Download 3 Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders
Module 39
What Are Mood Disorders?
• A psychological disorder characterized by
emotional extremes
– Usually come in two forms
• Bi-Polar disorder (Manic-depressive)
• Major depressive disorder
• Unlike anxiety’s response in anticipation to
loss, Depressed Moods are often responding
to current or past loss
Major Depressive Disorder
To be classified as MDD, the DSM-5 says you need to
have over two weeks of these symptoms:
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Depressed mood most of the day, and/or
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight
Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep
Lethargy, or physical agitation
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt
Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making
decisions
• Recurring thoughts of death and suicide
Major Depression: Not Just a Depressive Reaction
• Some people make an unfair criticism of
themselves or others with major depression:
“There is nothing to be depressed about.”
• If someone with asthma has an attack, do we
say, “what do you have to be gasping about?”
• It is bad enough to have MDD that persists even
under “good” circumstances
• Do not add criticism by implying the depression
is an exaggerated response
Bi-Polar Disorder
• Formerly called Manic-Depressive
• Someone is considered Bi-Polar when they
alternate between the hopelessness and
lethargy or depression to the overexcitement
of mania
– Mania is a hyperactive and wildly optimistic state
where poor judgement is its calling card
Symptoms of Bi-Polar Disorder
O’ Depression Where Art Thou?
• Well its everywhere…
• Phobias are the most common disorder, but
depression is the #1 reason people seek
mental health services
• Depression appears worldwide:
– Per year, depressive episodes happen to about 6%
of men and about 9% of women
– Over the course of a lifetime, 12% of Canadians
and 17% of Americans experience depression
Bi-Polar in the Youth
• Does bipolar disorder
show up before
adulthood, and even
before puberty?
• Many young people have
cycles from depression to
extended rage rather than
mania
• The DSM-5 may have a
new diagnosis for these
kids: disruptive mood
dysregulation disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
• Seasonal affective disorder is more than simply
disliking winter
• Seasonal affective disorder involves a recurring
seasonal pattern of depression, usually during
winter’s short, dark, cold days
• Survey: “Have you cried today”? Result: More people
answer “yes” in winter
Understanding Mood Disorders
Why are mood disorders so pervasive,
and more common among the young,
and especially among women?
Why Does Depression Have so
Many Symptoms?
Depression Can Lead To…
• Every year, 1 million people commit suicide,
giving up on the process of trying to cope and
improve their emotional well-being
– This can happen when people feel frustrated,
trapped, isolated, ineffective, and see no end to
these feelings
– Non-suicidal self-injury has other functions such
as sending a message, or self-punishment
An Evolutionary Perspective on the
Biology of Depression
 Depression, in its milder, nondisordered form, may have
had survival value
 Under stress, depression is
social-emotional hibernation.
It allows humans to:
 Conserve energy
 Avoid conflicts and other
risks
 Let go of unattainable goals
 Take time to contemplate
Biology of Depression: Genetics
Evidence of genetic influence on depression:
1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions
2. Twin/adoption heritability studies
Preventing or Reducing Depression:
Using Knowledge of the Biology of Depression
1. Adjust
neurotransmitters
with medication
2. Increase serotonin
levels with
exercise
3. Reduce brain
inflammation with
a healthy diet
(especially olive
and fish oils)
4. Prevent excessive
alcohol use
Understanding Mood Disorders:
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Low SelfEsteem
Discounting positive
information and assuming the
worst about self, situation,
and the future
Self-defeating
beliefs such as
assuming that
one (self) is
Learned
unable to cope,
Helplessness
improve, achieve,
or be happy
Depression is
associated with:
Depressive
Explanatory
Style
Rumination
Stuck focusing on
what’s bad
Depressive Explanatory Style
How we analyze bad news predicts mood.
Problematic event:
Assumptions about
the problem
The problem is:
The problem is:
The problem is:
Mood/result that
goes along with
these views:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
A depressed mood may develop when a person with a
negative outlook experiences repeated stress.
The depressed
mood changes a
person’s style of
thinking and
interacting in a
way that makes
stressful
experience
more likely.