 years Roman civilization survived after AD 467 and lived pretty much the same lifestyle just another ruler Still spoke Latin and obeyed Roman laws Over the centuries German customs and language replaced those of the Romans Christian Church preserved elements of Roman civilization