Download Biotechnology

Biotechnology
Kline
FHS
What can biotechnology do?
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Reunite families?
Identify a criminal?
Find your baby daddy?
Clone your pet that died?
Make new vaccines?
Make a monkey that glows?
Make corn resistant to drought and pests?
Cure cancer?
Map the human genome?
In the news - Genetically Modified
Organisms (Food) – Should your
foods be labeled????????
Advantages
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Pest resistant
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4bi60alZU
Herbicide tolerant
Disease resistant
Cold tolerant
Drought tolerant
Nutrition
Pharmaceuticals
Disadvantages
• Unintended harm to other
organisms
• Reduced effectiveness of
pesticides
• Gene transfer to non target
species (“superweeds”)
• Increased allergies
• Unknown affects on
human health
• Economic concerns
In the news - Stem Cell Research
• What are they? Blank copies of cells that are not specialized
• What can we use them for? To grow new organs/tissues,
Replace dead/damaged cells
• Where do we get stem cells? Most stem cells come from
leftover embryos at infertility clinics
• Why aren’t we using them in the US? There are still moral
debates on whether or not stem cells can be harvested ethically
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF2iXpoG5j8
Gel electrophoresis
• Gel electrophoresis is used
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to separate DNA fragments
based on size
Forensic scientists can use
this to identify a victim or
suspect
Can be used to identify
paternity
Can be used to reunite
families
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=AkBUriMK9u8
• Can you predict the
father’s DNA markers?
• This is called DNA
fingerprinting.
PCR – Polymerase chain reaction
• Scientists use PCR to make billions of
copies of DNA.
• So what happens when you’ve got a
sample of DNA from a crime scene that
is so small that its not enough to test?
• Wouldn’t it be nice if there was a DNA
copy machine????? Well, there kind of is!
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRA
A4C2OPwg
Genetic engineering
• Genetic engineering is the
changing of an organism’s DNA
to give the organism new traits.
• This is possible because all living
organisms share the same
genetic code (A,T,G,C)
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=k7-ofCWJiUg
Cloning
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene
or of an organism.
Cloning
• If your beloved dog died, would you clone him if
you could?
• This couple did. They spent $155,000 to have their
dog Lancelot cloned. Say hello to Lancelot Encore!
• http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28892792/site/today
show/ns/today-today_pets_and_animals/t/couplespend-clone-dead-dog/
• How does cloning work?
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/clonin
g/whatiscloning/
Using Plasmid Vectors for Cloning
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juP6iHMIYkE
Recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA is DNA that contains
genes from more than one organism.
• Recombinant DNA being used to treat diseases
• Scientists can produce hormones by plugging
human DNA into bacterial DNA
• Can scientists use the HIV virus to cure
cancer?????
• http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/health/
a-breakthrough-against-leukemia-using-alteredt-cells.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Transgenic Organism
• Transgenic organism
– scientists splice one
or more genes from
one organism and
insert into another’s
genome.
• Can a glowing monkey
help us cure
Huntington’s disease?
• http://www.sciencedaily
.com/releases/2009/05
/090527215547.htm
Gene knockout
• Gene knockout mice
have had a gene
purposely “turned
off.”
• Useful for studying gene
function and genetic
diseases because a
research can observe
specific changes in gene
expression and traits.
Gene sequencing
• Gene sequencing determines the
order of DNA nucleotides in
genes or in genomes.
• Genomes of plants can be studies
to find ways to improve crop yield.
• Genomes of rats and mice are very
similar to humans. As a result they
can be used to study human diseases
and gene function.
Human
genome
• The two main
goals of the
genome project:
• To map and sequence all of
the DNA base pairs of a
human chromosomes
• To identify all of the genes
within the sequence
• Project was finished in 2003
project
Bioinformatics
• Uses computer
databases to
organize and
analyze biological
data, such as genes
and proteins.
• DNA
DNA Microarrays
microarrays are
tool that allow
scientist to study
many genes, and
their expression,
at once.
Proteomics
• The study and comparison
of all the proteins that
result from an organism’s
genome.
• Could be used to study
shared evolutionary history
among organisms or a protein
involved in a human disease
like cancer or heart disease.
Genetic Screening
• Genetic screening is the
process of testing DNA
to determine a person’s
risk of having or passing
on a genetic disorder.
• There are tests for about
900 genetic disorders.
Gene therapy
• Gene therapy is the
replacement of a defective or
missing gene, or the addition
of a new gene, into a person’s
genome to treat a disease.
• Scientists can take bone
marrow stem cells and
“infect” them with a virus that
has been genetically
engineered with the new gene.
The stem cells can be put back
in the bone marrow to make
health blood cells.