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Ancient Rome The Center of Civilization Beginnings • Started when twin brothers (Romulus/Remus) built a city on the Tiber river between 7 hills • Around 600 BC, people known as the Etruscan’s (people north of Rome) take over Rome • Under Etruscan rule, Rome became a large city • 509 BC- Romans drive out the Etruscan King, Tarquin the Proud – Vowed they’d never have a king again The Republic • The new government that the Romans set up was a Republicwhere citizens can vote for their leaders – Only Free born males could vote • Two political groups rose out of this – Patricians- wealthy landowners – Plebeians- farmers, artisans, craftsman, merchants • The Patricians ran the show because of their money and social status. – Eventually, they allow Tribunes- elected officials meant to protect the rights of the Plebeians Government structure Dictator Consuls- elected 2 every year - could only be consul once every 10 years Senate- chosen from the upper class of Roman society Dictator- in times of criseshad absolute power for only 6 months Consol Consol Senate Tribunes Patricians Plebeians • All land owners were required to serve in the army Roman • Legion- military unit of 5,000 men – divided into groups of 80 men called century’s • Roman army’s success was due to being disciplined and well trained. Army Rome Spreads Her Power • Rome power spread as the legions battled for control of the Italian peninsula • By 265 BC, the Romans had defeated nearly all of Italy • As Rome took over an area, they had different laws: – The Latins became full citizens and got full rights – Those farther from Rome got all rights of citizenship, except to vote – All others were considered allies and were left alone, as long as they supplied troops to the army Rome’s Trade • Because of her position, Rome could trade with just about anyone in the Mediterranean – Traded olive oil & wine for food and other manufactured goods from other lands • Eventually, a rival city began to rise in power, Carthage Punic Wars • A series of 3 wars between Rome and Carthage • Fought between 264 and 146 BC First Punic War – Fought for control of Sicily – Lasted for 23 years – After almost losing, Rome pushes Carthage back and defeats her Hannibal, Carthage General assembled a large army to invade Rome Second Punic War – Started in 218 BC – Hannibal manages to defeat the Romans several times, first general ever to do so. – However never is able to conquer the city of Rome itself – Hannibal ends up losing the war. Third Punic War • Rome invades Carthage to end conflict • In 146 BC, eventually captures the city, killing or enslaving all it citizens • Ends the Punic Wars Julius Caesar • Strong Leader and Ruler, polarizing Figure – Most people loved him, some hated him • By 59 BC- he was elected to Consul (Rome’s version of President) • Joins forces with Crassus (rich man) and Pompey (famous general ) and three become the Triumvirate- or a group of three rulers who controlled most power in nation Caesar Makes Changes • Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces (territories) • Expanded the Senate (increased it up to 600 men) • Created jobs, mainly by building public buildings • Had colonies for people who had no land to get land • Increased pay for soldiers The Death of a Dictator • As Caesar’s power grew, many senator’s became jealous • Some thought he was a tyrant or ruler abuses power, others didn’t want to lose their popularity • On March 15, 44 BC Caesar was stabbed to death in the senate chamber The Rise of the Roman Empire • Caesar’s supporters banded together to crush his assassins • In 43 BC, Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian joined Mark Antony and a politician named Lepidus to form the second triumvirate • Both Mark Antony and Lepidus are killed/assassinated. • This left Octavian the sole ruler of Rome • He gave himself the title Augustus (exalted one) and Imperator (supreme military commander) The Empire • For 207 years, peace was in the empire. • This peace is known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace – Time of prosperity Roman Life Slaves • Slaves played a major role in Roman life • Slaves accounted for 1/3 of the 1,000,000 people living in Rome • Most were conquered people and were owned by master • Worked in cities and on farms and were treated cruelly • No slave revolt succeedabout 1,000,000 slaves died revolting • Slaves worked everywhere – – – – Schools- as teachers (usually Greek) Mines Fields Governments • Slaves were never freed unless it was granted freedom by master or until he bought freedom Roman Life Gods/Goddesses • Government and religion were interconnected • Each family had powerful family gods that they worshiped regularly and built shrines to • Most important Roman Gods – Jupiter (Father of Gods) Juno (wife) – Worship of the Emperor eventually became a part of the Roman religion Roman Life Society/Culture • Rich and poor lived very differently – Rich had large gardens, homes, many slaves. – Had banquets that lasted for hours that had very rare food • Many poor lived in fire hazard tenets (large apartment type buildings. • To distract the poor from daily life, the government offered free games in the Colosseum Gladiators • From the Latin gladius (sword) • Professional fighters that fought against each other, wild animals, and condemned criminals, often to the death • Made up of criminals, slaves, poor, and many other types of men Christianity • Jesus- Jew from Judea that taught about salvationbecame a huge influence in the Empire. • After his death, his followers became known as Christians • One follower Paul-an Apostle (follower) of Jesus spread his teachings • Missionary – People who went around spreading Christianity to people who had never heard it Christian Growth • Despite Christian persecution, the religion grew – – – – included all people gave hope to powerless offered a relationship with God offered eternal life after death Constantine • In 312 AD, Constantine- a Roman Emperor was fighting for control of Rome • Before battle, he claimed to see the cross (a Christian symbol) • He won the battle and gave credit to the Christian God • Made Christianity the official religion of Rome • Constantine outlawed Christian persecution Basic Church Setup • Bishops were leaders of many local churches • Peter was the leader of the Church and the first Bishop in Rome • His “successors” claimed to be his heirs called Popes – Leaders of Catholic Church The Fall of an Empire • After Marcus Aurelius died, Pax Romana ended • The emperors that followed weren’t very good as governing the Empire • Invaders from Europe (mainly Germany) and Asia begin to conquer Rome Rome’s Legacy • Rome had a big impact on culture & Influenced – art – government – architecture • When Roman culture mixed with Greek and Hellenistic culture, a super-culture was formed – Greco-Roman culture Art • Romans got a lot of their art style and ideas from the Greeks • Used sculptures to tell stories • Skilled in mosaics - pictures made by arranging small stones, pieces of glass, or tile together • Excellent in painting Architecture • Roman’s also had lasting effect on architecture: – Arch – Dome – concrete • Had vast network of paved roads – Allowed for fast military movement – Helped with trade – United whole empire Aqueduct • Brought water from mountains to the cities • Carried water up to 50 miles on a slight downward slope • Allowed for large city populations Government • Roman law was meant to strengthen the rights of individual citizens – All citizens had rights to equal treatment – All persons were innocent until proven guilty – Accuser needed to have proof of crime committed – Persons could only be punished for actions, not thoughts – Veto - Any law that was thought unfair could be set aside or turned down