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Social Studies Historical
Investigations
Unit: Ancient Roman Expansion
Name:______________________________
Class Period/Block:_______________
Date:__________________
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
I.
Preview
Click on the image below for the Interactive Map of the Roman Empire
https://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/imaps/AC_13_427_romheight/AC_13_427_romheight.html
1. What on the map looks strange or unfamiliar?
2. How does it compare to current maps of this place?
3. What do you wonder about why this map no longer looks like this?
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
II.
Investigation
Clarify the Historical Context
(Who, What, When, Where, Why)
Source
Who:
What:
How do you know
this document is a
reliable source?
(Is it a reliable source
for answering the
focus question?)
I know that this is/is not a
reliable source in
answering the question
because…
When:
Where:
Why important:
Click to read the Story of
Cincinnatus
Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information):
Who:
What:
When:
Where:
Why important:
Click to read a biography about
the Dictator Julius Caesar
Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information):
I know that this is/is not a
reliable source in
answering the question
because…
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Clarify the Historical Context
(Who, What, When, Where, Why)
Source
1st Punic War
Who:
2nd Punic War
Who:
3rd Punic War
Who:
What:
What:
What:
When:
When:
When:
Where:
Where:
Where:
Why important:
Why important:
Why important:
How do you know
this document is a
reliable source?
(Is it a reliable source
for answering the
focus question?)
I know that this is/is not a
reliable source in
answering the question
because…
Click the image for information
on the Punic Wars
Who:
What:
When:
Where:
Click on the statue above for
information on Caesar Augustus
& the Pax Romana
Why important:
Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information):
I know that this is/is not a
reliable source in
answering the question
because…
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
III.
Report Findings (Thesis)
Formulate a thesis to answer the focus question.
o Does it make sense? Is it clear and concise?
o Is it specific to the topic?
o Does it clearly state exactly what I talk about in the paper?
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Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
IV.
Report Findings (Essay)
o Writing to Inform-answering the question and citing ideas and information from the documents clearly and
accurately.
o Writing arguments-to support a claim/thesis based on the analysis and citation of the documents.
Writing tips:
 Use thesis to guide your writing
 Cite at least 1-3 examples from all sources
 Use appropriate language and punctuation
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Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
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Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
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Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Essay Grading Rubric
This response shows understanding of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is insightful, integrates knowledge, and demonstrates
powerful application.
5
-The application shows powerful evidence of higher order thinking skills.
-Concepts are accurate and well-supported.
-There are no misconceptions.
-The response is complete.
This response shows some understanding of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is complete and accurate. Appropriate application
demonstrates evidence of higher-order thinking skills.
4
-The application shows some evidence of higher-order thinking skills.
-Concepts are accurate and supported.
-There are no interfering misconceptions.
-The response may not develop all parts equally.
This response shows knowledge of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is acceptable with some key ideas. The response shows little or
no evidence of application.
3
-The response includes some basic ideas.
-The response provides little or no support.
-There are minimal misconceptions.
This response shows minimal knowledge of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is related to the question, but it is inadequate.
2
-The response includes incomplete or fragmented ideas or knowledge.
-There may be significant misconceptions.
1
-This response is completely incorrect or irrelevant.
0
-No response is given.
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=baldwin&book=fifty&story=cincinnatus
Story of Cincinnatus
THE STORY OF CINCINNATUS
THERE was a man named Cincinnatus who lived on a little farm not far from the
city of Rome. He had once been rich, and had held the highest office [77] in the land;
but in one way or another he had lost all his wealth. He was now so poor that he had
to do all the work on his farm with his own hands. But in those days it was thought to
be a noble thing to till the soil.
Cincinnatus was so wise and just that everybody trusted him, and asked his
advice; and when any one was in trouble, and did not know what to do, his
neighbors would say,—
"Go and tell Cincinnatus. He will help you."
Now there lived among the mountains, not far away, a tribe of fierce, half-wild
men, who were at war with the Roman people. They persuaded another tribe of bold
warriors to help them, and then marched toward the city, plundering and robbing as
they came. They boasted that they would tear down the walls of Rome, and burn the
houses, and kill all the men, and make slaves of the women and children.
At first the Romans, who were very proud and brave, did not think there was
much danger. Every man in Rome was a soldier, and the army which went out to
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
fight the robbers was the finest in the world. No one staid at home with the women
and children and boys but the white-haired "Fathers," as they were called, who made
the laws for the city, and a small company of men who [78] guarded the walls.
Everybody thought that it would be an easy thing to drive the men of the mountains
back to the place where they belonged.
But one morning five horsemen came riding down the road from the mountains.
They rode with great speed; and both men and horses were covered with dust and
blood. The watchman at the gate knew them, and shouted to them as they galloped
in. Why did they ride thus? and what had happened to the Roman army?
They did not answer him, but rode into the city and along the quiet streets; and
everybody ran after them, eager to find out what was the matter. Rome was not a
large city at that time; and soon they reached the market place where the whitehaired Fathers were sitting. Then they leaped from their horses, and told their story.
"Only yesterday," they said, "our army was marching through a narrow valley
between two steep mountains. All at once a thousand savage men sprang out from
among the rocks before us and above us. They had blocked up the way; and the pass
was so narrow that we could not fight. We tried to come back; but they had blocked
up the way on this side of us too. The fierce men of the mountains were before us
and behind us, and they were throwing rocks down [79] upon us from above. We
had been caught in a trap. Then ten of us set spurs to our horses; and five of us
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
forced our way through, but the other five fell before the spears of the mountain
men. And now, O Roman Fathers! send help to our army at once, or every man will
be slain, and our city will be taken."
"What shall we do?" said the white-haired Fathers. "Whom can we send but the
guards and the boys? and who is wise enough to lead them, and thus save Rome?"
All shook their heads and were very grave; for it seemed as if there was no
hope. Then one said "Send for Cincinnatus. He will help us."
Cincinnatus was in the field plowing when the men who had been sent to him
came in great haste. He stopped and greeted them kindly, and waited for them to
speak.
"Put on your cloak, Cincinnatus," they said, "and hear the words of the Roman
people."
Then Cincinnatus wondered what they could mean. "Is all well with Rome?" he
asked; and he called to his wife to bring him his cloak.
She brought the cloak; and Cincinnatus wiped the dust from his hands and arms,
and threw it over his shoulders. Then the men told their errand.
They told him how the army with all the noblest [80] men of Rome had been
entrapped in the mountain pass. They told him about the great danger the city was
in. Then they said, "The people of Rome make you their ruler and the ruler of their
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
city, to do with everything as you choose; and the Fathers [81] bid you come at once
and go out against our enemies, the fierce men of the mountains."
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
So Cincinnatus left his plow standing where it was, and hurried to the city. When
he passed through the streets, and gave orders as to what should be done, some of
the people were afraid, for they knew that he had all power in Rome to do what he
pleased. But he armed the guards and the boys, and went out at their head to fight
the fierce mountain men, and free the Roman army from the trap into which it had
fallen.
A few days afterward there was great joy in Rome. There was good news from
Cincinnatus. The men of the mountains had been beaten with great loss. They had
been driven back into their own place.
And now the Roman army, with the boys and the guards, was coming home with
banners flying and shouts of victory; and at their head rode Cincinnatus. He had
saved Rome.
Cincinnatus might then have made himself king; for his word was law, and no
man dared lift a finger against him. But, before the people could thank him enough
for what he had done, he gave back the power to the white-haired Roman Fathers,
and went again to his little farm and his plow.
He had been the ruler of Rome for sixteen days.
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/julius_caesar.html
A superb general and politician, Julius
Caesar (c.100 BC – 44 BC / Reigned 46
– 44 BC) changed the course of Roman
history.
Although he did not rule for long, he gave
Rome fresh hope and a whole dynasty of
emperors.
Dangerous times
Born into an aristocratic family in around
100 BC, Julius Caesar grew up in dangerous
times. Rome could not yet handle its own
size and power. The nobility were widely discredited and order had given way to
chaos. The only clear alternative was military dictatorship.
Bust of Julius Caesar
Caesar allied himself against the nobility. As his career took off, he won a number
of political offices, not always by reputable means. By 63 BC, he had become a
well-known, but controversial figure.
Viva Espana
Despite his notoriety, he was appointed governor of Farther Spain. This was a
lucrative position, because it offered him the chance to plunder the local
inhabitants at will. He returned to Rome in 60 BC and, the following year, was
elected consul, the highest office in the republic.
Now holding real power, Caesar allied himself with two key people, Pompey and
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Crassus. Pompey was a war hero who had been badly treated by the Senate, while
Crassus was a multimillionaire. The two men were rivals but Caesar was able to
bridge the gap between them and the three men formed the powerful ‘first
triumvirate’.
I predict a riot
As consul, Caesar wanted to pay off Pompey’s soldiers by allocating them public
lands. This was unpopular, so to get the measure through he engineered a riot
and used the chaos to get his own way. He then used his power to secure the
governorship of Gaul (modern day France and Belgium).
Gaul gave Caesar a power-base to recruit soldiers and conduct the military
campaigns that would make his name and secure his fortune.
Conquering Gaul
Between 58 and 50 BC, Caesar used his expertise in military strategy, along with
the Roman army’s training and discipline to conquer and subdue the rest of Gaul,
up to the river Rhine.
When battling foreign enemies, Caesar was ruthless. Besieging rebels in what is
now the Dordogne part of France, he waited until their water supply ran out and
then cut off the hands of all the survivors.
Under threat back home
He now turned his attention back home. His triumvirate was badly strained.
Pompey was increasingly jealous of Caesar’s success and Crassus still hated
Pompey. After Crassus was killed in battle, Pompey and Caesar drifted apart,
ultimately finding themselves on opposing sides.
By now, Caesar was very successful, but he had many enemies and found his
position and his life under threat. He believed the only way he could protect
himself was by seizing power. In January, 49 BC, he led his troops across the
Rubicon River into Italy and started civil war.
Civil war
Caesar scored some early victories and, by 46 BC, was dictator of Rome. After a
year spent eliminating his remaining enemies, he returned home. Generous in
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
victory, he was kind to his defeated rivals, giving them all amnesties and even
inviting some to join him in government.
Yet his position remained insecure. Without a son of his own, he needed an heir.
Caesar quickly adopted his great nephew,
Augustus. He also moved fast to
strengthen the northern borders of the empire and tackle its enemies in the east.
At home, he reformed the Roman calendar, tackled local government, resettled
veterans into new cities, made the Senate more representative and granted
citizenship to many more foreigners.
Beware the Ides of March
But his rule would be cut short. Old enemies joined forces with some of his
supporters, fed up of his dictatorial style. On March15, 44 BC, the Ides of March,
Caesar was assassinated in the Senate.
Although his own rule was unremarkable, his victory in the civil war replaced a
republic, ruled by the consuls and the Senate, with an empire, reigned over by
emperors and their hereditary successors. It was the start of a brand new age for
Rome.
http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/punic-wars
Ancient History
Background and First Punic War (264-241 B.C.)
Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the
northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. (The word “Punic,” later the name for the series of wars between Carthage
and Rome, was derived from the Latin word for Phoenician.) By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
as its leading naval power. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome
were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years.
Did You Know?
The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. A friend of and mentor to
Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.
In 264 B.C., Rome decided to intervene in a dispute on the western coast of the island of Sicily (then a Carthaginian province) involving an attack by
soldiers from the city of Syracuse against the city of Messina. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon
exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. Over the course of nearly 20 years, Rome rebuilt its entire
fleet in order to confront Carthage’s powerful navy, scoring its first sea victory at Mylae in 260 B.C. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in
256 B.C. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. the Roman fleet was able to
win a decisive victory against the Carthaginians at sea, breaking their legendary naval superiority. At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily became
Rome’s first overseas province.
Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.)
Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in
Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. According to
Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against
Rome when he was just a young boy. Upon Hasdrubal’s death in 221 B.C., Hannibal took command of Carthaginian forces in Spain. Two years later,
he marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. The Second
Punic War saw Hannibal and his troops–including as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and a number of elephants–march from Spain across
the Alps and into Italy, where they scored a string of victories over Roman troops at Ticinus, Trebia and Trasimene. Hannibal’s daring invasion of
Rome reached its height at Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict
massive casualties.
After this disastrous defeat, however, the Romans managed to rebound, and the Carthaginians lost hold in Italy as Rome won victories in Spain and
North Africa under the rising young general Publius Cornelius Scipio (later known as Scipio Africanus). In 203 B.C., Hannibal’s forces were forced
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio’s army routed the Carthaginians at Zama. Hannibal’s
losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthage’s empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and
allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity to Rome in
silver.
Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.)
The Third Punic War, by far the most controversial of the three conflicts between Rome and Carthage, was the result of efforts by Cato the Elder and
other hawkish members of the Roman Senate to convince their colleagues that Carthage (even in its weakened state) was a continuing threat to
Rome’s supremacy in the region. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of
Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War.
Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as
Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched
a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops
towards their citadel. After seven days of horrific bloodshed, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some
700 years. The surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. Also in 146 B.C., Roman troops moved east to defeat King Philip V of
Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars, and by year’s end Rome reigned supreme over an empire stretching from the Atlantic coast of Spain to the
border between Greece and Asia Minor (now Turkey).
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
http://www.mrdowling.com/702-augustus.html
Caesar Augustus
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Octavian was the son of Julius Caesar’s niece. The first eighteen years
of Octavian’s life were unremarkable, but a surprise in Julius Caesar’s
will eventually resulted in him becoming Caesar Augutus, the ruler
who transformed Rome into the greatest empire of the ancient world.
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Julius Caesar was so popular with the Roman people that the Senate
named him dictator for life. For five hundred years, the Roman
government relied on two consuls serving one-year terms and taking
advice from the Senate. Julius Caesar ruled without considering
Roman tradition or consulting with the Senate. In 44BCE, a group of
enraged senators stabbed the dictator to death.
Caesar’s will decreed that Octavian would be his heir and must be
treated as his son. Caesar’s decision made Octavian one of the richest
men in Rome. It also provided Octavian with something even more
valuable: the right to call himself Caesar.
Two months after Julius Caesar’s murder, Octavian came to Rome to
claim his inheritance, but Marc Antony dismissed the young man.
Octavian spent the next several months gaining support with the
Roman people. He also raised an army. Soldiers throughout the
empire were loyal—not to Rome—but to Caesar. By the end of
44BCE, both Marc Antony and Octavian commanded armies, but the
two men avoided civil war by making a deal.
In 43BCE, Octavian joined Antony and another general named
Lepidus in a partnership historians call the Second Triumvirate. The
triumvirate raised money by branding more than 300 wealthy Romans
as enemies. They seized the property of the newly designated outlaws
and offered rewards to anyone who would kill them. The enemies of
Octavian and Marc Antony who could not escape from Rome were
killed.
Octavian and Antony forced Lepidus into retirement in 36BCE. Five
years later, Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome upon the death of
Augustus of Prima Portais displayed in the Braccio Nuovo of the
Vatican Museum.
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Marc Antony.
Octavian earned the loyalty of the Roman soldiers by providing the
men with land. The soldiers retired, but because Octavian was Caesar,
he knew he could count on their support if the Senate challenged his
authority.
Octavian lived a modest life because he wanted to avoid the fate of
Julius Caesar. He lived in a small house and traveled without
bodyguards. Unlike Julius Caesar, Octavian was respectful to the
senators. Later in his career Octavian allowed other men to serve as
consuls, but the Senate knew that Octavian controlled the military, so
he was the actual ruler of the Roman Empire.
In 27BCE, Octavian arranged for the Senate to grant him the honorific
title Augustus. Augustus means “the respected one.” During his rule,
the Roman people knew Octavian only as Caesar, but to avoid
confusion with his famous granduncle, historians generally refer him
as Octavian before 27BCE and Caesar Augustus after that.
Caesar Augustus ruled for 41 years, a period when Rome developed
into a military empire, so historians consider him to be the first
Roman Emperor. Caesar Augustus restored peace and order to Rome
after years of civil war. He made sure the lands throughout the empire
were well run, and taxes were fair. He built roads and bridges,
government buildings, and massive public baths. He said, “I left
Rome a city of marble, though I found it a city of bricks.”
The armies of Caesar Augustus conquered most of Western Europe,
North Africa and the Middle East. The Romans claimed all of the land
surrounding the enormous Mediterranean Sea, which they nicknamed Roman coin bearing the image of Caesar Augustus
“a Roman lake.”
Rome developed into a great empire its army was so powerful that it
protected citizens from attack from the tribes who lived beyond the
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
empire. Historian Edward Gibbon later described the two hundredyears of peace that began with the rule of Caesar Augustus as the Pax
Romana, or the “Peace of Rome.”
Marc Antony became the ruler of Rome upon the death of Julius
Caesar. Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian, but
Octavian's forces defeated A Ntony's army in the Battle of Actium
in 31BCE.
The Roman Empire at its great extent in BCE117, 76 years after
Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs?
Augustus' death.