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Ch 20 Immunity and Disease pp17-20 answers
1. pathogens
4. diseases
2. vectors
5. antibodies
3. objects
6. vaccine
Directed Reading
Overview (page 17)
7. respiratory, circulatory, digestive
Section 1 (page 18)
A. Recognition: White blood cell surrounds pathogen and signals T cells. More T cells are produced.
Helper T cells signal B cells.
B. Mobilization: B cells produce antibodies.
C. Disposal: Antibodies destroy pathogens.
D. Immunity: Some antibodies remain for future use.
Sections 2 and 3 (page 19)
1. sexual contact
2. contact and through air
3. virus
4. bacteria
5. sexual contact
6. virus
7. pasteurization
Key Terms (page 20)
1. Viruses
2. active
3. pasteurization
4. antibody
5. vaccination
8. Antiseptics
9. sexually transmitted diseases
10. the environment
11. Asthma
12. tumors
13. chemotherapy
14. Noninfectious
6. chemotherapy
7. noninfectious
8. allergy
9. allergens
10. infectious
11. immune
12. vector
13. passive
14. antigens
15. transmitted
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 25)
1. An antibody is a protein made by an immune system in response to an antigen. It attaches to the
antigen, making it harmless.
2. A mother gives her newborn baby passive immunity before birth and through breast-feeding.
3. Active immunity is when the body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. Passive immunity
is when antibodies from another source are introduced into your body.
4. White blood cells destroy the bacteria by surrounding and digesting them.
5. Vaccines are made from antigens of the specific disease.
6. Mucus and cilia trap the pathogens; they are expelled by coughing or sneezing.
7. The skin and respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems are first-line defenses against pathogens.
8. a. They cause the body to form its own anti- bodies against the specific antigen.
b. active immunity
c. By actually getting the disease, the body makes antibodies that will stay in the blood after the
disease is gone.
9. Enzymes in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and liver destroy pathogens. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills
bacteria entering the body on food. Mucus coats bacteria and prevents them from binding to the digestive
organs.
10. Proteins and chemicals that are foreign to your body are antigens.
Section 2 (page 26)
1. Pathogens, which include bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi
2. It is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.
3. Air, water, food, contact, and other organisms can all spread infectious diseases.
4. The CDC monitors the spread of diseases in the US, monitors epidemics throughout the world, and
watches for diseases being brought into the United States.
5. AIDS and herpes
6. STDs that are caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.
7. It attacks the helper T cells and reproduces.
Without T cells, the body cannot fight off pathogens of any kind.
8. disease; present
9. suspected; culture
10. host
11. original organism; same
Section 3 (page 27)
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. b
6. c
7. a
8. d
9. d
10. b
11. uncontrolled; large
12. function
13. normal
14. travel
Enrichment
Section 1 (page 28)
1. Vaccines work by introducing molecules or weakened or killed microbes into the body, which create
antibodies that protect against future infection.
2. smallpox
3. By learning the structure of molecules that cause an immune response, scientists can make safe
artificial vaccines that aren’t living cells.
Section 2 (page 29)
1. The customary medical treatment for AIDS has been the drug AZT.Another of approved drugs
includes indinavir,ritonavir, and saquinavir.These three drugs keep the AIDS virus from
multiplying,especially when used with AZT and another customary medication called 3TC.Other
specific medications are used to treat AIDS-related opportunistic diseases such as treating
pneumonia with the drug pentamindine.
2. Although about 20 experimental vaccines have been tested since 1987,only a few have reached the
second stage of trials and none to date has reached full-scale testing.The latest vaccine to
appear promising is a combination of two genetically engineered vaccines.The most up-to-date
information about vaccines is available from the National Institutes of Health.
3. Clinical trials are run to determine the safety and effectiveness of the drug. Physicians refer their
patients to researchers if they wish to participate in a study.
Section 3 (page 30)
1. Most asthmatics can participate in many activities with a doctor’s supervision and medication.
2. Having some “no pets”classrooms and training for teachers and students on what to do when someone
has an asthma attack.
Chapter Review Part A.Vocabulary Review (page 35)
1. cancer (9/3)
2. active (3/1)
3. antibody (2/1)
4. passive (3/1)
5. pasteurization (4/2)
6. STD (6/2)
7. virus (5/2)
8. chronic (8/3)
9. chemotherapy (9/3)
10. allergy (10/3)
11. antigens (2/1)
12. vaccination (3/1)
13. allergen (10/3)
14. noninfectious (8/3)
15. infectious (5/2)
16. immune (1/1)
Part B.Concept Review (page 35)
1. AIDS, herpes, colds, chicken pox, mumps, measles, flu, hepatitis, polio, rabies, or smallpox. (5/2)
2. chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, diphtheria, meningitis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, tetanus, strep
throat, tuberculosis, or bacterial pneumonia. (5/2)
3. HIV attacks cells in the immune system that normally fight antigens that cause disease. The body is
left with no way to fight invading antigens, and the whole immune system breaks down. AIDS
victims develop other diseases such as pneumonia, cancer, or tuberculosis and usually die from
these diseases. (7/2)
4. allergies, asthma, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. (8/3)
5. He used pure cultures of bacteria to isolate one bacterium at a time. He could then figure out which
bacterium caused which disease. Learning the causes led to discovering ways of prevention and
treatment. (4/2)
6. The immune system is a complex group of defenses your body has to fight disease. Helpful bacteria
live on the skin and kill harmful types. If bacteria get inside your body, your circulatory system
has white blood cells that kill them. Cilia and mucus in your nose and throat help trap pathogens,
and you expel them by coughing or sneezing. In the digestive system, enzymes destroy pathogens.
Hydrochloric acid in your stomach kills bacteria that enter on the food you eat.Your body makes
antibodies, acquiring an active immunity for each disease it conquers naturally or by vaccines.
7. Syphilis is caused by a bacterium and is sexually transmitted. (6/2)
Section Focus Transparency 1 (page 42) A Deadly Virus
■ This transparency introduces the immune system. The immune system is the body’s complex system of
disease defense. The skin, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems are the first defense against
disease-causing organisms.
■ The respiratory system traps some of these pathogens in the mucus membranes of the nose, throat,
and lungs and expels them by sneezing or coughing. The digestive system uses various digestive fluids to
kill pathogens in the digestive tract. The circulatory system destroys pathogens with white cells. A
fever is a sign that your body is producing white blood cells and combating disease.
■ Killer T cell lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, attack pathogens by releasing enzymes. Helper T
cells stimulate B cells to form protein antibodies that attach themselves to invading substances,
destroying them in the process. Another type of lymphocyte, memory B cells, contains antibodies to
combat specific diseases.
■ The Hantavirus, shown on the transparency, is particularly virulent. This sphere-shaped (actually a 20sided polygon) virus is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope (the yellow circles) that protects it from the
body’s defenses. There are two primary strains of the disease—Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, related
to the lungs; and the more serious Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. This strain involves
hemorrhages, shock, and kidney failure and carries a 50 to 80 percent mortality rate. Immune to the
body’s defenses (as well as antibiotics due to its viral nature), the disease is presently without a cure.
Content Background
■ The Hantavirus is carried by rodents and is spread by rodent excreta, bite, or particulate excrement
matter. Enclosed areas where rodents and excrement are found are particularly dangerous. First
diagnosed during the Korean War and named after its Korean place of discovery, the disease is mostly
confined to South America, although cases have been reported in the United States.
■ Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. They must first infect a host cell and appropriate its
metabolic mechanisms. The result can be death for the host cell. Viruses range in size from 0.01 to 0.3
micrometers, a micrometer being 0.001 millimeters about 1/25,000 of an inch).All viruses consist of a
nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein shell.
■ Treatment of viral diseases is limited to controlling symptoms, usually the high fever induced by the
body to combat the virus. The disease itself cannot be attacked because any drugs that would kill the
cells hosting the virus would also kill surrounding healthy cells. Vaccination is the best preventative
method for dealing with serious viruses. Vaccination causes the body to produce specific antibodies
which resist the virus’s initial attempts to bind with healthy cells. Vaccines are used to prevent measles,
hepatitis, mumps, polio, and influenza, among other viral diseases.
Answers to Student Worksheet
1. The small yellowish ovals surrounding the blue and green circle show the protective shell.
2. The protein shell protects the core of the virus against the body’s defense mechanisms. The coating
prevents digestive fluids from getting through. It also stops antibodies from attaching themselves to
the virus.
3. Rest, exercise, a healthy diet, or frequent hand washing (to help stop the spread of germs).
Section Focus Transparency 2 (page 43) The Invisible World
■ The concept introduced here is infectious diseases. Disease-causing microorganisms, also called germs
or microbes, were first seen by Leeuwenhoek in 1674. He called them “very little animalcules. “Using his
small microscopes, which were the size pictured on the transparency (they were meant to be held up to
the eye), Leeuwenhoek found his animalcules in rainwater, ponds, water barrels, dental plaque, and animal
intestines. Thus, he is credited with discovering bacteria.
■ It wasn’t until 1865, however, that any practical use was made of Leeuwenhoek’s discovery. In that
year, the English physician Joseph Lister first used carbolic acid to kill microbes and prevent infection
during surgery. In addition, the French chemist Louis Pasteur discovered that heat could be used to
destroy microorganisms. In 1865, he saved the silk industry by eliminating germs that attacked silkworm eggs. He later used his heating process, now called pasteurization, to preserve milk, wine, beer,
and food. Pasteur also proved that germs multiply within the body and that a weakened microbe placed in
the body confers immunity to that microorganism. This method is called vaccination. Pasteur first used
the technique in 1890 to prevent sheep from getting anthrax and chickens from getting cholera. In
1895, he developed a human vaccine for rabies.
■ A weakened germ into the body assists the immune system in fighting that particular disease.
Content Background
■ Magnifying lenses similar to those presently used have been around for 800 years. Zeharias
Janssen, a Dutch eye-glass maker, is credited with making the first compound microscope in 1590.
■ By Leeuwenhoek’s time, such microscopes only magnified an image 20 to 30 times. Leeuwenhoek’s skill
at lens grinding allowed him to produce small but very powerful microscopes, capable of magnifying
images up to 270 times. He made 500 such microscopes, ten of which still survive.
Answers to Student Worksheet
1. Microscopes magnify images, allowing study and research to be done on organisms too small to be seen
with the naked eye.
2. His microscopes allowed him to view microbes that were too small to be seen by less powerful
microscopes
3. The lens is the little circle that looks like the peep-hole in a door. The sample went on the small
point in front of the lens. The screws adjusted the position of the sample and changed the focus.
Section Focus Transparency 3 (page 44) Ah-Chooo! (Gesundheit)
■ Define noninfectious. It refers to diseases that cannot be spread from person to person.
■ Name several types of noninfectious diseases. They might mention asthma, heart disease, cancer,
diabetes, or allergies.
■ An allergy is caused by the body’s reaction to foreign substances, called allergens. An allergen is any
substance that can cause an allergic reaction. Such substances include many foods,
mold, dust, pollen, and pet dandruff.
■ Conjecture which of these substances is shown on the transparency. The substance is daisy pollen,
magnified 1,500 times. Pollen grains are the male spores of plants, which need to be carried to the
female part of a plant of the same species in order to cause fertilization. Pollen grains have a spike like
covering, enabling them to attach to insects and be carried from plant to plant.
■ Antigens, such as pollen, can cause the body to produce antibodies. The antigens then combine with
antibodies, causing body cells to release H-substances. These substances cause reactions in allergic
target tissue, such as small blood vessels, the smooth muscles of internal organs, and mucous glands.
Histamine, the primary H- substance, causes capillary enlargement (swelling), tightened muscles
(digestive problems), and the of mucus (runny nose). The body’s reaction varies from person to person,
depending on individual susceptibility to specific allergens.
■ There are no complete cures for allergies. Certain can be avoided, and, if necessary, drugs can be
prescribed by a doctor to relieve symptoms.
Content Background
■ Many allergies run in families; while not following strict genetic guidelines, there seems to be a genetic
predisposition to allergies.
■ Emotions seem to play a small role in allergic reactions. Allergic target tissues are regulated by the
autonomic nervous system. Extreme emotions can cause messages to be transmitted by the brain
through the autonomic nervous system to these target areas, making them more susceptible to a
histamine reaction.
■ The image on the transparency was taken with a scanning electron microscope, which focuses a beam of
electrons on an object. After striking the object, some of the electrons are scattered. Detectors
collect these electrons and convert them to a signal that is sent to a viewing screen.
Answers to Student Worksheet
1. They cause people to break into rashes, experience digestive and respiratory problems, cough, sneeze,
have runny eyes, and a runny nose. In extreme cases, allergic reactions can be very dangerous.
2. Allergens can be avoided; antihistamines can be used to combat allergy symptoms.
3. They should wear gloves, protective clothing, and a respirator.
Teaching Transparency (page 45) Response of the Immune System Section 1
■ T cells and B cells are white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow.
■ Antigens are part of pathogens or are produced by pathogens. They help identify specific pathogens.
■ Antigens are antibody-generating. When the immune system recognizes an antigen, the system starts
generating antibodies to bind it up, making it harmless.
■ The two “arms “of an antibody are shaped so they attach only to the matching antigen. Antibodies for
one disease protect a person only from that disease.
Reteaching Suggestion
■ Create a skit that demonstrates the four stages of immunity. One member could hold up signs
identifying each stage as other members act out the parts of the pathogen, white blood cell, and so on.
Extensions
Speaker: Have a public health official or school nurse tell the class about the types and schedule of
childhood immunizations that doctors currently recommend. The speaker might also explain why a
booster vaccination is necessary for some diseases.
Research: Research new vaccines that are being developed to prevent disease. They also might interview
people who had whooping cough or other diseases before vaccines were developed to prevent them.
Answers to Student Worksheet
1. antigens
2. a protein made in response to a specific antigen
3. one
4. They can recognize the pathogen if it enters the body again.
5. antibodies for that disease
6. The stages are recognition, mobilization, disposal, and immunity. Briefly, the white blood cell
surrounds the pathogen. It signals T cells, and helper T cells signal B cells, which produce antibodies.
The antibodies destroy the pathogens, and memory B cells retain some antibodies for future use.
Assessment Transparency (page 47) Immunity and Disease Section 2 Answers
1. C. Answer this question by looking at the percentage of persons living with HIV/AIDS in the listed
countries. Portugal has the highest percentage, at 0.74%.
2. H. Students will need to look at the column for blood transmissions. Choice H, Greece, has the
highest percentage, at 9%.
3. C. Students will need to look at the column for drug use and note that Spain has the highest
percentage, at 66%.
Test-Taking Tip Circle and label the high and low values in each column of a table