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Mood Disorders Module 39 What Are Mood Disorders? • A psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes – Usually come in two forms • Bi-Polar disorder (Manic-depressive) • Major depressive disorder • Unlike anxiety’s response in anticipation to loss, Depressed Moods are often responding to current or past loss Major Depressive Disorder To be classified as MDD, the DSM-5 says you need to have over two weeks of these symptoms: • • • • • • • • Depressed mood most of the day, and/or Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep Lethargy, or physical agitation Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions • Recurring thoughts of death and suicide Major Depression: Not Just a Depressive Reaction • Some people make an unfair criticism of themselves or others with major depression: “There is nothing to be depressed about.” • If someone with asthma has an attack, do we say, “what do you have to be gasping about?” • It is bad enough to have MDD that persists even under “good” circumstances • Do not add criticism by implying the depression is an exaggerated response Bi-Polar Disorder • Formerly called Manic-Depressive • Someone is considered Bi-Polar when they alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy or depression to the overexcitement of mania – Mania is a hyperactive and wildly optimistic state where poor judgement is its calling card Symptoms of Bi-Polar Disorder O’ Depression Where Art Thou? • Well its everywhere… • Phobias are the most common disorder, but depression is the #1 reason people seek mental health services • Depression appears worldwide: – Per year, depressive episodes happen to about 6% of men and about 9% of women – Over the course of a lifetime, 12% of Canadians and 17% of Americans experience depression Bi-Polar in the Youth • Does bipolar disorder show up before adulthood, and even before puberty? • Many young people have cycles from depression to extended rage rather than mania • The DSM-5 may have a new diagnosis for these kids: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) • Seasonal affective disorder is more than simply disliking winter • Seasonal affective disorder involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, cold days • Survey: “Have you cried today”? Result: More people answer “yes” in winter Understanding Mood Disorders Why are mood disorders so pervasive, and more common among the young, and especially among women? Why Does Depression Have so Many Symptoms? Depression Can Lead To… • Every year, 1 million people commit suicide, giving up on the process of trying to cope and improve their emotional well-being – This can happen when people feel frustrated, trapped, isolated, ineffective, and see no end to these feelings – Non-suicidal self-injury has other functions such as sending a message, or self-punishment An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biology of Depression Depression, in its milder, nondisordered form, may have had survival value Under stress, depression is social-emotional hibernation. It allows humans to: Conserve energy Avoid conflicts and other risks Let go of unattainable goals Take time to contemplate Biology of Depression: Genetics Evidence of genetic influence on depression: 1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions 2. Twin/adoption heritability studies Preventing or Reducing Depression: Using Knowledge of the Biology of Depression 1. Adjust neurotransmitters with medication 2. Increase serotonin levels with exercise 3. Reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils) 4. Prevent excessive alcohol use Understanding Mood Disorders: The Social-Cognitive Perspective Low SelfEsteem Discounting positive information and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future Self-defeating beliefs such as assuming that one (self) is Learned unable to cope, Helplessness improve, achieve, or be happy Depression is associated with: Depressive Explanatory Style Rumination Stuck focusing on what’s bad Depressive Explanatory Style How we analyze bad news predicts mood. Problematic event: Assumptions about the problem The problem is: The problem is: The problem is: Mood/result that goes along with these views: Depression’s Vicious Cycle A depressed mood may develop when a person with a negative outlook experiences repeated stress. The depressed mood changes a person’s style of thinking and interacting in a way that makes stressful experience more likely.