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Unit 2 Genetics Study Guide Name _______________________________ Core 1 2 3 4 5 Extra Credit Points This Study Guide is not required, but it is strongly recommended. You will be given 1 class periods to work on this Study Guide and to ask me to go over anything you do not understand. A completed Study Guide will: Help you prepare for the Common Assessment Exam on ________________________ Earn you 5 extra credit points on your final test grade. Help you understand what you know vs. what you don’t know so you can study more effectively. Give you links to tutorials to review key content. The Study Guide is due on ________________, the day of the exam. No Study Guides will be accepted past the due date. I. Genetics Vocabulary: Fill-in the word for each definition. Try to do this without the list. 1. 3. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Any characteristic that can be passed/ be inherited from parent to offspring. 4. Section of chromosome (DNA) that codes for a specific trait. 5. Reproductive cell. 6. 8. A diagram of the genetic history of an individual: can show how a trait is inherited over several generations of a family. (a genetic family tree) Any one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome. Alleles may occur in pairs, or there may be multiple alleles affecting the expression of a particular trait.\ Genotype of an individual with two different alleles for a given trait. 9. Genotype of an individual with two of the same alleles for a given trait. 10. Masks the recessive allele in a heterozygous individual. 11. Allele that is masked by the dominant allele in a heterozygous individual. 12. 13. If two alleles in a gene pair are different, then one allele can control the expression of the trait and the other can be hidden. A model used to show the probabilities of the results of a genetic cross. 14. All chromosomes with the exception of the sex chromosomes. 15. The pair of chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual. 16. 17. Occurs when neither allele is dominant. They both have an affect on the heterozygous individual which shows a phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes. The complete genetic material contained in an individual. 18. The genetic make-up of an organism. Example: Aa BB cc Dd 19. The external appearance of an individual determined by it’s genotype. 20. An individual who has the allele for a trait or disease but does not have the disease or outwardly express the trait. 2. 7. * Vocab. Study Strategies – Quiz yourself Cover the words/ definitions with a piece of paper. Focus on starred items! Answer out-loud. When you can confidently answer yourself, ask a friend or home supporter to give you the word and you give the definition in the standard form, and then, explain it in your own words. II. Key People and Discoveries in Genetics: Greatest Discoveries in Genetics (with Bill Nye) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio This is the link to the video we watched in class. You only need to watch up to 23:00 to review the key discoveries we focused on in this unit. Video watched ________ / 10 points Partner/ Parent Signature: _____________________________________________________ * Video Review Study Strategies – Read and highlight your original notes pages – > Class # ______: Greatest Discoveries in Genetics. Then, put your notes aside, and simply watch the video. Pause after each segment to add your own notes about anything you found interesting or noticed for the first time as you watched the video a second time. Let yourself get engaged, draw pictures in the margins, enjoy learning. Fill-in-the Blank & Match the scientists with their contributions by lightly color coding the columns. 31. “Father of Genetics” -- Worked with p___________ plants. Mendel's First Law of Genetics (Law of Segregation): A gene that can exist in more than 1 form (e.g. a gene for round or w_______________________ peas) is called an a________________________. When gametes are produced (by meiosis) in the parent, allele pairs separate leaving each g_______________ with one allele for each trait. At fertilization, organisms inherit _____ alleles for each trait – 1 from each p__________________. When the two alleles of a pair are different, one is d____________________________ and the other is r________________________ 32. Genes are Located on Specific Chromosomes. Worked with drosophila (fruit f_________) because they have a s______________ life cycle and produce many off-s_____________________ giving him a chance to study many generations for i_________________________________ patterns Genes are located at specific locations on a chromosome which allows them to c___________________ with each other 33. Genes Control Biochemical Events – Worked with bread m_________ “one gene on enzyme concept” enzyme = ____________________________________________________________ How does this relate to lactose intolerance or PKU? 34. Some Genes Can Jump! – Worked with corn plants While genes are usually located on specific locations, some segments of genes called t________________________________ can move to different location on a chromosomes This can cause m_________________________________________ 35. DNA is the Genetic Material 36. DNA is a Double Helix - deoxy _______________________________________ Made up of 4 base pairs: g_________________________, a___________________, t___________________________, c_________________________________ 43. Genetic factors that promote UNITY III. Dominant and Recessive Alleles and Traits. 37. Avery, Pauling, Chargaff 38. Gregor Mendel 39. Barbara McClintock 40. Watson & Crick 41. Thomas Hunt Morgan 42. Beadle & Tatum 44. Genetic factors that promote DIVERSITY 45. The convention for writing a dominant genotype is: ______________________________________ 46. The convention to writing a recessive allele is: _____________________________________________ 47. A homozygous gene has 2 of the same a________________________ for example ________________. 48. A heterozygous gene has 2 different a________________________ for example ________________. 49. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO) AA ____ Bb ____ Cc ____ Dd ____ Ee ____ ff ____ GG ____ HH ____ Ii ____ Jj ____ kk ____ Ll ____ Mm ____ nn ____ OO ____ Pp ____ 50. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers PP ___________________________ Pp ___________________________ pp ___________________________ Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes BB ___________________________ Bb ___________________________ bb ___________________________ 51. For each phenotype, list the genotypes. (Remember to use the letter of the dominant trait) Straight hair is dominant to curly. ____________ straight ____________ straight ____________ curly Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. ____________ pointed ____________ pointed ____________ round 52. One more vocabulary word … Purebreeding = ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. Picture 54. Sentence __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ “Step 1: Who’s your mama and whose your daddy?” Name the guinea pig parents for the following crosses using the dominance and recessive relationships below: o Short hair (S) dominant over long hair o Black (B) dominant over white hair o Wacky hair (W) dominant over smooth hair 55. Homozygous short, heterozygous black x heterozygous short, heterozygous black __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ 56. Homozygous long, heterozygous black x homozygous short, homozygous white __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ 57. Homozygous smooth, homozygous white x heterozygous wacky, heterozygous black __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ 58. Homozygous smooth, heterozygous black x heterozygous wacky, heterozygous black __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ 59. Homozygous long, homozygous white x heterozygous short, homozygous black __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ 60. Homozygous short, homozygous black x heterozygous short, homozygous white __________________________________________ x _________________________________________ IV. Punnett Squares: Run video to 6:00. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1PCwxUDTl8 o (R) Round is dominant and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. 61. Homozygous dominant x homozygous dominant ______________ x _________________ 70. Homozygous recessive x homozygous recessive ______________ x ________________ 62. Genotypic Ratios: ___________________________________ 63. Phenotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 71. Genotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 72. Phenotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 64. Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive ______________ x ________________ 73. Homozygous recessive x homozygous dominant ______________ x ________________ 65. Genotypic Ratios: ___________________________________ 66, Phenotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 74. Genotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 75. Phenotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 67. 76. Heterozygous x homozygous dominant ______________ x ______________ 68. Genotypic Ratios: ___________________________________ 69. Phenotypic Ratios: _________________________________ heterozygous x homozygous recessive ______________ x ____________ 77. Genotypic Ratios: _________________________________ 78. Phenotypic Ratios: _______________________________ Sex-linked Punnett Squares: Short 2:49 video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j35OALtS3Bk B = Normal sight b = color blindness 79. XBXB x XbY a. What proportion/percent of the male children are colorblind? _____________ b. What proportion/percent of the female children are colorblind? _____________ 80. XBXb x XBY a. What % of the male children are colorblind? _____________ b. What % of the female children are colorblind? _____________ Dihybrid Punnett Squares: Start video at 6:00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1PCwxUDTl8 o Tall (T) and short (t) Green (G) and white (g) 81. A tall green pea plant (TTGg) is crossed with a tall green pea plant (TtGg) ___________ X ___________ 82. Genotypic Ratios 83. Phenotypic Ratios: ____ Tall/Green : ____ Tall/White : ____ Short/Green : ____ Short/ White 84. A tall green pea plant (TtGg) is crossed with a Short white pea plant (ttgg). ___________ X ___________ 85. Genotypic Ratios 86. Phenotypic Ratios: ____Tall/Green : ____ Tall/white : ____ short/Green : ____ short/ white Analyze the following dihybrid crosses for the phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Example 1: Guinea Pigs B = Black hair b = white hair S = short s = long 87. Genotypic Ratios 88. Phenotypic Ratios Example 2: Naked Mole Rats T = long tails t = short tails Z = fuzz z = no fuzz 89. Genotypic Ratios 90. Phenotypic Ratios Incomplete Dominance C-Dominance Describe 91. 93. Example 92. 94. V Pedigrees: Introductory Video (2:40 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wuk0W10EveU 95. The pedigree to the right shows a family’s pedigree for colorblindness. Which sex can be carriers of colorblindness and not have it? ___________________ 96. With this in mind, what kind of trait is colorblindness (use your notes)? __________________ I **half-shaded = carrier of disease II 97. Which IV females are carriers? _____________________________________________ III 98. Why do all the daughters in generation II carry the colorblind gene? ________________________________ IV 99. Name 2 IV generation colorblind males. _________ 100. Relationship between IV 1 and IV 7? _______________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8