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STUDY GUIDE FOR EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION Honors Biology CONTENT GUIDE (This includes the major concepts for which students will be responsible in this unit. Additional content as studied in the unit under these major concepts may be included. Examples would include information from labs, activities, diagrams, tables and charts. The student must also be able to use the basic content to make applications, analyze, synthesize and evaluate information.) I. Darwin The Voyage: collected evidence on his voyage that led to his theory about the way life changes. The Theory: proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection. II. Historical Influences on Darwin Hutton and Lyell Lamarck Malthus III. Natural Selection Natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully. Over time natural selection results in: o Changes in the inherited characteristics of a population o A population that is better adapted to its environment Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection o Variation o Number of offspring produced o Competition o Survival of the fittest Fitness Adaptation o Descent with modification IV. Evidence of Evolution Biochemical o Genetic code similarity – Universal genetic code o Amino acid sequence – number of differences is sequences Fossils o Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy o Homologous structures o Vestigial Organs Biogeography o Geographic distribution of living species Observable Events o Galapagos Finches (Darwin’s Finches) o Peppered Moths SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS (These are samples of the type of questions which might be on the test. Questions may require students to use the basic content to make applications, analyze, synthesize and evaluate information. Tests contain unit content questions as well as general scientific processing questions.) 1. Which of these best illustrates natural selection? A. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully. B. A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate. C. A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes. D. The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities. 2. A large island in the Pacific Ocean supports isolated populations of two groups of frogs. The following observations of these frogs were recorded by scientists: I. Are different in color II. Excrete different products III. Live in different, isolated habitats IV. Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Which observation best supports the inference that these frogs belong to the same species? A. B. C. D. Observation I Observation II Observation III Observation IV 3. A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to A. B. C. D. high mutation rates on one side. low genetic diversity in the initial population. the isolation of the two groups. differences in reproductive rates. NUMBERS OF REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES Figure 5 4. According to this information, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during the Cretaceous period? A. B. C. D. dinosaurs crocodilians snakes lizards 5. Which of these graphs shows the most stable population? A. C. B. D. 5. Organisms can have structures that are similar but perform different functions. The structures are called A. B. C. D. vestigial structures. homologous structures. natural structures. analogous structures. 6. Modern vertebrates have a similar number and location of bones as those found in fossil vertebrates. A possible explanation for this similarity would be A. B. C. D. organism needs for survival. the struggle for existence. a common ancestor. competition among species. GROWTH OF DUCKWEED POPULATIONS Figure 12 7. The graph in Figure 12 shows the results of experiments with two species of duckweed, L. polyrrhiza and L. gibba. Which of these best explains why growth is less when the two species are grown together? A. B. C. D. They attract more herbivores One grows faster than the other They compete for the same resources One stimulates the growth of the other 8. In his theory of natural selection, Darwin proposed that surviving individuals are those that have A. B. C. D. developed beneficial acquired characteristics. characteristics valued for artificial selection. produced the greatest number of offspring. existing variations best suited to the environment. White-Tailed Deer Population Figure 11 9. Look at Figure 11. Why does the white-tailed deer population drop when the carrying capacity is exceeded? A. B. C. D. Resources are too low to support the population. Weather changes reduce the deer population. The height of edible plants exceeds the height of the deer. Competition by other animals is greatly reduced. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF CYTOCHROME c Figure 20 Amino Acid Composition of Cytochrome c in Some Organisms (Cytochrome-c is a protein involved in aerobic respiration.) Amino Acid Organism 1 Organism 2 Organism 3 Organism 4 Alanine 15% 15% 15% 15% Arginine 6% 6% 6% 6% Aspartic acid 10% 10% 10% 10% Cysteine 10% 10% 10% 6% Glutamic acid 20% 20% 13% 13% Glycine 6% 4% 6% 6% Valine 1% 2% 3% 8% 10. Which two organisms in Figure 20 are the most closely related? A. B. C. D. Organism I and Organism 2 Organism 2 and Organism 4 Organism 3 and Organism 4 Organism 1 and Organism 3 11. The desert pupfish is a tiny fish that lives in small isolated pools in the deserts of Nevada, Arizona and California. These regions used to be lush with forests and abundant water. The pupfish that lived there were very large. As the environment changed into desert, access to water became severely limited. The pupfish became isolated into small pools. Over time their size became much smaller, in some cases less than an inch in length. Which of the following best explains the change in pupfish size? A. B. C. D. Speciation Convergent evolution Inbreeding Natural selection 12. As the forest of the central US slowly changed into grasslands, the horse had to adapt to these changes. Surviving horses were larger with longer legs and a single-toe hoof. Darwin would call the ability of the horse to survive and reproduce in its changing environment A. B. C. D. diversity. competition. fitness. extinction. 13. In prehistoric times a single species of the spotted frog inhabited the Pacific coastal regions. As the upheavals forming the coastal mountain began to occur, the region began to be separated by high mountains and valley areas. The spotted frogs became isolated into different pockets and no longer had contact with one another. Eventually each group of frogs became so different from each other that they could no longer interbreed. Which of the following explains this event? A. B. C. D. Competition Extinction Predation Speciation Rabbit Population Figure 6 14. Read the paragraph in Figure 6. Over the next few years, the rabbit population will probably A. remain relatively constant due to equal birth and death rates. B. die out due to inbreeding. C. increase until the food supply runs low. D. decrease as the number of rabbits per litter decreases. 15. Which of the following ideas proposed by Lamarck was later found to be incorrect? A. B. C. D. Acquired characteristics can be inherited. All species were descended from other species. Living things change over time. Organisms are adapted to their environments. 16. An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n) A. B. C. D. vestigial organ. adaptation. speciation. radiation. Short Answer 17. How is the process of survival of the fittest related to a population’s environment? 18. Distinguish between fitness and adaptation. Give an example of each. 19. Many species of birds build nests in which they lay eggs and raise the newly hatched birds. How might nest building behavior be an adaptation that helps ensure fitness? 20. DDT is an insecticide that was first used in the 1940’s to kill mosquitoes and stop the spread of malaria. At first, it was very effective. However, over a period of years, people began to notice that it was becoming less and less effective. A possible explanation for this was that the insects were becoming resistant to the DDT. Explain how the resistance may have evolved.