Download 2_16S_TREE_RECONSTRUCTION

3- RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE RECONSTRUCITON
 Phenetics Vs. Cladistics
 Homology/Homoplasy/Orthology/Paralogy
 Evolution Vs. Phylogeny
 The relevance of the alignment
 The algorithms
 Bootstrap
 One tree is no tree
Phylogenetic coherence
(monophyly)
phylogenetic coherence
genomic coherence
phenotypic coherence
50%
60%
70%
70-50%
70%
80%
100%
RNAr 16S
Functional genes (MLSA)
Genomic analyses
Reasociación DNA-DNA
G+C, AFLP, MLSA
Genomic comparisons
(ANI; AAI)
metabolism
chemotaxonomy
spectrometry
(Maldi-Tof; ICR-FT/MS)
 Generally based on 16S rRNA gene analysis
 important to recognize the closest relatives by means of the Type Strain gene sequences
 Housekeeping genes (MLSA approach or single gene) may help in resolve phylogenies
 Future perspectives will be done with full-genome sequences
Phenetics vs Cladistics
 Data can be treated as presence/absence/intensity to generate similarity
matrices
 If data is analyzed by their similarity  PHENETICS
 If data is analyzed in an evolutionary context (i.e. changes in
homologous characters are mutations or evolutive steps)  CLADISTICS
Similarity matrix or alignment
 For evolutive purposes is necessary to recognize HOMOLOGY
PHENETICS
80
85
90
OTU A
10100010010010010
OTU B
11010001010001010
OTU C
00010010011110101
OTU D
00111110010101010
OTU E
00010010111001101
…
M8
M31
A1
M1
A7
P13
P18
PR1
C12
C16
E3
E11
C9
C4
C5
C25A
E7
CLADISTICS
HOMOLOGY  ORTOLOGY  PARALOGY  HOMOPLASY
Homology  same ancestral origin
Organism A
Gene X
Homoplasy  false homology
Organism B
Gene X
Orthology  homologous genes in different organisms
Organism A
Gene X
Gene X’
Gene X’’
Paralogy  homologous genes in
the same organism, gene
duplications with identical or
different function
HOMOLOGY  ORTOLOGY  PARALOGY  HOMOPLASY
Homoplasy
(false homology)
Organism A
Gene X
Organism B
Gene X
Orthology  homologous
genes in different
organisms
Homology
(same ancestral origin)
Organism A
Gene X
Gene X’
Gene X’’
Paralogy  homologous genes
in the same organism, gene
duplications with identical or
different function
Evolution vs. Phylogeny
Evolution => mutations (morphometrics) + age (fossil record)
Phylogeny = genealogy => we know only the tips of the tree,
nothing is said about putative ancestors
Evolution ≠ phylogeny
PROKARYOTES => no fossil record => molecular clocks
Molecular clocks (housekeeping
genes):
16S rRNA; 23S rRNA; ATPases;
TU-elongation factor; gyrases…
The 16S rRNA:
 Universally represented
 Conserved
 No protein coding
 Base pairing (helix)
 Natural amplification
 Proper size
Ludwig and Schleifer, 1994 FEMS Rev 15:155-173
The relevance of the alignment
To perform cladistic analyses we should first align al sequences in order to recognize
all homologous positions.
Recognition by:
 Sequence similarities
 Base pairing due secondary structure (helixes for rRNA)
 Insertions & deletions
 Empirically (subjective)
 Minimize homoplasic influences
There are many alignment programs, all look to common features that may indicate
homologous sites:
 Clustal X
 MAFFT
 PileUp
…
The relevance of the alignment
Most of the programs do not take into account secondary structure, just sequence motive similarities
rRNA has a secondary structure with helixes that help in aligning sequences
Functional gene or translated proteins cannot be improved by secondary structure analysis
The relevance of the alignment
www.arb-home.de
www.arb-silva.de
ARB does take into account features as helix pairing
By increasing the numbers of sequences, the
alignment improves
The algorithms
b
c
c
a
a
b
Like Maximum Parsimony
but takes into account
dendrograms
alignment
Distance transformation
a => 0
a => 100
b => 40
0
b => 60
100
Jukes-Cantor
c => 60
20
0
c => 40
80
100
Kimura
a
b
c
a
b
c
De Soete
Distance matrix
Similarity matrix
(pitfalls: does not take into account multiple mutations)
Maximum Parsimony
G C C A T => a
G C A C T => b
G C A C C => c
a
b
2
b – c => 1 mutation
a
c
3
b
c
b
1
3
2
2
5
5
3
a – b => 2 mutations
a – c => 3 mutations
c
Maximum Likelihood
(pitfalls: nature may not be parsimonious)
a
 difficulties in mutation
events (transitions vs.
transversions)
 mutation position
 Slower
transitions
transversions
Neighbor Joining:
G C C A T => a
G C A C T => b
G C A C C => c
T
C
A
G
Bootstrap
Bootstrap indicates how stable is a branching order when a given dataset is
submitted to multiple analysis
Generally short internode branches will have low bootstrap values
 TERMINI  42,284 homologous positions
PHYLOGENETIC FILTERS
 BACTERIA  1,532 homologous positions
 30%  1,433 homologous positions
 50%  1,288 homologous positions
NJ_bac
USE OF PHYLOGENETIC
FILTERS
 Conservational filters are useful for deepbranching phylogenies
 complete sequences are useful for close
relative organisms
NJ_30%
NJ_50%
Size & information content
 complete sequences give complete information
 partial sequences lose phylogenetic signal
 short sequences lose resolution
1500 nuc
300 nuc
900 nuc
One tree is no tree
 different algorithms  different topologies
 try different datasets as well
 draw a consensus tree
RaXML
NJ
PAR
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 16S rRNA TREE RECONSTRUCTION
 SEQUENCE almost complete is better than short partial sequences
 ALIGNMENT Better take into account secondary structures
 ALGORITHM Better maximum likelihood, but compare with other as neighbor joining and maximum
parsimony
 DATASET Never just one dataset, try different sets of data (i.e. different number of sequences;
different filters to find the best resolution)
 FINAL TREE  Either you show all trees, or the best bootstrapped, or a multifurcation showing
unresolved branching order.
B
E
C
A
G H
I
F
D
A
95
50
25
B
E
C
D
F
G H
I
100
90
25
100
100
Tree with bootstrap
Tree with multifurcation
MLSA: phylogenetic reconstructions
MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENTS
 sometimes have better resolution than the
16S rRNA gene
 16S rRNA gene can have very low resolution
Jiménez et al., 2013, System Appl
Microbiol, 36: 383- 391