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Social Studies Historical Investigations Unit: Ancient Roman Expansion Name:______________________________ Class Period/Block:_______________ Date:__________________ Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? I. Preview Click on the image below for the Interactive Map of the Roman Empire https://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/imaps/AC_13_427_romheight/AC_13_427_romheight.html 1. What on the map looks strange or unfamiliar? 2. How does it compare to current maps of this place? 3. What do you wonder about why this map no longer looks like this? Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? II. Investigation Clarify the Historical Context (Who, What, When, Where, Why) Source Who: What: How do you know this document is a reliable source? (Is it a reliable source for answering the focus question?) I know that this is/is not a reliable source in answering the question because… When: Where: Why important: Click to read the Story of Cincinnatus Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information): Who: What: When: Where: Why important: Click to read a biography about the Dictator Julius Caesar Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information): I know that this is/is not a reliable source in answering the question because… Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Clarify the Historical Context (Who, What, When, Where, Why) Source 1st Punic War Who: 2nd Punic War Who: 3rd Punic War Who: What: What: What: When: When: When: Where: Where: Where: Why important: Why important: Why important: How do you know this document is a reliable source? (Is it a reliable source for answering the focus question?) I know that this is/is not a reliable source in answering the question because… Click the image for information on the Punic Wars Who: What: When: Where: Click on the statue above for information on Caesar Augustus & the Pax Romana Why important: Supporting details (quotes, statistics, specific information): I know that this is/is not a reliable source in answering the question because… Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? III. Report Findings (Thesis) Formulate a thesis to answer the focus question. o Does it make sense? Is it clear and concise? o Is it specific to the topic? o Does it clearly state exactly what I talk about in the paper? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? IV. Report Findings (Essay) o Writing to Inform-answering the question and citing ideas and information from the documents clearly and accurately. o Writing arguments-to support a claim/thesis based on the analysis and citation of the documents. Writing tips: Use thesis to guide your writing Cite at least 1-3 examples from all sources Use appropriate language and punctuation __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? 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__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Essay Grading Rubric This response shows understanding of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is insightful, integrates knowledge, and demonstrates powerful application. 5 -The application shows powerful evidence of higher order thinking skills. -Concepts are accurate and well-supported. -There are no misconceptions. -The response is complete. This response shows some understanding of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is complete and accurate. Appropriate application demonstrates evidence of higher-order thinking skills. 4 -The application shows some evidence of higher-order thinking skills. -Concepts are accurate and supported. -There are no interfering misconceptions. -The response may not develop all parts equally. This response shows knowledge of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is acceptable with some key ideas. The response shows little or no evidence of application. 3 -The response includes some basic ideas. -The response provides little or no support. -There are minimal misconceptions. This response shows minimal knowledge of the content, question, and/or problem. The response is related to the question, but it is inadequate. 2 -The response includes incomplete or fragmented ideas or knowledge. -There may be significant misconceptions. 1 -This response is completely incorrect or irrelevant. 0 -No response is given. Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=baldwin&book=fifty&story=cincinnatus Story of Cincinnatus THE STORY OF CINCINNATUS THERE was a man named Cincinnatus who lived on a little farm not far from the city of Rome. He had once been rich, and had held the highest office [77] in the land; but in one way or another he had lost all his wealth. He was now so poor that he had to do all the work on his farm with his own hands. But in those days it was thought to be a noble thing to till the soil. Cincinnatus was so wise and just that everybody trusted him, and asked his advice; and when any one was in trouble, and did not know what to do, his neighbors would say,— "Go and tell Cincinnatus. He will help you." Now there lived among the mountains, not far away, a tribe of fierce, half-wild men, who were at war with the Roman people. They persuaded another tribe of bold warriors to help them, and then marched toward the city, plundering and robbing as they came. They boasted that they would tear down the walls of Rome, and burn the houses, and kill all the men, and make slaves of the women and children. At first the Romans, who were very proud and brave, did not think there was much danger. Every man in Rome was a soldier, and the army which went out to Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? fight the robbers was the finest in the world. No one staid at home with the women and children and boys but the white-haired "Fathers," as they were called, who made the laws for the city, and a small company of men who [78] guarded the walls. Everybody thought that it would be an easy thing to drive the men of the mountains back to the place where they belonged. But one morning five horsemen came riding down the road from the mountains. They rode with great speed; and both men and horses were covered with dust and blood. The watchman at the gate knew them, and shouted to them as they galloped in. Why did they ride thus? and what had happened to the Roman army? They did not answer him, but rode into the city and along the quiet streets; and everybody ran after them, eager to find out what was the matter. Rome was not a large city at that time; and soon they reached the market place where the whitehaired Fathers were sitting. Then they leaped from their horses, and told their story. "Only yesterday," they said, "our army was marching through a narrow valley between two steep mountains. All at once a thousand savage men sprang out from among the rocks before us and above us. They had blocked up the way; and the pass was so narrow that we could not fight. We tried to come back; but they had blocked up the way on this side of us too. The fierce men of the mountains were before us and behind us, and they were throwing rocks down [79] upon us from above. We had been caught in a trap. Then ten of us set spurs to our horses; and five of us Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? forced our way through, but the other five fell before the spears of the mountain men. And now, O Roman Fathers! send help to our army at once, or every man will be slain, and our city will be taken." "What shall we do?" said the white-haired Fathers. "Whom can we send but the guards and the boys? and who is wise enough to lead them, and thus save Rome?" All shook their heads and were very grave; for it seemed as if there was no hope. Then one said "Send for Cincinnatus. He will help us." Cincinnatus was in the field plowing when the men who had been sent to him came in great haste. He stopped and greeted them kindly, and waited for them to speak. "Put on your cloak, Cincinnatus," they said, "and hear the words of the Roman people." Then Cincinnatus wondered what they could mean. "Is all well with Rome?" he asked; and he called to his wife to bring him his cloak. She brought the cloak; and Cincinnatus wiped the dust from his hands and arms, and threw it over his shoulders. Then the men told their errand. They told him how the army with all the noblest [80] men of Rome had been entrapped in the mountain pass. They told him about the great danger the city was in. Then they said, "The people of Rome make you their ruler and the ruler of their Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? city, to do with everything as you choose; and the Fathers [81] bid you come at once and go out against our enemies, the fierce men of the mountains." Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? So Cincinnatus left his plow standing where it was, and hurried to the city. When he passed through the streets, and gave orders as to what should be done, some of the people were afraid, for they knew that he had all power in Rome to do what he pleased. But he armed the guards and the boys, and went out at their head to fight the fierce mountain men, and free the Roman army from the trap into which it had fallen. A few days afterward there was great joy in Rome. There was good news from Cincinnatus. The men of the mountains had been beaten with great loss. They had been driven back into their own place. And now the Roman army, with the boys and the guards, was coming home with banners flying and shouts of victory; and at their head rode Cincinnatus. He had saved Rome. Cincinnatus might then have made himself king; for his word was law, and no man dared lift a finger against him. But, before the people could thank him enough for what he had done, he gave back the power to the white-haired Roman Fathers, and went again to his little farm and his plow. He had been the ruler of Rome for sixteen days. Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/julius_caesar.html A superb general and politician, Julius Caesar (c.100 BC – 44 BC / Reigned 46 – 44 BC) changed the course of Roman history. Although he did not rule for long, he gave Rome fresh hope and a whole dynasty of emperors. Dangerous times Born into an aristocratic family in around 100 BC, Julius Caesar grew up in dangerous times. Rome could not yet handle its own size and power. The nobility were widely discredited and order had given way to chaos. The only clear alternative was military dictatorship. Bust of Julius Caesar Caesar allied himself against the nobility. As his career took off, he won a number of political offices, not always by reputable means. By 63 BC, he had become a well-known, but controversial figure. Viva Espana Despite his notoriety, he was appointed governor of Farther Spain. This was a lucrative position, because it offered him the chance to plunder the local inhabitants at will. He returned to Rome in 60 BC and, the following year, was elected consul, the highest office in the republic. Now holding real power, Caesar allied himself with two key people, Pompey and Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Crassus. Pompey was a war hero who had been badly treated by the Senate, while Crassus was a multimillionaire. The two men were rivals but Caesar was able to bridge the gap between them and the three men formed the powerful ‘first triumvirate’. I predict a riot As consul, Caesar wanted to pay off Pompey’s soldiers by allocating them public lands. This was unpopular, so to get the measure through he engineered a riot and used the chaos to get his own way. He then used his power to secure the governorship of Gaul (modern day France and Belgium). Gaul gave Caesar a power-base to recruit soldiers and conduct the military campaigns that would make his name and secure his fortune. Conquering Gaul Between 58 and 50 BC, Caesar used his expertise in military strategy, along with the Roman army’s training and discipline to conquer and subdue the rest of Gaul, up to the river Rhine. When battling foreign enemies, Caesar was ruthless. Besieging rebels in what is now the Dordogne part of France, he waited until their water supply ran out and then cut off the hands of all the survivors. Under threat back home He now turned his attention back home. His triumvirate was badly strained. Pompey was increasingly jealous of Caesar’s success and Crassus still hated Pompey. After Crassus was killed in battle, Pompey and Caesar drifted apart, ultimately finding themselves on opposing sides. By now, Caesar was very successful, but he had many enemies and found his position and his life under threat. He believed the only way he could protect himself was by seizing power. In January, 49 BC, he led his troops across the Rubicon River into Italy and started civil war. Civil war Caesar scored some early victories and, by 46 BC, was dictator of Rome. After a year spent eliminating his remaining enemies, he returned home. Generous in Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? victory, he was kind to his defeated rivals, giving them all amnesties and even inviting some to join him in government. Yet his position remained insecure. Without a son of his own, he needed an heir. Caesar quickly adopted his great nephew, Augustus. He also moved fast to strengthen the northern borders of the empire and tackle its enemies in the east. At home, he reformed the Roman calendar, tackled local government, resettled veterans into new cities, made the Senate more representative and granted citizenship to many more foreigners. Beware the Ides of March But his rule would be cut short. Old enemies joined forces with some of his supporters, fed up of his dictatorial style. On March15, 44 BC, the Ides of March, Caesar was assassinated in the Senate. Although his own rule was unremarkable, his victory in the civil war replaced a republic, ruled by the consuls and the Senate, with an empire, reigned over by emperors and their hereditary successors. It was the start of a brand new age for Rome. http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/punic-wars Ancient History Background and First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. (The word “Punic,” later the name for the series of wars between Carthage and Rome, was derived from the Latin word for Phoenician.) By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? as its leading naval power. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years. Did You Know? The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. In 264 B.C., Rome decided to intervene in a dispute on the western coast of the island of Sicily (then a Carthaginian province) involving an attack by soldiers from the city of Syracuse against the city of Messina. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. Over the course of nearly 20 years, Rome rebuilt its entire fleet in order to confront Carthage’s powerful navy, scoring its first sea victory at Mylae in 260 B.C. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. the Roman fleet was able to win a decisive victory against the Carthaginians at sea, breaking their legendary naval superiority. At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily became Rome’s first overseas province. Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. Upon Hasdrubal’s death in 221 B.C., Hannibal took command of Carthaginian forces in Spain. Two years later, he marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. The Second Punic War saw Hannibal and his troops–including as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and a number of elephants–march from Spain across the Alps and into Italy, where they scored a string of victories over Roman troops at Ticinus, Trebia and Trasimene. Hannibal’s daring invasion of Rome reached its height at Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. After this disastrous defeat, however, the Romans managed to rebound, and the Carthaginians lost hold in Italy as Rome won victories in Spain and North Africa under the rising young general Publius Cornelius Scipio (later known as Scipio Africanus). In 203 B.C., Hannibal’s forces were forced Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio’s army routed the Carthaginians at Zama. Hannibal’s losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthage’s empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity to Rome in silver. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) The Third Punic War, by far the most controversial of the three conflicts between Rome and Carthage, was the result of efforts by Cato the Elder and other hawkish members of the Roman Senate to convince their colleagues that Carthage (even in its weakened state) was a continuing threat to Rome’s supremacy in the region. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. After seven days of horrific bloodshed, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some 700 years. The surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. Also in 146 B.C., Roman troops moved east to defeat King Philip V of Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars, and by year’s end Rome reigned supreme over an empire stretching from the Atlantic coast of Spain to the border between Greece and Asia Minor (now Turkey). Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? http://www.mrdowling.com/702-augustus.html Caesar Augustus Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Octavian was the son of Julius Caesar’s niece. The first eighteen years of Octavian’s life were unremarkable, but a surprise in Julius Caesar’s will eventually resulted in him becoming Caesar Augutus, the ruler who transformed Rome into the greatest empire of the ancient world. advertisement Julius Caesar was so popular with the Roman people that the Senate named him dictator for life. For five hundred years, the Roman government relied on two consuls serving one-year terms and taking advice from the Senate. Julius Caesar ruled without considering Roman tradition or consulting with the Senate. In 44BCE, a group of enraged senators stabbed the dictator to death. Caesar’s will decreed that Octavian would be his heir and must be treated as his son. Caesar’s decision made Octavian one of the richest men in Rome. It also provided Octavian with something even more valuable: the right to call himself Caesar. Two months after Julius Caesar’s murder, Octavian came to Rome to claim his inheritance, but Marc Antony dismissed the young man. Octavian spent the next several months gaining support with the Roman people. He also raised an army. Soldiers throughout the empire were loyal—not to Rome—but to Caesar. By the end of 44BCE, both Marc Antony and Octavian commanded armies, but the two men avoided civil war by making a deal. In 43BCE, Octavian joined Antony and another general named Lepidus in a partnership historians call the Second Triumvirate. The triumvirate raised money by branding more than 300 wealthy Romans as enemies. They seized the property of the newly designated outlaws and offered rewards to anyone who would kill them. The enemies of Octavian and Marc Antony who could not escape from Rome were killed. Octavian and Antony forced Lepidus into retirement in 36BCE. Five years later, Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome upon the death of Augustus of Prima Portais displayed in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican Museum. Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Marc Antony. Octavian earned the loyalty of the Roman soldiers by providing the men with land. The soldiers retired, but because Octavian was Caesar, he knew he could count on their support if the Senate challenged his authority. Octavian lived a modest life because he wanted to avoid the fate of Julius Caesar. He lived in a small house and traveled without bodyguards. Unlike Julius Caesar, Octavian was respectful to the senators. Later in his career Octavian allowed other men to serve as consuls, but the Senate knew that Octavian controlled the military, so he was the actual ruler of the Roman Empire. In 27BCE, Octavian arranged for the Senate to grant him the honorific title Augustus. Augustus means “the respected one.” During his rule, the Roman people knew Octavian only as Caesar, but to avoid confusion with his famous granduncle, historians generally refer him as Octavian before 27BCE and Caesar Augustus after that. Caesar Augustus ruled for 41 years, a period when Rome developed into a military empire, so historians consider him to be the first Roman Emperor. Caesar Augustus restored peace and order to Rome after years of civil war. He made sure the lands throughout the empire were well run, and taxes were fair. He built roads and bridges, government buildings, and massive public baths. He said, “I left Rome a city of marble, though I found it a city of bricks.” The armies of Caesar Augustus conquered most of Western Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The Romans claimed all of the land surrounding the enormous Mediterranean Sea, which they nicknamed Roman coin bearing the image of Caesar Augustus “a Roman lake.” Rome developed into a great empire its army was so powerful that it protected citizens from attack from the tribes who lived beyond the Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? empire. Historian Edward Gibbon later described the two hundredyears of peace that began with the rule of Caesar Augustus as the Pax Romana, or the “Peace of Rome.” Marc Antony became the ruler of Rome upon the death of Julius Caesar. Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian, but Octavian's forces defeated A Ntony's army in the Battle of Actium in 31BCE. The Roman Empire at its great extent in BCE117, 76 years after Focus Question: Did the benefits of Roman expansion outweigh the costs? Augustus' death.