Download Evolution Review - District 196 e

Name:_______________________________ Hour:_______ Evolution Review 10.1 – Early Ideas about Evolution Define: Evolution: Species 10.2 – Darwin’s Observations Define: Variation: Adaptation: 1. What accounts for the variation Darwin observed among island species? 2. What did Darwin learn from the fossils that he observed on his voyage? 3. Explain how wings are an adaptation for birds: 10.3 – The Theory of Natural Selection Define: Artificial Selection: Heritability: Natural Selection: Population: Fitness: 1. What did Darwin hope to learn about artificial selection by studying pigeons? 2. What are the four principles of natural selection? 3. Why must there be variation in the population in order for natural selection to occur? 4. Explain why “survival of the fittest” does not accurately reflect Darwin’s concept of evolutionary fitness: 5. Why is it said that natural selection acts on phenotypes rather than on the genetic material of organisms? 6. How would you explain a species that remains the same for millions of years? 10.4 – Evidence of Evolution Define: Biogeography: Homologous Structures: Analogous Structures: Vestigial Structures: 1. Describe the four sources of evidence for evolution upon which Darwin based his ideas on common descent: 2. Why are vestigial structures considered critical evidence for evolution? 3. Describe how some of the Galapagos finch species, which traditionally were seedeaters, evolved over several generations to prefer insects over seeds: 4. How can a bat’s wing be considered both a homologous structure and an analogous structure? 5. Explain why wisdom teeth are vestigial structures: 11.2 – Natural Selection in Populations Define AND draw graphs: Microevolution (no graph): Normal Distribution: Directional Selection: Stabilizing Selection: Disruptive Selection: 1. What are three ways in which natural selection can change a distribution of traits? Provide an example for each way. 2. Predict: How might the extinction of downy woodpeckers affect the phenotype distribution of gall flies? See page 312. 11.4 – Hardy-­Weinberg Equilibrium Define: Sexual Selection (11.3): Hardy-­‐Weinberg Equilibrium: 1. What conditions are necessary for populations to remain in Hardy-­‐Weinberg equilibrium? 2. What can be predicted by using the Hardy-­‐Weinberg equation? 3. What are five factors that can lead to evolution? 4. Why is phenotypic variation necessary for natural selection and sexual selection? 11.5 – Speciation Through Isolation Define: Reproductive Isolation: Speciation: Behavioral Isolation: Geographic Isolation: Temporal Isolation: 1. How can reproductive isolation lead to speciation? 2. What are the three types of barriers than can lead to reproductive isolation? 11.6 – Patterns in Evolution Define: Convergent Evolution: Divergent Evolution: Coevolution: Extinction: Punctuated Equilibrium: Adaptive Radiation: 1. Explain what it means to say that natural selection is not random: 2. What are some causes of the background and mass extinctions? 3. What pattern is described by the theory of punctuated equilibrium? 4. Analogous structures are often examples of convergent evolution. What types of structures would likely be examples of divergent evolution? 12.6 – Primate Evolution Define: Primates: Prosimian: Anthropoid: Hominid: Bipedal: 1. What characteristics shared by humans and other primates suggest that they have a common ancestor? 2. According to the fossil record, what other Homo species was present when modern humans arose? 3. From the hominid fossils describes, what common trends can be found? 4. Explain why, according to the fossil record, it is not correct to say that humans evolved from chimpanzees: 17.1 – The Linnaean System of Classification Define: Taxonomy: Taxon Binomial Nomenclature: Genus: 1. Name each taxon in the Linnaean system of classification from the most general to the most specific. It may help to come up with your own acronym to remember the order. 2. Which two species are more closely related: Ursus maritimus, Ursus americanus, or Bufo americanus? Explain your answer. 17.2 – Classification based on Evolutionary Relationships Define: Phylogeny: Cladistics: Cladogram: Derived Character: 1. What is the goal of cladistics? 2. What role does molecular evidence play in determining how closely two species are related to each other? 3. Describe the relationship between clades and shared derived characters: