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Unit 12 Exam: Psychological Disorders and Treatment 70 questions on Psychological Disorders and Treatment; 30 review questions (70 minutes) Wednesday, April 25 (A-Day) and Thursday, April 26 (B-Day) Unit 12 covers Chapter 16 (pp. 638-683) and Ch. 17 (pp. 684-721) There are 47 vocab terms (20 on p. 683 and 27 on p. 721). Vocabulary can be found at the end of each chapter under the heading “Terms & Concepts to Remember.” Vocabulary terms and their definitions must be handwritten in your composition book. Composition books will be collected before the test. What is a psychological disorder? Atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, unjustifiable The medical model of disorders Labeling theory (Rosenhan) & disorders DSM-IV (Diagnostic Statistical Manual – 4th edition) The DSM-IV helps clinicians diagnose disorders by focusing on observable behaviors Rates of psychological disorders (Men vs. Women: men are more likely to suffer from alcoholism, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality disorder – women are more likely to be diagnosed with major depression) Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) Panic Disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Panic attacks Explaining anxiety disorders (learning theory ((ex. operant cond.)), biological theory, cognitive theory) Dissociative Disorders Disruptions in conscious awareness Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Manic episode Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Differences in rates of depression between men & women Explaining depressive disorders (psychoanalytic theory, biological theory, social-cognitive theory ((ex. attributional theory)), humanistic) Norepinephrine’s & Serotonin’s role in depression (people suffering from depression tend to have low levels of both of these neurotransmitters) Genetic component to mood disorders (if an identical twin suffers from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder the chances that the other twin will experience symptoms is higher than those with a fraternal twin who is suffering) Learned helplessness Somatoform Disorders Physical symptoms with no physical cause Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder (lack of guilt / conscience) Narcissistic personality disorder (sense of self-importance, entitled to special treatment) Schizophrenia Symptoms Positive Symptoms: Word salad, Hallucinations (false sensations) vs. Delusions (false beliefs), Negative Symptoms: loss of affect (no facial expression) Types Disorganized, Cataonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated Causes High levels of dopamine receptors, prenatal viral infections, genetics (identical twin has schizophrenia, there is a 50% chance that the other twin will develop the disorder), biological factors What do illicit drugs do to a person suffering from schizophrenia? People suffering from schizophrenia tend to have elevated levels of dopamine. Cocaine prevents reuptake of dopamine. The result is worse, more pronounced symptoms. THERAPISTS psychiatrists vs. clinical psychologists (psychiatrists have MDs & can prescribe meds / clinical psychologists have advanced degrees, can do therapy but cannot prescribe meds) THERAPUTIC APPROACHES (some stick to one approach, others an eclectic approach ((use a combination of approaches)) to treat their patients. Psychoanalysis (focus on early childhood, repressed memories) Free association (Freud) Resistance Transference Humanistic Therapy (focus on deficits either in feelings of self-worth or in feelings of unconditional acceptance by others) Active listening (Carl Rogers) Client-centered Cognitive Therapy (focus on maladaptive thoughts or schemas) Behavior Therapy (focus on observable behavior and faulty conditioning) Aversive conditioning (pair undesired behavior with punishing / unpleasant behavior) Token economy (type of operant cond.) Systematic desensitization Counter conditioning (replace undesired behavior with something acceptable) – ex. bedwetting alarm Virtual reality exposure therapy Biological Therapies (focus on psychophysiological causes, drugs are most common remedy) EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - purpose & side effects Light therapy (resets circadian rhythm; treats SAD) Psychopharmacology (purpose is to restore chemical balance) anti-psychotics (used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors) ex. Thorazine anti-anxiety agents (benzodiazapenes like Xanax calms the nervous system by increasing GABA) anti-depressants (serotonin, Prozac) – increase arousal mood-stabilizers (lithium for bipolar disorders) TESTING the EFFECTIVENESS of VARIOUS APPROACHES Regression toward the mean Anxiety: Cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, Meta-analysis and stress inoculation training are Placebo effect effective Depression: Cognitive, interpersonal, and behavior therapy are effective REVIEW HISTORY & APPROACHES (Unit 1) Perspectives: Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanist, Psychoanalytic, Neuroscience BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR (Unit 2) Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic N.S. Neurotransmitters Lobes of the brain (functions) Split-brain patients SENSATION & PERCEPTION (Unit 3) Gate-control theory Accommodation Structure and Function of the Eyes and Ears LEARNING (Unit 5) Classical conditioning (US, UR, CS, CR) Operant Conditioning Bandura’s theory of social learning (modeling) Skinner (operant conditioning) COGNITION (Unit 6) Overgeneralization MOTIVATION & EMOTION (Unit 7) Theories of Emotion (James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Two-Factor) Catharsis PERSONALITY (Unit 8) Projective Tests (Assessing Unconscious Maslow’s Theory (self-actualization) Processes) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Assessing Traits) DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (Unit 9) Assimilation and Accommodation Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Egocentrism Conservation Maturation Types of Parenting (authoritarian vs. authoritative) Attachment Theory SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Unit 10) Social Traps Cognitive Dissonance TESTING & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, PROBLEM SOLVING & STATISITCS (Unit 11) Reliability and Validity Availability Heuristic Representativeness Heuristic Algorithms and Heuristics The Normal Curve (percentages of each standard deviation, etc.) Wechsler’s Tests (WAIS and WISC) Mental Age