Download The Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus

Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Republic of Belarus
RUE «BRC «Ecology»
SIXTH NATIONAL
COMMUNICATION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COMMITMENTS UNDER
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION
ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Minsk 2015
The Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus has been prepared with the
assistance of:
Director of SRC “Ecology” – Valery Kliuchanovitch
Coordinator of the GEF project №TF015501 – Ivan Narkevitch
Consultants of the GEF project №TF015501:
Olga Vavilonskaya, Evgenia Bertosh, Andrey Burlo, Maciej Wisniewski, Maria Germenchuk,
Kristina Gonchar, Anton Kuralenia, Elena Laevskaya, Vladimir Loginov, Dzmitry Melekh,
Viktar Melnik, Hanna Ratnikava, Ialanta Ramanovich, Dennis Rudov, Ivan Filiutsich
Experts in the sphere of climate change:
Irina Voitehovitch, Alexander Grebenkov, Sergey Nikitin
Head of the Aarhus Centre of the Republic of Belarus – Olga Zakharova
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................6
2 NATIONAL CICUMSTANCES THAT RELATE TO GHG EMISSIONS AND
REMOVALS ................................................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Geographical Location of the Republic of Belarus .............................................................. 22
2.2 Government and Legislation of the Republic of Belarus ..................................................... 23
2.3 Natural conditions ................................................................................................................ 23
2.4 Overview of climate change in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2000-2013............. 24
2.5 Water Resources ................................................................................................................... 32
2.6 Soils and Land Resources .................................................................................................... 35
2.7 Biological Resources ............................................................................................................ 38
2.8 Population............................................................................................................................. 44
2.9 Economy............................................................................................................................... 47
2.10 Energy ................................................................................................................................ 48
2.11 Transport ............................................................................................................................ 51
2.12 Industry............................................................................................................................... 51
2.13 Agriculture and Forestry .................................................................................................... 52
2.14 Waste .................................................................................................................................. 55
3 INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF
BELARUS, INCLUDING INFORMATION ON NATIONAL SYSTEM AND NATIONAL
REGISTRY OF CARBON UNITS ...............................................................................................57
3.1
General information on GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus .............................57
3.1.1
GHG emissions trends by gases .................................................................................. 58
3.1.2
Tends of GHG emissions/removals by source categories ........................................... 64
3.2
National GHG Inventory System ....................................................................................70
3.3
Information on National Registry of Carbon Units ........................................................ 73
4 POLICIES AND MEASURES ...............................................................................................75
4.1
The legal basis of the development and implementation of national policies and
measures, monitoring of their implementation .......................................................................... 75
4.2
The main measures adopted by the Republic of Belarus in the field of climate change 77
4.3
Review of policies and measures, the effect of which covers several sectors of the
economy ..................................................................................................................................... 81
4.4 Policies and measures undertaken by the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
sectors (summary table) ............................................................................................................. 86
4.5
Analysis of the implementation of policies and measures represented in the Fifth
National Communication ...........................................................................................................94
4.6
Policies and measures taken by the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by sector
100
4.6.1
Energy ....................................................................................................................... 100
4.6.2
Industry...................................................................................................................... 117
4.6.3
Transport ................................................................................................................... 119
4.6.3.1 Road transport ........................................................................................................... 119
4.6.3.2 Railway transport ..................................................................................................... 120
4.6.4
Agriculture ................................................................................................................ 121
4.6.5
Land use, land use change and forestry..................................................................... 121
4.6.6
Waste ......................................................................................................................... 123
4.7
Monitoring the implementation of National Programs .................................................124
4.8
Recommendations to improve the legislation of Belarus, regulating the formation of
policies and measures to reduce GHG emissions and removals ..............................................124
4.8.1
Studying the feasibility of internal emissions trading system in the Republic of
Belarus 125
5 PROJECTIONS AND TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES .............127
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5.1 Projections of GHG emissions .......................................................................................... 127
5.1.1
Projection of GHG emission in fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Belarus
127
5.1.1.1 Energy Industry ........................................................................................................ 127
5.1.1.2 Sector “Manufacture Industry and Construction” ................................................. 129
5.1.1.3 Transport sector........................................................................................................ 134
5.1.1.4 Agriculture sector ..................................................................................................... 135
5.1.1.5 Commercial sector .................................................................................................... 138
5.1.1.6 Other sectors ............................................................................................................. 138
5.1.2
Projection of GHG emission in “Industrial Processes” sector .............................. 140
5.1.3
Projection of GHG emissions in the “Solvents and Other Products Use” sector .. 140
5.1.4
Projection of GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector ......................................... 141
5.1.5
Projection of GHG emissions and Removals in the LULUCF sector .................... 141
5.1.6
Projection of GHG emissions in Waste sector ........................................................ 141
5.2
Aggregate effect of policies and measures .................................................................. 144
5.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 149
5.3.1
Projection of electricity demand .............................................................................. 150
5.3.2
Projection of heat demand ....................................................................................... 150
5.3.3
Projection of public fuel consumption demand ...................................................... 150
5.3.4
Projection of cargo and passengers transportation demand .................................. 151
6 Assessment of Vulnerability, Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Measures .. 154
6.1
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Measures in Agriculture ......................... 156
6.1.1
Climate Change Impact on Agriculture .................................................................. 156
6.1.2
Adaptation Measures in Agricultural Sector .......................................................... 159
6.2
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Measures in Forestry Sector...................161
6.2.1
Climate Change Impact on Forestry and Biodiversity............................................ 161
6.2.2
Adaptation Measures in Forestry ............................................................................ 163
6.3
Assessment of Vulnerability of Water Resources and Identification of Adaptation
Options ..................................................................................................................................... 166
6.3.1
Climate Change Impact on Water Resources ......................................................... 166
6.3.2
Adaptation Measures in Water Sector ..................................................................... 169
6.4
Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Human Health ........................................170
7 FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER, INCLUDING
INFORMATION ACCORDING TO ARTICLES 10 AND 11 OF KYOTO PROTOCOL
..................................................................................................................................................... 174
8 RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION ............................................................ 176
8.1 General Policy on Research and Systematic Observation of Climate Change and Funding
.................................................................................................................................................. 176
8.1.1
National Policy in regard to research and systematic observation ............................ 176
8.1.2 International Cooperation................................................................................................ 178
8.2 Research ............................................................................................................................. 188
8.2.1 Research in Climate Change ........................................................................................... 188
8.2.2 Forecasting and modeling of climate change in the Republic of Belarus ....................... 195
8.2.3 Projections (scenarios) of climate change in the XXI century in Belarus ...................... 196
8.3 Systematic observation....................................................................................................... 202
8.3.1 Climate Observing System in the Republic of Belarus, the national monitoring system
and its connection to the Global Climate Observing System ................................................... 202
8.3.2 Organization of the regional climate change monitoring of the Republic of Belarus..... 206
9 EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESSON CLIMATE CHANGE ......... 213
9.1
General Policy of Education, Trainingand Public Awareness ...................................... 213
9.2
Primary, Secondary and Higher Education...................................................................216
9.3
Campaigns of public information .................................................................................225
9.4
A list of websites related to climate issues ...................................................................228
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9.5
Training programs (personnel training) ........................................................................231
9.6
The Public and Non-Governmental Organizations Involvement.................................. 236
9.7
Participation in International Activity .......................................................................... 240
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 243
ANNEX 1 – SUMMARY TABLES ........................................................................................... 249
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Executive summary
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Republic of Belarus numbering nearly 9.5 mln people is located in the Central
Eastern Europe, occupies an area of 207.6 ths km2 and is categorized as an economy in
transition.
Short-term warmer spells in Belarus followed by cold spells similar in magnitude and
duration through most of the XX century until the end of the 1980s.The warming, unprecedented
in terms of its duration and intensity, began in 1989 and lasts up until now; air temperature
exceeded climatological normal, on the average, by 1.2ºСover the 25-year period (19892014).The precipitation has changed insignificantly in Belarus over the warming period.
Natural Resources
The Republic Belarus has abundant water resources. In 2013, the Belarusian economy
consumed 1,373 mlnm3of water to meet various needs, i.e. by 69 mlnm3less than in 2012. Of the
total water quantity consumed, drinking needs accounted for 35% (34% in 2012), industry – 30%
like in 2012, pond fish farming– 27% (28% in 2012), agricultural water supply – about 7% (8%
in 2012) and irrigation – 0.4%.
In 2013, the specific water consumption indicator reduced by 3.5% as against 2012 and
amounted to 138 liters per capita a day which corresponds to the water consumption level in the
majority of European countries (120-150 liters per capita a day). 86% of the population,
including 57% of the rural population, are covered by the centralized water supply, while 74% of
the population, including 30% of the rural population, are provided with centralized and local
public sanitation systems.
The Republic of Belarus’ land resources amount to 20,760.0 ths ha as of 01.01.2013. Of
this area, 43.3%of land resources are in use of agricultural organizations, including private farms
– 0.8%; 4.6% - individuals; 40.6% - state forestry organizations; 2.9% - industry, transport,
communication, defense organizations and enterprises operating hydraulic engineering
structures, etc.; lands used for nature protection, health improvement, recreational and historical
and cultural purposes account for 4.5%; and general use lands, etc. - 3.4%.The total area of land
categorized as the forests and other wooden land has most significantly increased over this
period – by 954.6 ths ha.
Significant quantitative and qualitative positive changes have taken place in the
Belarusian forest fund over the last 20 years. These changes are due to both the economic
activity of forestry organizations and natural forest growth processes. Afforestation of lowproductivity agricultural lands has helped increase the country’s forest fund by 1,373 ths ha over
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this period.
Therefore, assessing the land resources potential of Belarus as rather high, it is
noteworthy that the changes in the land resources structure over the recent years are related to
the processes of restoration of the land natural and economic potential, allocation of land plots to
individuals, transfer of low-productivity agricultural lands to forestry enterprises, agricultural
land use optimization, allocation of land for various construction works, etc. The area of the
environment stabilizing lands (forests, natural meadow, tree and shrubbery vegetation, wetlands and lands
with water bodies) accounts for over 50% of the total area of lands. The level of woodland and
wetland preservation is higher in Belarus than in West European countries. The trend toward the
increase of forest cover which made 39.3% as of 01.01.2014 continues.
The Belarusian wetland landscapes which effectively absorb one of the greenhouse gases
– carbon dioxide – (CO2) – have been acquiring an ever-increasing importance over the last
decades due to the global climate warming.
While absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, wetlands produce methane, thereby regulating the climate to some extent.
Belarus has a substantial biodiversity potential covering both plant and animal resources.
To conserve biological and landscape diversity, a modern network of specially protected
natural areas (SPNA) has been established in Belarus. As of 1 January 2014, the system of specially
protected natural areas included 1,213 sites (7 sites less than in 2012), including one Berezinsky
Biosphere Reserve, four National Parks (Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Braslav Lakes, Pripyatsky and
Narochansky), 85 Republican Wildlife Reserves, 248 Local Wildlife Reserves and also 306 and
568 Republican and Local monuments of nature respectively. Forest ecosystems account for the
largest share in the SPNA structure.
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Population
As of 1 January 2014, the population size was 9,468 ths people, an average population
density - 46 people per km2 and the urban population made up 76.8%.
The urban population is characterized by a high concentration. 1.9 mln people (26.8% of
the urban population) reside in Minsk. Five regional centers account for 26.7% of the urban
residents. 8 cities numbering from 100 thousand to 250 thousand residents account for 15.6% of
the urban population. 14 towns with a population size 100.0 thousand people and more and 197
small and medium urban localities numbering less than 100.0 thousand people each are available
in Belarus.
In 2013, an average population age was 39.9 years, in 2012 - 39.8 years, in 2011 - 39.7
years, in 2010 – 39.6 years, in 2009 – 39.5 years and in 2008 – 39.3 years.
In 2013, the number of employed was 4,545.6 ths people as against 5,151.0 ths people in
1990 and 4,443.6 ths people in 2000, i.e., the number of employed reduced by 11.8% and
increased by 2.3%respectively.
The employment pattern has changed. The share of the service sphere increased and the
share of the industry and construction sector reduced in the employment pattern in the first half
of the 1990s, while starting from the second half of the 1990s, the increase in the share of the
employed in the service sphere was accompanied by stabilization of the employment level in the
industry and employment reduction in the agricultural sector.The share of the employed in terms
of types of economic activity in 2013 (of the total number of the employed) was as follows:
industry – 25.2%, agriculture, hunting and forestry – 9.5%, construction sector – 8.0%, transport
and communication – 7.5%, trade – 14.3%, education – 9.8%, others – 25.7%.
Economy
Currently, Belarus is an economy in transition. After a lengthy stagnation, the Belarusian
economy has been developing rather sustainably over the period of 2001-2013. The GDP,
industrial output and investments have grown, as well as indicators of the population’s living
standards have increased over the recent years.
The industrial sector is the main contributor to the country’s GDP (27%). Such sectors as
construction and trade account for 12% of the GDP (Figure 1.1).
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Figure 1.1 –GDP breakdown by types of economic activity in 2013 (in current prices, as
percentage of total)
Energy Sector
Currently, production of electricity and heat in Belarus relies to a greater extent on
nonrenewable energy sources (natural gas, oil, coal, peat and shales) and to a lesser extent on
renewable energy sources (solar, water, wind and biomass energy).
The structure of fuel and energy resources used to meet the energy demand has changes
over the period of 1990 - 2013. Natural gas has become a dominant energy source by squeezing
out primarily fuel oil. The share of coal used for generating thermal energy has reduced.The fuel
wood, woodfire and wood waste account for the largest share among local fuels.
The use of substantial quantities of peat and peat briquettes form energy generation is
characteristic of Belarus. Fuel resources are mainly used to produce thermal and electric energy
and also as a process fuel in the industrial sector.The share of population in the total fuel
consumption has substantially grown due to the increased fleet of private cars and expanded
housing fund.
The Belarusian economy is characterized by a high level of the GDP energy intensity,
therefore, the country has adopted a number of programs stipulating reduction of this indicator
and owing to the energy efficiency measures taken, the GDP energy intensity reduced by 69% in
2013 as against 2005.
The share of renewable energy sources of the total quality of energy produced is still
minor (about 6%). One of the country’s energy policy priorities is to develop renewable power
generation, and to meet this objective, the required regulatory legal framework has been
established and the State Cadastre of Renewable Energy Sources is being maintained.
Consumption of energy and fuel resources (EFR) per capita in Belarus exceeds an
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average indicator elsewhere around the world, however, this indicator is lower than in EU
countries.
Figure1.2 - GDP energy intensity
(percent as against 2005)
Transport Sector
The second largest source of greenhouse gases after the thermoelectric power engineering
is the transport sector.Operating transportation facilities produce and emit CO2, CO, CH4, N2O,
NOx and NMVOCs.
The Belarusian transport industry comprises railway, motor, inland water and air
transport. The railway and motor transport systems are the main modes of transport.
The passenger turnover transport mode-wise reduced by 13.4%, while the freight
turnover increased 1.5-fold over the period of 2000 - 2013. The mode-wise passenger traffic
structure has substantially changed. For example, the share of the railway transport reduced from
6% in 2000 to 4%in 2013 in the total passenger traffic, while the share of the motor and air
transport increased from 53%and 0.01% to 58%and 0.07% respectively. In 2013, the railway
transport accounted for 34.2% and motor transport 17.9% in the freight traffic structure.
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Industrial Sector
The industry generates greenhouse gases as a by-product of specific technological
manufacturing cycles both by burning fuel in process furnaces to produce high-temperature heat
and by chemically and thermally converting raw materials. These processes generate CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx, NMVOCs and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).
The industrial sectors generating process-related greenhouse gases include as follows:
metallurgy, machine-building and metalworking, petrochemical industry, construction materials
industry, woodworking and pulp-and-paper industry and glass industry.
In 2013, the industrial production pattern of the Republic of Belarus was as follows:
manufacturing industry accounted for 90.4%, mining industry – 1.6% and production and
distribution of electric energy, gas and water –8.0%.
Agriculture and Forestry
The main source of non-power GHG generation is the agricultural sector. This sector is
the second largest in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. It accounts for nearly 26.2% of
national GHG emissions.
The main source of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector is the livestock breeding
enterprises where greenhouse gases (mainly methane) are generated in the process of intestinal
fermentation of animals and manure decomposition.The main sources of GHG emissions in
farming include application of organic and mineral fertilizes, biologically fixed nitrogen,
effluents from fields and crop residues, greenhouses and cultivation of drained lands. These
processes and substances produce N2O, CO2 and CH4.
Therefore, such factors as the change of the livestock number, crop output and also the
amount of application of mineral and organic fertilizes influence the GHG emission dynamics.
In 2013, the crop structure changed insignificantly compared to the previous years. The
share of grain and leguminous crops increased from 42.3% to 45.8%; and the share of industrial
crops increased 2-fold, or from 5.8% to 10.6% compared to 2005, while the share of feed crops
reduced from 41.8% in 2005 to 37.1% in 2013. The share of potato – a traditional crop in
Belarus – reduced from 8.5% in 2005 to 5.4% in 2013.
The yield of grain and leguminous crops reduced from 27.2 centners per hectare of the
cultivated area in 1990 to 19.4 centners per hectarein 2000 and then gradually has been
increasing to reach 28.1 centners per hectare in 2005 and 29.7 centners per hectare by 2013. The
similar situation is observed regarding other crops (flax, sugar beet, rape, potatoes and
vegetables). Application of larger quantities of fertilizes significantly contributed to the yield
growth.
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Executive summary
Waste
The “Waste” sector is one of the largest sources of GHG emissions. In 2012, GHG
emissions from the waste sector accounted for 7.0% of the total national emissions.
The production of solid municipal waste has been continuously growing in Belarus over
the recent 16 years. The specific indicator of solid municipal waste (SMW) production increased
from 0.485 kg/head per day to 1.5 kg/head per day over this period, i.e. nearly 3-fold and
approached the level characteristic of the European Union countries (0.85-1.7 kg/head per day).
The share of the polymer materials and packaging waste, as well as glass waste has increased in
the composition of municipal solid waste over the recent years.
One of the most important problems in the sphere of waste management is their
utilization as the secondary material resources (SMR).
894 stations for waste sorting/additional sorting of separately collected waste with the
capacity of 450 t/year were in operation as of 01.01.2014, including 798 stationary and 96
mobile SMR collection points.
To reduce GHG emissions in the “Waste” sector and more sustainably manage the waste,
Belarus has adopted a number of programs stipulating measures with an aim to more extensively
use renewable energy sources, in particular, to implement special systems and plants to capture
and utilize landfill gas and also develop and introduce innovative waste recycling processes.
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System
A sufficiently strong institutional framework for annually taking the GHG inventory and
to update it subject to requirements of the UNFCCC is in place in the Republic of Belarus. The
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protectionis a coordinating body responsible
for operation of the National Green house Inventory System, timely collection of data on the
activities related to the GHG emissions and also for submission of the National Inventory Report
(NIR) to the UN FCCC Secretariat.
The National Statistics Committee, as well as responsible ministries and agencies should
annually provide free the data on the activities related to the GHG emissions to maintain the
Inventory.
The RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology” takes the inventory, performs calculations and prepares
the NIR, including the Common Reporting Format Tables (CRF), and controls quality of the
NIR preparation as assigned by the MNREP and based on the collected data on the activities
related to the GHG emissions. Upon approval and coordination of the final version of the NIR
with the MNREP, the RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology” submits it to the UN FCCC Secretariat.
According to the за 2012 GHG inventory data, total GHG emissions in СО2 equivalent
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Executive summary
without accounting the LULUCF sector amount to 89,283.33 Ggand they reduced by 35.8% in
2012 as against 1990 (139,151.23 Gg). This reduction in the GHG emissions is primarily
conditioned by sharp reductions in the GHG emissions over the period of 1990-1995 due to the
economic crisis in the country as a result of the Soviet Union collapse and followed slump in
production and fuel consumption. Since 1995, GHG emissions have been gradually increasing
with growth in production, fuel consumption and waste production, however, the increase in
emissions was much less pronounced. This GHG emission dynamics related to the growing
production in the country after 1995 is conditioned by the gradual change in the fuel
consumption pattern and implementation of resources- and energy-saving technologies.
The “Energy” sector is the largest source of GHG emissions accounting for 61.4% of the
total national emissions. The “Agriculture” sector is the second largest source in terms of GHG
emissions. It accounts for 26.2% of GHG emissions. GHG emissions in the “Waste” and
“Industrial Processes” sectors make up 7.0% and 4.8% of the total national emissions
respectively. The use of solvents accounts for 0.1% of the GHG emissions. The factors effecting
the GHG emission trends in specific sectors are discussed below.
Carbon dioxide (СО2) is the main component in a GHG composition in the Republic of
Belarus and its share in GHG emissions (without net СО2 sinks of the LULUCF sector)
accounted for 64.4% in СО2 equivalent in 2012, then follows nitrous oxide (N2O) – 18.4% and
methane (СН4) – 17.2%, the share of HFC and SF6 accounts for 0.003%.
Emissions of carbon dioxide reduced by 44.6%, nitrous oxide – by 18.5% and methane
emissions increased by 1.1% over the period of 1990-2012.
National Registry of Carbon Units
Due to the fact that the Republic of Belarus was not included in Annex B to the Kyoto
Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the flexibility mechanisms of
the Kyoto Protocol could not be used, and the actions to launch and operate the Registry of
Carbon Units were suspended until signing a new climate agreement. Over recent years, the
specialists responsible for the National Registry of Carbon Units of the Republic of Belarus (RB
NRCU) are preparing it for the launch and full-fledged operation.
Policy and Measures
For the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Republic of Belarus has
assumed a number of voluntary commitments to reduce the GDP energy intensity and GHG
emissions with the targets until 2015 and 2020 which are stipulated in the main program
documents and regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Belarus as follows:
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•
targets for reducing GHG emissions by 8% in 2020 as against 1990;
•
achieving GHG emissions at the level of not exceeding 110 mln tons by 2020;
•
reducing the GDP energy intensity by 29-32% as against 2010 over the period of
2011-2015.
Given the assumed commitments, the strategic objective of the climate policy pursued by
the Republic of Belarus is to achieve the country’s economy secure and sustainable development
with GHG emissions at the lowest possible levels with due account of institutional, economic,
ecological and social aspects of development under climate change conditions and likely
emergence of respective threats and challenges.
The Republic of Belarus has developed the regulatory legal framework in the sphere of
climate impact regulation to fulfill national obligations subject to the UN FCCC and Kyoto
Protocol. Main regulatory legal acts adopted in 2005-2011 and currently being in effect are
continuously supplemented by the acts directly regulating the climate impact policy and
measures. The number of these regulatory legal acts is continuously increasing (Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.3 - Number of regulatory legal acts adopted in the Republic of Belarus over
1996 – 2014
For the purpose of this Communication, the policy and measures being implemented in
the most significant spheres of economy have been quantitatively assessed. The cumulative
effect of the policy and measures implemented over the period of 2005-2014 amounted to 12.3
mln tons in СО2equivalent. Given the fact that the burning of fossil fuels is mainly responsible
for generation and emission of greenhouse gases in Belarus, this assessment predominantly
included the policy and measures in the energy sector.
Currently, the Republic of Belarus is actually ready to form an emissions trading system
(ETS).
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Belarus is currently establishing the regulatory legal framework for GHG emission
trading. To date, possible lines of GHG emissions trading were as follows:
•
international GHG emission trading within the framework of Kyoto Protocol;
•
internal GHG emission trading between Belarusian enterprises;
•
GHG emission trading in voluntary carbon markets;
•
Kyoto Protocol's project-based mechanisms.
Participation in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol may help make
adjustments to improve the existing regulatory legal framework and in case of nonparticipation –
to leave it unchanged, with the attention currently being focused on voluntary carbon markets or
the internal trading system.
To implement the internal emissions trading system, it is required to:
•
ensure adequate and detailed GHG inventory taking as a first step toward
establishment of the emission trading system;
•
take inventory and also allocate emission allowances according to the
methodology accepted for emissions reporting and calculations;
•
draft and adopt clear-cut legislative acts;
•
provide access for the system management authorities to technical knowledge;
•
draft a package of rules related to the independent verification tool directly from
an initial stage of putting the system into operation in the Republic of Belarus;
•
to independently verify reports from a system installation operator and a system
administrator;
•
develop a system of verifiers accreditation authorities;
•
adapt requirements of the levels of monitoring process and reporting accuracy to
the level of readiness of sectors within the framework of the monitoring and reporting system;
•
introduce electronic document and information management at the initial stage of
system implementation;
•
draft and propose unified legal and taxation definition of a GHG emission quota
unit within the framework of the emissions trading system before it is fully implemented.
Forecasts
GHG emission forecasts have been made based on various scenarios as follows:
•
projection of greenhouse gas emissions for a scenario “which provides for
no measures”. This scenario excludes all energy saving policies and measures implemented,
adopted or planned after 1995.
•
projection of greenhouse gas emissions for a scenario “which provides for
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Executive summary
measures”. This scenario includes the measures which are implemented subject to the programs
of development of various sectors of the national economy adopted in Belarus.
•
projection of greenhouse gas emissions for a scenario “which provides for
additional measures”. This scenario includes additional measures which may be implemented in
the Republic of Belarus, provided that adequate funding is available.
The analysis of various scenarios has demonstrated that Belarus is able to reduce
emissions by 26% by 2020 as against 1990, provided that set development indicators stipulated
in the existing program documents are achieved, and by 28% relative to the baseline year,
provided that additional measures are implemented.
Vulnerability and Adaptation
Weather-dependent sectors contribute over 41% to the Belarus’ GDP. Agriculture is the
most weather-dependent sector of the Belarusian economy since its exposure to the impact of
extreme weather events defines to the great extent cumulative damage to the country’s economy.
The agricultural production is affected most by possible climate change. Thus, higher
probability of low crop yield as a result of increase in frequency and recurrence of droughts on the
territory of a number of regions, growth phase shift and insufficient soil moisture supply during the spring
season, worsening of the phytosanitary conditions and invasive phytophag species and crop loss caused
by increase in frequency of unfavorable hydrometeorological events may constitute the highest threat.
The second sector being most vulnerable to the climate change is forestry. Even now, the
shift in areas of some forest plant species, increased frequency of diseases and fires and change
in the hydrological regime in a number of regions are observed in this sector. Unfavorable
meteorological events result in the loss of timber reserve as they cause windfall. The reduced
winter harvesting period due to shallow soil freezing and early and frequent thaws influences the
forest product cost.
Water resources are also highly vulnerable to the climate change. Water supply measures
are time-intensive, therefore, large-scale water management projects need to be planned about 25
years in advance, and commissioning of these projects should outrun water demand beyond a 1015-year period.
Adaptation Measures in Agricultural Sector:
•
introducing more productive, moderately late-ripening varieties (hybrids) of grain
crops and vegetables which will more effectively use increased thermal resources;
•
expanding cultivation areas under some traditional, “forgotten” and new highly
effective crops (corn, millet, soya, sugar beet, spring rape, etc.);
16
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Executive summary
•
improving to some extent conditions for growing stubble and postcut crops;
•
establishing horticultural plantings with a new set of species and variety
composition;
•
shifting the sowing time of spring crops to earlier periods. This will help more
effectively use soil moisture supply after spring snow-melting, will result in earlier grain
maturity and will make it possible to grow stubble crops at a greater scale. However, May frost
risk needs to be taken into account, therefore, the cultivated crops should be frost-resistant;
•
extending the zone of cultivating warm-weather crops northwards (100–120 km).
Due to increasing aridity, the following is needed:
•
intensifying activities aimed at breeding new varieties and expanding the use of
drought-resistance crops;
•
expanding regions of irrigation and sprinkler irrigation farming;
•
further developing the system of insurance against drought consequences;
•
extending the corn and millet growing areas.
Adaptation Measures in Forestry Sector:
•
elaborating and implementing the forest industry strategy and targeted program of
adaptation to new climatic conditions;
•
forest-growing taking account of the shift of climatic zones and change in soil
moisture supply regime;
•
shifting to increased felling age;
•
protecting forests from insect pests, developing prevention measures to control
propagation of nonnative invasive insect pests in the country;
•
rehabilitating disturbed wetlands by rewetting to reactivate peat formation
processes and rehabilitating other GHG natural sinks;
•
improving the forest/peatland fire protection system;
•
conducting R&D to assess the climate change impact on the forest vegetation
forestry and elaborating measures for adaptation of the forest industry to this climate change.
Adaptation Measures in Water Sector:
•
effectively using continuously reducing quality water resources;
•
extensively introducing water-saving technologies in various sectors of the
country’s economy;
•
converting hydro-reclamation systems into more technically advanced systems
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Executive summary
characterized by optimal water consumption for production purposes;
•
switching to a waste-free system of using water resources;
•
artificially replenishing groundwater resources as an option.
Human health depends largely on environmental conditions so it is relevant to conduct
integrated assessments of the climate change impact on ecosystems, economy and public health
in the future. This would help select the most promising adaptation measures not only at the
national level, but also at the interstate (regional) level.
It is also suggested to continue the R&D in such spheres as designing vulnerability
criteria and indicators for various climate-dependent economy sectors and implementing and
planning measures aimed at adapting them to the climate change.
Cooperation within the Framework of R&D, Technology Transfer and Capacity
Building of Developing Countries
The Republic of Belarus pays considerable attention to promoting cooperation with the
developed and developing countries. Such components of this process as building institutional
capacity, cooperation potential and transferring technologies to the developing countries are of
critical importance.
Being an economy in transition, the Republic of Belarus is entitled to the international
technical assistance and, nevertheless, it provides assistance itself in the sphere of technologies
transfer to the developing countries and building their capacity by training students from such
countries in the Belarusian institutions of higher education.
Thus, 1,894 foreign students attending courses related to the issues of environment and
climate protection were trained in the Belarusian universities as of 01.08.2013. Among them, the
citizens from 26 countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Vietnam, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Yemen,
China, Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mali, Morocco, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Syria,
Sudan, Turkey, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Turkmenistan and Russia).
Research and Systematic Observation
Currently, the international cooperation in the area of climate change is carried out with
such international organizations and Union State institutions as: United Nations Development
Program for Belarus, UN Environment Program, the UN Economic Commission for Europe,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological
Organization, Global Climate Observing System, World Climate Research Programme, CIS
Interstate Council on Ecology and Union State Committee for Hydrometeorology and
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Executive summary
Environmental Pollution Monitoring. More than 20 international technical assistance projects
related to improvement of energy efficiency, energy saving, sustainable peatland management,
carbon dioxide emissions reduction and climate change adaptation have been implemented over
the period of 2008-2014.
Due to involvement in implementation of the Voluntary Cooperation Program (WMO
VCP), the National Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus is effectively
introducing innovative technologies in the measurement system and is being equipped with
advanced facilities for observations, communication and data processing.
The Republic of Belarus is involved in implementing joint projects together with the
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (RosHydromet). Since
2009, the Public Institution “Russian Hydro-Meteorological Center” (PI “RHMC”) has been
participating in the BALTRAD international technical assistance project aimed at improving the
network of meteorological radar stations in the Baltic Sea Region.
The Republic of Belarus has acceded to the Antarctic Treaty (Law of the Republic of
Belarus as of 19 July 2006 “On Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Antarctic Treaty”).
The National Hydro-Meteorological Service of the Republic of Belarus is also the primary
developer and implementing agency of the State Targeted Program “Monitoring of the Earth's
Polar Regions and Supporting Activities of the Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions in 2007-2010
and the Period until 2015” approved by Resolution No. 1104 dated 31 August 2006 of the
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and also a co-implementing agency of the State
Program “Monitoring of the Earth's Polar Regions and Supporting Activities of the Arctic and
Antarctic Expeditions in 2011-2015” approved by Resolution No. 587 dated 10 May 2011 of the
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
The Republic of Belarus is involved in implementation of not only multiple international,
but also national projects and R&D aimed at studying the climate change, elaborating adaptation
measures, etc.
The studies of wetlands and peatlands in the context of GHG emissions and carbon
sequestration which have been conducted for a number of years by Belarusian researchers are of
significance among the most important R&D spheres.
Based on the studies of wetland ecosystems, the SSI “Institute for Nature Management of
the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus” has developed the Technical
Code of Common Practice (TCCP) “Environmental Protection and Nature Management.
Climate. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases. Rules for Calculation of Emissions and Absorption by
Natural Marsh Ecosystems, Drained Peat Soils, Worked-Out and Developed Peat Deposits”
(TCCP 17.09-02-2011(02120)). This regulatory document was approved and put into effect by
19
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Executive summary
Resolution No. 13-T dated 5 September 2011 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus.
The modern science operates methods designed to conduct direct instrumental
measurements of GHG emissions and absorption by various land ecosystems, including wetlands
and drained peatlands. Moreover, it is noteworthy that research on assessment of greenhouse gas
fluxes from natural marshes and drained peatlands using direct instrumental measurements is
already underway on Belarusian peatlands.
Flux measurements have been performed using the current modification of closed
chamber method for gas fluxes.
The closed chamber method for gas fluxes has been used to study GHG balances of
wetlands in a number of projects, in particular, in the UNDP/GEF International Technical
Assistance Project “Landscape Approach to Management of Peatlands Aiming at Multiple
Ecological Benefits” and International Technical Assistance Project “Implementation of New
Concepts for Wet Peatland Management for the Sustainable Production of Biomass-Based
Energy (Wetland-Energy)”.
Recently gained research experience and obtained data in the sphere of research into
GHG emissions from peatlands and wetlands prove that the Republic of Belarus has capacities to
develop more advanced methodologies in this sphere of national research procedures (2 and 3
level methods).
Education, Personnel Training and Public Awareness
The national education policy of the Republic of Belarus is based on the principles one of
which is the principle of ecology-oriented education stipulated in the Law of the Republic of
Belarus “On Education”, Article 1.
The Law of the Republic of Belarus No.1982-XII (ed. 22.12.2011, as amended
26.10.2012) dated 26.11.1992 “On Protection of Environment” includes Chapter 7 “Protection of
the Ozone Layer. Climate Impact Regulation” which sets forth regulatory standards for
protecting the ozone layer, defines responsibilities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs
effecting economic and other activity related to GHG emissions into atmosphere and also
regulatory standards defining a common approach to the activity aimed to prevent harmful effect
on climate.
Article 23 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 93-Зof 09.01.2006 (as amended
12.12.2012) “On Hydrometeorological Activity” provides for the maintaining of the State
Climate Cadastre. Article 27 of the same Law covers the issues of international cooperation in
hydrometeorological sphere.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Executive summary
The Coordinating Council for Education was established with the Ministry of Education
of the Republic of Belarus in 2006 to promote sustainable development.
A separate Section discussing the issues of ecology-oriented education, training and
awareness of the public was included into the National Strategy of Socio-Economic
Development of the Republic of Belarus until 2020, Subclause 6.2.4.
Institutions of higher education are a critical component in the ecological education
system. The Belarusian higher education institutions’ curricula include disciplines related to the
environment and climate protection. The authorities within the MNREP system are primarily
responsible for environmental training, education and public awareness enhancement. The
environmental education provided by the MNREP and its territorial departments includes the
following activities: media relations, release of social ecological advertisements, publication of
ecological literature, arranging presentations and meetings at various companies and institutions
of education, hotlines and awareness and information campaigns aimed at addressing
environmental challenges.
To improve activities in this sphere, all target groups of the population need to be covered
by using actually entire range of information resources.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
2
NATIONAL CICUMSTANCES THAT RELATE TO GHG EMISSIONS AND
REMOVALS
2.1 Geographical Location of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Belarus is a European country with medium area and population size.
Belarus locates in Central and Eastern Europe (latitude 56 10' and 51°16' N, longitude 23°11' and
32°47' E). Its territory extendes from north to south at 560 km, from west to east - 650 km. As
many other member countries of the CIS Belarus is a country with economu in transition.
The capital of the Republic of Belarus is Minsk, the population of Minsk amounted to
1 921.8 thousand. The city is situated in the middle of the country, at the intersection of the main
traffic arteries [1].
Republic of Belarus is bordered by five caountries: Russian Federation to the north and
east (the boundary measures 990km – 33.4%), Ukraine to the south (975 km – 32.8%), Poland to
the west (399 km – 13.4%), Lithuania and Latvia (143km – 4.8%) to the north-west (462 km –
15.6%). International boundary measures - 2969 km. Belarus does not have any access to the sea
[1].
Belarus occupies 2.1% of Europe, its area is 207.6 thousand square kilometers, including
42% - forests, 2% - water 42% - agricultural land, 14% - other lands.
Belarus takes the 6th place in the territory and the 5th place in population (9 468
thousand on 1 January 2014) among the CIS countries. [2]. The most important peculiarities of
Belarusian geographical location are its compact territory, central location and transit
opportunities. The most important transeuropean railway lines and highways, oil- and gas
pipelines, air routes and waterways between developed West Europe and Asia that is rich in
natural resources get throught the territory of Belarus. The shortest routes from central and
eastern Russian regions to Western Europe, as well as between the Baltic and Black seas, get
through Belarus.
Thus, in the ecological and geographical worldwide space Belarus is impotant country for
European region. It has an impact on ecological situation in Europe through the system of crossborder air and water flows.
The longest rivers in the republic: Dnipro - 700 km, Berezina - 561 km, Pripyat - 495 km,
Sozh - 493 km, Neman - 436 km and Ptich - 421 km. The largest lakes: Naroch - 79.6 square
kilometers, Osveyskoye - 52.8 square kilometers, Chervonoe - 40.8 square kilometers. The
highest elevation above sea level: 345 m - Mount Dzerzhinskaya, Dzerzhinsk district, Minsk
region. The lowest area above sea level, 80-90 m: valley of Neman, Grodno region. Climatic
norm of average annual temperature in the Republic of Belarus for the period 1881-2013 is
22
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
5.9 °C.
The average annual temperature in 2013 was 7.5 °C.
2.2 Government and Legislation of the Republic of Belarus
In accordance with the Constitution the Republic of Belarus is a unitary democratic social
and law-based country. The head of the country is a President of the Republic of Belarus. The
President of the Republic of Belarus, the Parliament and the Government of the Republic of
Belarus, the courts of the Republic of Belarus exercise state authority in the Republic of Belarus.
The Parliament, which is called the National Assembly, is a representative and legislative body.
It is divided into two houses: House of Representatives and Council of the Republic. The
Government, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, is an executive and the central
governmental body. The judicial power in Belarus belongs to courts.
The system of state administration is based on functional-branch and territorial
approaches and includes 24 ministers, 12 branches committees, 6 regions and 118 districts
executive committees as well as city, town and rural executive committees.
Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Belarus on 1 January 2014 was as
follows: 6 regions, 118 districts, 112 cities, 24in cities areas, 92 urban settlements, 23,389 rural
communities.
The system of environment protection governmental authorities is compossed from the
President of the Republic of Belarus, National Assembly, Council of Ministers as well as local
authorities. The local authorities orginese implementation of state and regional nature protection
programmes. The body of special authority is Ministry of National Resources and Environment
Protection that reports to the Council of Ministers. As well Emergency Control Ministry,
Ministry of Public Health, and State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus have rights
to control environment conditions. Some functions related to environment conservation are
fulfilled by: Forestry Ministry, Ministry of Inner Affairs, State Customs Committee, and
Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Belarus.
2.3 Natural conditions
As for geological position Belarus is located within the East European platform, and
physical and geographical features of the country are dictated by its location to the west part of
the East European Plain. The territory of the republic is a watershed of the Baltic Sea and Black
Sea Basins that confirms its deep continental location. The surface is mainly flat with typical
elevated, plain areas and lowlands with bogs and lakes. Main features of the modern relief to a
great extent are stipulated by continental glacierization of the Quaternary period. Glaciers
23
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
covered Belarus repeatedly in the Anthropogenic period: Belarusian (Narewsky), Berezinsky,
Dneprovsky, Sozhsky, Poozersky. Dneprovsky glacier was the largest and covered whole
territory of Belarus. Sozhsky glacier had the greatest impact on the formation of the relief of the
central part of Belarus and spreaded to the Polesye’s border. Poozersky glacier covered only the
north territory of Belarus and influenced on formation of the relief of the northern part of the
country which is characterized by the youngest landforms. The average true altitude of Belarus is
160 m. The highest asle above sea level elevation is Mount Dzerzhinskaya (345m) located in
Dzerzhinsk district in Minsk region. The lowest asle above sea level (80-90 m) is a valley of
Neman in Grodno region [3].
The territory of Belarus has 5 physiographic provinces which are: Poozer'e, West
Belarusian, Eastern Belarusian, Predpolesye and Polesye.
Lakeland (46.7 thousand square kilometers) is a Northern Province which is an area of
distribution of lakes of glacial origin, hilly-moraine relief and lacustrine-glacial plains formed in
the era of Poozersky glacier. West Province is represented by Belarusian horseback with
adjacent plains (50.3 thousand square kilometers). It occupies the western and central part of
Belarus. It is hilly, the highest part of the country with denuded glacial-accumulative relief. East
Belarusian Province (Pridneprov'e) (15.1 thousand square kilometers) is a plateau-like plain
composed with loess. It is characterized by a flat relief and the most fertile soils. Predpolesye
(37.4 thousand square kilometers) is a flat area dominated with moraine and outwash and waterglacial landscapes. Polesye (58.1 thousand square kilometers) is the largest province that
occupies the south of the country. It is presented with flat alluvial, often marshy lowlands.
Polesye is the main area of distribution of wetlands [3].
This diversity of natural conditions involves the use of different environmental
management systems properly adapted to local landscape features in variety parts of the country.
However, it should be noted that, environmental risks are increased due to climate change
and natural disasters can affect to anthropogenic disasters or have adverce weather and
ecological effect.
2.4 Overview of climate change in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2000-2013
Temperature
In Belarus during most of the XX century till the end of the 80s the short-term periods of
warming were changed by cold snap periods with similar size and duration. Warming that
doesn’t have a same size for duration and intensity started in 1989 and characterized with sharp
temperature rise in winter. This warming period remained in all subsequent years (Figure 2.1).
24
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
The feature of this warming period is not only in its unprecedented duration, but also in a
high temperature which is exceeded a climatological norm by 1.2ºC at average for 25 years
(1989-2013).
о
С
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
2013
2009
2005
2001
1997
1993
1989
1985
1981
1977
1973
1969
1965
1961
1957
1953
1949
1945
1941
1937
1933
1929
1925
1921
1917
1913
1909
1905
1901
1897
1893
1889
1885
1881
-2.5
Figure 2.1 – Average temperature excurcion from climatological norms for 1881-2013t period
Temperature increasing was observed almost in every month (Figure 2.2). The growth in
temperature is most significant during the winter and early spring months. Estimates of the
changes in temperature and precipitation for the month are very important to consider in
agricultural production that mainly depends on weather and climatic conditions.
o
C
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Figure 2.2 - Average monthly temperature excurcion for the period 1989-2013 from the
average long-term values in the Republic of Belarus
Generally, the analysis of average annual temperature for the entire period of observation
in the territory of the Republic of Belarus shows of the 20 warmest years maximum average
annual temperature recorded in the early XXI century, with the exception of 1989 (Figure 2.3).
During this period the maximum average annual temperature in 2008 was 8,0 °C in mean
25
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
climatological rate of 5,9 °C.
Figure 2.3 - 20 warmest years of the ranked series of observations for the entire period of
observation in Belarus
In general in the territory of Belarus the period 2000-2013 was warmer than period 19891999 by 0.4ºC (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1 - Average annual air temperature in Belarus for the period of warming
Climate norm ºC for
1961-1990
5,9
1989-1998
6,7
The average annual temperature, ºC for the period
1999-2008
1989-2008
1989-2013
7,2
6,9
7,1
During warming period since 1989 maximum monthly values in most months of the year
(except May and October) in more than 70% of events and the annual maximum temperature in
100% of events were overreached (Table 2.2). It should be noted that most of exceedances were
observed for the period 2000-2013.
Table 2.2 - The maximum monthly and annual maximum temperature, °C
Station
Verhnedvinsk
Vitebsk
Minsk
Maryina
Horka
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Year
0,3
2,2
4,5
9,9
16,2
20,0
22,3
20,1
14,1
9,5
4,5
3,1
7,4
1989
1990
2007
2000
1963
1999
2010
1939
1975
1967
1978
2006
1989
-0,5
1,6
4,7
10,2
18,1
21,2
23,4
21,4
14,2
9,8
4,4
2,5
7,7
2007
1990
2007
2001
1897
1999
2010
2010
2005
1896
1996
2006
1989
0,5
2,6
5,2
11,0
17,2
21,1
22,6
20.9
15,2
9,7
4,7
2,7
7,9
1989
1990
2007
1920
1987
1999
2010
2010
1919
1896
1996
2006
1989
0,3
2,6
5,4
11,5
17,2
21,2
22,8
20,8
15,2
10,2
5,0
2,5
8,0
2007
1990
2007
1921
1897
1999
2010
2010
1919
1896
1926
2006
2008
26
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Lida
1,2
3,4
5,6
11,3
16,1
19,9
21,9
20,0
14,6
9,7
6,1
3,2
8,2
1989
1990
2007
2000
1963
1999
2010
2010
1975
1967
1926
2006
2008
1,8
3,7
5,6
11,4
17,0
19,5
22,0
20,3
15,4
11,0
6,7
3,4
8,4
1983
1990
2007
2000
1906
1964
2010
2002
1967
1896
1926
2006
2008
-0,9
0,6
4,1
10,3
17,3
20,4
23,2
21,0
15,1
9,3
4,5
1,7
7,1
2007
1990
2007
1920
1906
1999
2010
2010
1909
1896
1996
2006
2008
-0,5
1,4
4,8
10,5
17,3
20,5
22,9
20,9
15,7
9,8
4,7
2,0
7,5
2007
1990
2007
1950
1906
1999
1936
2010
1909
1896
1996
2006
1989
2,6
4,6
6,7
12,4
17,6
20,7
22,6
21,6
16,4
12,0
7,8
3,3
9,5
2007
1990
2007
2000
1889
1964
2006
1992
1892
1896
1926
2006
2000
1,9
3,7
6,1
12,2
18,1
21,0
23,0
21,4
16,1
11,2
5,6
2,6
9,0
2007
1990
2007
2000
1889
1999
2010
1992
1909
1896
2010
2006
1989
0,6
2,2
5,7
12,6
18,1
22,3
24,5
23,5
16,4
11,0
5,9
2,4
8,8
2007
1990
2007
2000
2003
1999
2010
2010
1994
1935
2010
1960
2008
1,1
2,8
5,6
12,5
18,1
21,3
23,0
21,9
16,0
11,1
5,9
2,6
8,5
2007
1990
2007
1921
1906
1999
2010
2010
1994
1896
2010
1960
2008
Grodno
Gorki
Mogilev
Brest
Pinsk
Gomel
Vasilevichi
The absolute maximum temperature for the period of warming for more than a hundred
years of observations were exceeded in 55% of cases and most of exceedances was observed for
the period 2000-2013 (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3 - The absolute maximum temperature. °C
Station
Verhnedvinsk
Vitebsk
Minsk
Maryina Horka
Lida
Grodno
Gorki
Mogilev
Brest
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
XI
XII
Year
10.1
10,9
17,4
27,2
31,3
32,0
34,6
34,7
31,3
24,5
15,7
10.4
34,7
2007
1990
1938
1950
1958
1940
1959
1992
1992
1999
1968
2006
1992
10.4
10,9
18,1
28,5
31,3
31,8
34,7
37,8
30,1
24,6
14,9
10.7
37,8
2007
1990
1990
2012
2005
1940
2010
2010
2008
1999
1968
2009
2010
10,3
13,6
18,9
28,8
30,9
32,5
35,0
34,6
30,3
24,7
16,0
10,3
35,0
2007
1990
1990
2012
2003
1964
1936
2007
1992
1934
1926
1961
1936
11.0
14,0
20,4
28,2
31,4
33,5
35,4
36,0
31,1
25,5
19,0
11,1
36,0
2007
1990
1903
2012
2005
1901
1936
2010
2008
1999
1926
2009
2010
11,5
14,8
19,7
28,5
31,5
32,7
35,2
35,3
31,8
24,7
17,0
11,6
35,3
2007
1989
1990
2012
2007
1964
1994
1992
1992
1985
2002
1961
1992
11,8
15,0
22,0
29,2
34,2
34,0
35,8
36,2
32,2
25,2
17,2
12,7
36,2
2007
1990
1968
2012
1898
1972
1904
1992
1961
1966
1968
1961
1992
9,0
11,1
17,3
27,6
30,9
32,6
35,3
38,7
29,9
24,5
13,1
9,7
38,7
2007
1990
1990
2012
1912
1940
2010
2010
2008
1999
1930
2009
2010
9,8
12,9
19,8
29,1
31,8
33,2
36,3
36,8
30,6
25,5
14,5
10,9
36,8
2005
1990
1913
2012
1889
1889
1897
2010
2008
1999
2002
2009
2010
11,6
17,2
22,8
30,7
34,3
33,2
36,6
36,6
31,5
26,4
19,0
14,5
36,6
1993
1990
1913
1950
1892
1901
1959
1892
2008
1966
2002
1961
1959
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Pinsk
Gomel
Vasilevichi
11,2
16,4
22,3
30,2
32,9
35,5
36,1
36,3
32,6
26,7
20,3
12,8
36,3
2007
1990
1974
2012
1892
1885
1904
1905
2008
1966
2002
1961
1905
9,6
15,8
20,7
29,3
32.5
34,0
37,9
38,9
32,2
27,5
18,0
11,6
38,9
2007
1990
1990
2012
2007
1998
1936
2010
2008
1999
2010
2008
2010
11,5
15,7
21,7
30,3
33,0
35,3
37,0
38,0
32,5
27,1
23,7
12,0
38,0
1975
1990
1990
2012
2007
1901
1936
1946
2008
1915
1926
1961
1946
Precipitation and wind
The rainfall analysis for the period of warming (1989-2013) shows some decrease in
precipitation, mainly, in the southern and ameliorated part of Belarus. In the northern part a
slight increase in precipitation is observed. In general, it can be assumed that the precipitation for
the period of warming on the territory of Belarus has changed slightly (Figure 2.4).
мм
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
2013
2009
2005
2001
1997
1993
1989
1985
1981
1977
1973
1969
1965
1961
1957
1953
1949
1945
1938
1934
1930
1926
1922
1915
1911
1907
1903
1899
1895
1891
-200
Figure 2.4 - Annual precipitation exucurcion fom the climatological norms (656 mm)for the
period 1881-2013 in the Republic of Belarus
At an average over the last twenty years in warm season shortage of precipitation was
observed in April, June, October, November, December, and especially in August, when the
average shortage of precipitation is 10 - 15%. At the same time exeedence in normal
precipitation is observed in March and October, especially in February, when the falls of up to
120% of norm (Figure 2.5).
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
%
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Figure 2.5 - Monthly precipitation excursion from the climaticological norms t for 1989-2013
in the Republic of Belarus
Starting from the 70s of the last century there is a tendency to a decrease in the mean
wind speed, which generally corresponds to the general trends (Figure 1.6). However,
established in the Republic of Belarus "Atlas of winds" allows to evaluate the wind potential in
different regions of Belarus and indicates the possibility of a wide effective use of wind energy
as a renewable energy source.
Figure 2.6 – Average wind speed (m/s) excursion from the long-term values (the rate of 3.4
m/s ) for the period 1946-2013 in the territory of the Republic of Belarus
Dangerous and adverse events
Every year, on the territory of Belarus registered from 9 to 30 dangerous
hydrometeorological events. Most of indicated dangerous hydrometeorological events are local.
However, events such as frost, strong winds, heavy rain, heavy snow, extreme fire danger in
some years cover a significant part of the territory of Belarus. Analyzing the total number of
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
dangerous hydrometeorological events it should be noted that no significant increase was
observed. Distribution of dangerous hydrometeorological events by years is provided in the
Figure 2.7.
Figure 2.7 - Dangerous hydrometeorological events in the Republic of Belarus
in 2004-2014 [4]
The impact of dangerous hydrometeorological events on economy is important
consequence of the ongoing climate change in the Republic of Belarus.
At present there is a trend of increasing economic damage to economy sectors as a result
of unfavorable and dangerous hydrometeorological events and environmental pollution. The
number of observed dangerous events (Figure 1.7) has increased in the Republic of Belarus in
2011 - 2013 while damage from them is more than 50% of the total damage.
The degree of influence of hydrometeorological conditions varies depending on the
nature of industrial activity and technological processes in different economic sectors. Individual
sectors of the economy of the Republic of Belarus have different degrees of sensitivity to
hydrometeorological events - a specific set of unfavorable weather conditions. The assessment of
damage from dangerous and extreme hydrometeorological event to economy sectors which was
conducted by international experts from the World Bank for is provided below:
agriculture - 42%,
fuel and energy - 19%,
construction - 12%,
municipal services - 8%,
road and rail transport - 7%.
Degree of weather dependence of Belarusian economy was defined as the total specific
30
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
weight of the most weather-dependent sectors in the GDP. According to expert estimates of the
State Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus the list of these sectors includes
agriculture and forestry (up to 10.4% of GDP.), fuel and energy (6.5%), construction (7.5%),
transport and communication (11.3%), residential services (2.9%) and municipal services (2.9%
of GDP).
The total contribution of weather-dependent sectors is 40 - 42% of GDP. Agriculture is
the most weather-dependent economy sector. The contribution of agriculture in GDP in the
Republic of Belarus reaches 10%.
However, climate changes not only increase dependence country on weather, but also
create new conditions for the production, including agricultural. The boundaries of agro-climatic
areas (Figure 2.8) has changed in the Republic of Belarus, a «new» IV agro-climatic area
appeared in the south of country, which has the most warm and length of growing season
compared with I, II and III areas.
Borders of agro climatic areas
Borders of agro climatic areas
under A.Ch. Shklyar (1973)
under V.I. Melnik (1989-2005)
Agro climatic areas:
Agro climatic areas:
I – North, II – Central,
I – North, II – Central,
III – South
III – South, IV – New.
Figure 2.8 - Comparison of the boundaries of the agro-climatic areas
Absolutly, it is very difficult to predict how these trends of basic climatic characteristics
changes of temperature and precipitation will remain in the future, but we can say that the
warming that began in the late twentieth century in the territory of Belarus is ongoing and the
results of monitoring of climate change require continuous studies and analysis.
Experts from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2006)
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National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
estimated the meteorological vulnerability of the territory of the Republic of Belarus according
to the accepted international approaches. There is the risk of influence of unfavorable weather
conditions and extreme hydrometeorological events on the economy that estimated as “higher”
(Table 2.4):
Table 2.4 - Meteorological vulnerability integral index
Meteorological
vulnerability
(the value of the
integral index)
Belarus
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Georgia
Albania
Serbia
«higher»
(581)
«higher»
(719)
«rhigher»
(739)
«rhigher»
(775)
«higher»
(614)
«middle»
(445)
A special place in climate change should be given to the scientific and practical
researches on climate change, especially for agro-climatic, water and other resources, with
following long-range forecasting of the parameters for the scientific base of programs of the
adaptation of the economy and biodiversity conservation in a climate change, as it is included in
the Concept of the National Strategies for Sustainable Socio-economic Development of the
Republic of Belarus up to 2030 and in the State Program of Measures to Mitigate Climate
Change for 2013-2020 and other documents.
2.5 Water Resources
The Republic of Belarus has comparatively favorable conditions with water supply.
Available natural waters resources are of fair quantity to satisfy modern as well as future needs.
There are large number of water objects presented by rivers (20.8 thousand), lakes (10.8
thousand), water-collecting areas (153) and pounds (1.5 thousand) on the territory of the
Republic of Belarus. Total length of the rivers is 90.6 thousand km. About 55% of the annual
flowoff falls at the Black sea basin (Dnieper, Sozh, Pripyat), 45% - the Baltic Sea basin (West
Dvina, Neman, Vilia, West Bug).
Water resources depend on meteorological conditions (rainfall, soil moisture,
temperature, evaporation from water surfaces, etc.), the hydraulic interconnection of surface and
groundwater, as well as on the intensity of their use.
For the annual evaluation of the water balance and water resources data hydrological
monitoring of surface water by 136 points, including on rivers and canals (122), lakes and
reservoirs (14) are used. In addition, there are 474 observation wells for monitoring of
groundwater.
The water resources accounted for 57.9 km3 in Belarus in an average year in water
supply, while 34.0 km3 are generated in the country.
In 2013, the surface of water resources in Belarus formed in accordance with
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
percipitation in the this year and humidity of the previous year and amounted to 62.4 km3 or
108% of the multiyear average value (57.8 km3).
Dnieper River accounted for 22% of countries flowoff (14.4 km3), Sozh River - 15% (9.1
km3), Pripyat River - 18% (11.5 km3), Western Dvina River - 34% (20.3 km3), Neman River 8% (5.1 km3) and Viliya River - 3% (2.0 km3) of total flowoff in the coutry.
Characteristic features of the water regime of rivers in Belarus observed in 2012 were
based on data from systematic observations of the consumption and level of water in the
hydrological gauges of SI “Republican Hydrometeorological Center”. The first ice events on
rivers were formed in late December, the second and third decade of January due to the
prevalence of warm weather in December 2011 and the first half of January 2012, which are 3060 days later multiyear dates. Steady freezing formed in the second and third decade of January
that is 25-60 days later than multiyear average term.
Major part of the large rivers flowing through Belarus is transboundary. Their water
resources are partly formed beyond the country on the territory of the Russian Federation
(Dnieper, Sozh, West Dvina), Ukraine (Pripyat, West Bug), Poland (West Bug). Crossing
Belarusian borders the large transboundary rivers flow through the territory of Ukraine
(Dnieper), Lithuania (Neman and Vilia), Latvia (West Dvina).
Belarus has significant underground water resourcessuch as fresh drinking (salt content is
less than 1g of dissolved solids in 13 of water), mineral (table water and for balneological
procedures), as well as salt brines with a concentration of dissolved solids from 35 till 500
g/dm3. Renewable (natural) resources of underground waters amounted to 15,9 km3 per year,
prospective – 18.1km3 per year. Fresh underground waters are the main source of utility and
drinking water supply.
There are 282 deposits for drinking water supply for 106 settlements with production
reserves of fresh water in an amount of 7065.0 thousand. m3/day on the territory of the Republic.
183 water intakes are widely used, from which 99 are in reserve.
The Republic of Belarus has considerable resources of mineral waters, which are used for
sanatorium treatment, production and consumption for drinking in wide range of bottled water.
There are 224 wells with mineral water, which are 130 wells in operation, 94 wells – in
reserve.
According to the State Water Cadastre in 2013 there was a negative trend in water intake
from water bodies and groundwater sources, and noted reduction of volume by 71 million m3 or
4.3% (Table 2.5) [3].
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Table 2.5 - Extraction of fresh water in Belarus in 2009-2013., Million m3
2010 г.
1598
2011 г.
1638
2012 г.
1641
2013 г.
1571
Surface waters
721
747
743
696
Underground waters
877
891
898
874
Extracted water category
Total
Reduction in the water intake from water bodies and groundwater sources compared to
2012 was observed in all regions of the country, except Grodno, where the index remained at the
same level.
Underground waters in the structure total water intake still accounted for 56%, in 2012 55%.
The volume of water losses from transportation to use treatment reflects the level of
technical status of water supply systems. Water losses during transportation in 2013 decreased
campared to 2012 by 1 million m3 (Table 1.6), however, the proportion of losses in relation of
water drawing remained at 5% [3].
Table 2.6 - Water losses during transportation in Belarus in 2009-2013, Million m3
Region, city
Brest region
Vitebsk region
Gomel region
Grodno region
Minsk region
Mogilev region
Minsk
Total:
2009
7
12
10
6
8
13
28
84
2010
7
18
14
7
14
15
27
102
2011
6
11
14
6
12
14
20
84
2012
7
11
13
6
14
13
20
84
2013
6
8
12
7
14
14
25
83
In 2013 1373 million m3 of water were used for various needs in the economy that is by
69 million m3 less than in 2012 (Table 2.7). Herewith, 35% (34% in 2012) of the total amount of
water are used for drinking purposes, for the production - 30% (as in 2012), for fishering - 27%
(28% in 2012), for agriculture- about 7% (8% in 2012), for irrigation - 0.4%.
Table 2.7 - Dynamics of water use in Belarus for various needs in 2009-2013., million m3
Needs
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Drinking needs
501
495
486
492
477
Production needs
371
393
423
429
407
6
7
4
6
5
110
108
110
114
112
Irrigation
Agricultural water supply
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Pond fish farming
350
357
383
401
372
Всего:
1338
1359
1406
1442
1373
The use of drinking water for production purposes has increased by 2 million m3 (1.1%)
and accounted for 171 million m3.
The per capita rates of water consumption has decreased in 2013 compared to 2012 by
3.5% and amounted to 138 l/per/day, which corresponds to the level of water consumption in
most European countries (120-150 l/pers./day).
Public Water supply is 86%, including the rural population - 57%; Acsess to Public
Disposal system is 74%, including the rural population - 30% [3].
Priority problems of groundwater use:
−
insufficient access to centralized water supply, especially of the rural population;
−
insufficient public access to quality drinking water from centralized water supply
systems;
−
in-stream violation of drinking water in centralized water supply to quality
standards for nitrates and other indicators;
−
big loss of water in the water supply systems due to the deterioration of the
systems.
1.4 million of people from which 1.1 million is rural population use decentralized sources
of water (shaft wells).
In 2013 water using in the circulation water supply systems was by 1% more in 2012 due
to increasing in production in the fuel and energy sector, despite the total down trend, which was
consistently observed since 2010.
The status of water bodies of the country as a whole is estimated as satisfactory - more
than 90% of the monitoring stations in 2013 were characterized by good quality of water and
about 10% - satisfactory in accordance with the assessment of water quality using a water
pollution index for the interpretation of a large amount of hydrochemical data in the Republic of
Belarus.
2.6 Soils and Land Resources
Main soil types in Belarus are as follows: sod-podzol, sod-podzol-watelogged, sod and
calcareous, calcareous-waterlogged, peat-bog and flood plain sod soils.
Mechanical composition of soil-forming materials is quite heterogeneous, however,
sabulous soils – 42.5%, loam and clay soils – 37.6%, sandy – 13.6% and peat soils – 6.3% are
prevailed among croplands.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
By the degree of moisture of 45.3% of the total area of arable land is represented by
automorphic (normally moist) soils, 40.3% - semi-hydromorphic (long-term excessive moisture),
and 14.4% - hydromorphic (permanently excessive moisture). Thus, the main fund of arable land
in Belarus (85.6%) includes soils of automorphic and semi-hydromorphic series.
Land Fund of the Republic of Belarus amounted to 20,760.0 thousand ha on 01.01.2014;
43.3% of the fund are used by agricultural organizations; private farms - 0.8%; population 4.6%; state forestry organizations - 40.6%; industry, transport, communications, defense, land
occupied by hydraulic structures, etc. - 2.9%; environmental, health, recreational, historical and
cultural purposes - 4.5%; public land and others - 3.4%.
Structure of the State Land Fund of the Republic of Belarus by type land uses is shown in
Table 2.8. Data on the areas land obtained from the State Committee on Property of the Republic
of Belarus [6].
Table 2.8 - Structure of the Land Fund of the Republic of Belarus by the types of land and
its changes for 1990 - 2013.
Type of Land
1990
Area, thousand ha
2000
2005
2010
2013
Changes, %
1990-2013
Total agricultural land,
including:
- croplands
9414,8
9257,7
8984,9
8897,5
8726,4
-7,31
6104,9
6133,2
5539,4
5510,5
5559,7
-8,93
- meadow
3156,8
2995,1
3297,6
3240,6
3032,6
-3,93
- fallow lands and under
permanent crops
Forests Lands and other
forestry lands
Bogs
Water bodies
Roads and other transport
routes
153,1
129,4
147,9
146,4
134,1
-12,41
8229,2
8436,8
8466,5
8566,7
8630,7
4,88
948,8
458,1
964,3
475,2
901,8
469,6
873
469,8
859,2
469,2
-9,44
2,42
326,9
358,1
371,9
392,1
396
21,14
338,9
154,7
142,5
147
150,4
-55,62
105,1
44,6
1046,2
328,7
24,1
760,3
327,6
5,4
1089,6
344
5,4
1186,4
353,8
5,7
1168,6
236,63
-87,22
11,70
20759,5
20759,9
20759,8
20759,8
20760,0
Streets and other public
spaces
Built-over land
Disturbed land
Unused and other land
The total area of land,
million ha
The reduction trend of croplands remained in 2013 and it decreased by 688 thousand ha
compared to the base year. The main reasons for this are: low-productivity land use change from
the agricultural use; trees and shrubs invasion; land allocating for industrial, housing and road
construction.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Belarus has adopted a series of laws, which define the procedure and rules for
environmental land restoration based on scientifically substantiated measures for their use.
Significant quantitative and qualitative changes for the better have been in the forest fund
of Belarus over the past 20 years. They are due to both the economic activity of the organizations
conducting forestry, and natural processes of forest growth. Total area of the forest fund of the
republic during this period increased by 1 million 373 thousand ha through the creation of new
forests on agricultural land low-productivity. Reforestation and afforestation in the Republic of
Belarus provides:
−
obligatory reforrestation of cut-over area, burned-out forests and other categories
of forest lands from forest fund in a period not exceeding 2-3 years after their formation;
−
compliance of tree species with habitat conditions; rational use of land from forest
−
conservation of biological diversity and gene pool of forests;
−
increase the area of oak, ash and linden forests;
−
the creation of forest plantation mainly from mixed species composition;
−
increase water protection, protective, health-improving of forests properties, as
fund;
well as their productivity and sustainability;
−
conservation (increase) of forest cover of the Republic of Belarus;
−
the satisfying of public socio-economic requirements in a variety forest products.
In addition, there is a steady increase of the area of ripening, ripe and overripe stands in
the Republic of Belarus. The area of ripe forest stands increased more than twice over a twentyyear period. 60% of Belarusian forests are represented by coniferous species. The Birch
dominates among broadleaved species. The hard-leaved species such as oak, hornbeam, ash,
maple, elm and others accounted for 4%.
A qualitative improvement of forest fund conditions of the republic along with the
increase in the total forest area is caused by goal-directed activity of foresters.
The total stand volume increased by 1.6 times, ripe stands volume amounted to
197 million m3 as a result due to of planned regulation of fellings, mainly, fellings for primary
use.
Built-up areas increased by 241.6 thousand ha. Other types of land area have not changed
so much.
The area of reclaimed lands on 1January 2014 amounted to 3436.1 thousand ha, including
drained land - 3406.5 thousand ha from which agricultural land accounted for 85.5%; irrigated 29.6 thousand ha (all irrigated lands are agricultural).
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Hence, estimating land and raw materials potential of Belarus as quite a high one it is
necessary to note that changes in the structure of the land supply within the last years are
connected with the restoration process of natural and household potential of lands, provision of
population with land parcels, transfer of low production agricultural lands to forestry enterprises,
optimization of agricultural land use, allocations for all kinds of construction etc. Area of the
environment stabilizing lands (forests, natural meadow, tree and shrubbery vegetation, marshes
and water) accounts for 50% of overall area of the lands. In comparison with West European
countries Belarus is characterized by greater safety of woodlands and wetlands.
The Chernobyl accident significantly affected land fund of Belarus. 246.2 thousand ha of
contaminated lands by radioactive materials or 1.2% of the total land area on 1January 2014
were transferred from use. Herewith, 63.1% of lands set-aside are the forest land, 1.9% are land
covered by trees and shrubs, 7.6% - land for wetlands, 27.4% - and other unused land.
Radioactive and chemical pollution, construction, mining, forest and peat fires, flooding
and bogging, intensive recreation, water and wind erosion lead to land degradation and
exhausting, as well as lose their ecological status [5].
Water erosion accounted for 85% of total eroded lands in Belarus, wind erosion
accounted for 15%. The total area of eroded and erosion-prone lands is more than
556.5 thousand ha [6].
2.7 Biological Resources
Belarusian biological diversity has large national and international importance, because it
supports global ecological balance and conservation of the biosphere's genetic systems.
Belarusian natural and socio-economic conditions facilitate to generate and protect at its territory
a great number of rare ecosystems and animal and plants species, which have disappeared or are
threatened with extinction in Europe. Sufficient areas of natural landscapes (resources of
valuable genetic fund) have survived in Belarus.
Belarus has considerable potential of biological diversity of both flora and fauna
resources.
Today natural vegetation occupies 62.2% of Belarusian territory. Flora is represented by
forests (7,8 million ha), meadows (3,3 million ha), bushes (0,49 million ha), bog (0.92 million
ha) and aquatic (0.48 million ha) vegetation. Plants are the most important natural component
forming Belarusian landscapes and influencing micro- and mesoclimate, developing significant
part of country’s natural resources [3].
Biological diversity indicator is availability of about 11,5 thousand plant species,
including higher plants – till 2100, inferior plants - 9000-9400 species. Till the present time it is
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
known 1638 species of vascular plants with absolute dominance of herblike species (1550).
Among woody plants there are 107 wild-growing indigenous species, of which 28 are trees, and
the rest are bushes, sub-shrubs and under- shrubs. It is known 430 bryophytes, 477 lichens, algae
- more than 2200, fungi - up to 7000 species.
The flora of Belarus exclide endemic species, but include the relics of past eras. More
than 130 rare relict species (8% of the flora) are among the vascular plants.
The territory of Belarus is located at the junction of two major vegetation zones - boreal
with domination coniferous and nemoral with a predominance of summer-green deciduous
forests. Such condition predetermined allocation within it three geobotanical subzones of oakdark-conifer south-taiga forests, hornbeam-oak-dark-conifer subtaiga and broad-leaved-pine
forests.
Forests are the natural wealth of Belarus; they are one of the main natural resources of the
country. Pine (55,6%) and spruce (11,2%) forests prevail in the structure of a forest. Smallleaved forests are mainly presented by birch (18,5%), black alder (7,7 %), white alder (1,4%)
and aspen (2,0%) formations. Portion of broad-leaved forests amount to 3,4%, including oak 2,9%.
Forest fund of Belarus accounted for 9.5 million hectares, percentage of forest land is
about 40 per cent. Timber volume is estimated at 1.7 million m3. Annual increase is more than
31.9 million m3 of timber. 0.9 ha of forested land and more than 180 m3 of stand volume per
habitant accounted for in the republic. Steady growth of areas of ripening, ripe and overripe
plantations is observed together with the increase in the total area of forest fund in Belarus. The
area of ripe forest stands increased more than twice over a twenty-year period. Forest coverage
of the republic increased nearly doubled over the past 60 years and reached a maximum value in
more than a hundred years period (1901 - 37.6%). The total stand volume increased by 2 times,
ripe stands volume amounted to 248.1 million m3 as a result due to of planned regulation of
fellings, mainly, fellings for primary use. In 1989 the share of ripe forests was only 2.3%, while
today it is 14.7%.
Allowable cut increased annually. In 2010 it was approved in the amount of 7.6 million
3
m , in 2011 - 8.3 million m3, in 2012 - 8.7 million m3, in 2013 - 9.3 million m3, in 2014 - 11
million m3, in 2015 - 11.3 million m3.
The age structure of forests is not effective in economy sense. Young growth and middleaged stands (66.6%) dominate on forest land. Ripe stands that define volume of allowable cut
and land fund accounted for 12%, ripping - 28,4%. 50.4% of the forests in the republic are
covered by pine, 23.1% - birch, 9.2% - spruce, 8.5% - black alder, 2.1% - aspen and 3.3% other species. Soft-leaved species (alder, birch, aspen) grow mainly in the lower places with
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
excessive moisture in the area of 2.9 million ha. Drainage of its lands is not reasonable for
environment. Replacing these species on coniferous and broadleaved in forest management and
reforestation should be carried out in small volumes, and fast-growing broadleaved species
should be considered as a long-term resource for economic use. A qualitative improvement of
forest fund conditions of the republic along with the increase in the total forest area is caused by
goal-directed activity of foresters. The volume of forest plantations created by planting materials
is steadily increasing in the forests of the Ministry of Forestry.
The Republic of Belarus is well-provided with forest resources. Forest resources include
forest and non-forest lands. Forest lands are the lands covered by forests and land not covered by
forests but intended for its recreation (glades, burned-out forests, failed forests, light forests,
wastelands and open forest communities). Non-forest lands are lands used for agricultural
purposes, glades, roads, reclamation network etc., as well as other lands of a forest fund
(wetlands, reservoirs, watercourses other areas unsuitable for forest growing) given for the needs
of forestry.
Information on the state of the forest fund of the Republic of Belarus includes in the State
Forest Inventory, according to which on 01.01.2014 the total area of forest fund land amounted
to 9477.1 thousand ha.
The increasing tendency of area under forests is continuing, which on 01.01.2014 year
amounted to 39.3%. Gomel (45.8%), Vitebsk (39.9%) and Minsk (38.5%) regions are
characterized with maximum area under the forests [4]. Lelchitsa district in Gomel region
(66.5%) and Rossony district in Vitebsk region (67%) are most covered with forests.
An increase of total stand volume was observed in 2013 compared to the previous year by
33.7 million m3, including the potential use - 20.7 million m3, which is caused by the natural
growth of forest stands and its remainder stock. Increase of stand volume is observed for all
species groups, as well as for ripe and overripe stands, the share of which increased from 13.6 to
14.1% in total wood stocks.
A major part of forest lands and volume of stands is contributed by middle-aged stands 3852.4 thousand ha and 853.8 million m3 respectively, the young growth - 1557.9 thousand ha
and 116.6 million m3, ripening - 1774 0 thousand ha and 462.7 million m3, ripe and overripe 938.6 thousand ha and 236.0 million m3 contribute.
In general, the area of forested land and volume of stands accounted for 8123.3 thousand
ha and 1669.1 million m3, respectively, from which area of the main forest forming species is
8085.6 thousand ha and volume of stands - 1668.4 million m3.
However, forestry has a number of unresolved problems. Species composition of the
forests is not optimal yet. Areas of hard-leaved forests are 1,5-2,0 times less than they could
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
really be. Percentage of soft-leaved species is high enough, the forestry coverage is not regular.
Average volume of ripe stands per 1 ha, as well as their average density accounted for 50-60%
of optimal. Intensity of use of forest resources is not high: about 1% of total reserve and about
50% of average annual growth.
Proper forest management and competent forestry have positive impact on forests, their
flora and fauna, soil, water protection and protective functions. Fellings, reforestation and
afforestation, forest melioration, side use of forest resources have a most significant on impact
forests.
Volume of commercial wood from all types of felling in 2013 accounted for 14,590
thousand m3. At the same time fellings for primary use was about 30% [3].
As in previous years, the largest area of fellings was in Minsk region (22.6% of the total
fellings), Gomel (20.6%) and Brest (20.4%), followed by Mogilev region (13.8%), Vitebsk
(12,3%) and Grodno (10.3%).
Conservation of forests (reforestation) is a complex of measures to establish forest stands
on lands where the forest was felled during the primary use or destroyed by natural disasters
(fires, hurricanes, pests and forest diseases). The forest composition, increase its productivity are
improved in the process of reforestation, as well as environmental, water conservation, safety,
sanitation, recreation and other environmental functions of forests are implemented.
Afforestation is carried out on land where the forests have not grown earlier. As a rule,
this is the lands transferred from agriculture, exhausted mine fields (peat, sand, building
materials) and contaminated by anthropogenic emissions.
Science-based reforestation and afforestation is an important condition for sustainable
forest management and use; as well as is an instrument for conservation of forest flora and fauna
biodiversity, the genetic potential of forests and environment.
In 2013, forest management projects were implemented on an area of 1442 ha.
Reforestation and afforestation were implemented on an area of 31.2 thousand ha, including
planting and sowing forests - 24.7 thousand ha. Young growth species was transferred to
category of valuable wood species on 52.3 ha, also 20.8 million seedlings was planted in the
nursery, 184.9 tons of seeds of trees and shrubs were harvested [3].
An important indicator used for quantitative assessment of stands is productivity. In
general, the productivity of forests in Belarus in 2013 compared to 2012 increased by
35.7 thousand ha and accounted for 8,123.3 thousand ha. In 2013, as before, the largest
contribution was from amounted high-productive forests (53.7% of the total productivity of
forests in Belarus), the lowest – from low-productivity (3.3%), the contricution of middleproductive forests amounted to 43.0% [3].
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
According to the State Forest Inventory data forest area in group I (forest reserves,
sanctuaries, urban forests, protective wooded area, etc.) and group II (commercial forests) in
2013 increased by 34.7 and 178.7 thousand ha, respectively. Total forest area in group I
accounted for 50.8% of the total forest area of these groups, II group - 49.2%.
Belarusian forests is affected by fires that occur from 400 to 1,500 forest fires annually
and cover in some years up to 2.5 thousand ha. 2013 was characterized with low flammability;
fire has been covered an area of 48 ha and it was absolute minimum for the last 24 years [2].
The state forestry and environmental organizations provide forests monitoring on the
status of diseases and forest pests. Generally, in 2013, forest-pathology situation in the forests of
Belarus has slightly improved. Forest ecosystems stability that was impaired in previous years
began to improve.
The total area of disturbed stands in 2013 amounted to 8023 ha and was by 1665 ha lower
than in previous year. The area of disturbed coniferous reached 7 503 ha (93.5% of the total area
of disturbed area).
Reduction in the area of disturbed forests was caused, mainly, by decrease in adverse
effect of weather conditions, as well as due to decrease in the area of forest affected by fires.
RUE "Bellesozaschita" implemented measures for destruction of forest pests in the area
of 25 825 ha. The forest disease centers in an area of 91,622 ha were destructed by natural
factors [3].
Shrub vegetation is represented by the groups of hydrophytic willow-shrubs (52,5%)
being formed at wetlands, xerophitic juniper bushes confined to heathlands and uniquely rare
blackthorn (34,2%), as well as flood plain shrubs (13,3%).
Meadow vegetation in Belarus is represented by wide spectrum of herbal communities of
upland, bottomland, river and lake valleys. The meadows, with the exception of flood plain
meadows, are secondary. Without practical use – haying, pasturing, and maintenance - they
brush, grow over, swamp. Poium’s ecological role is to create favorable conditions to exist for
numerous plants and animals, which need open space, including rare and endangered, as well as
useful for agriculture species. Mosaic of forest and non-forest (meadows and marshes) areas
create auspicious ecological and aesthetic conditions, increase environment’s biotopical capacity.
Under meadow grass-cover a peaty sod soils are formed. They play significant erosionpreventive
and water protection role that used by bioreclamation of disturbed soils.
Water vegetation is mainly typical for Belarusian Poozerie. In rivers, lakes, reservoirs and
ponds there are beds of bur reed, rushes and arrowhead. Macrophytes form trails of various
widths along coastlines. In the mid-water, at the bottom of water bodies hundred species of algae
are widespread.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Among mire vegetation prevail eutrophic bog formations that account for 61,1% of total
area; they are followed by mesotrophic (transition) bog - 20,7% and oligotrophic bog - 18,2%.
Eutrophic bogs prevail at Polesie, oligotrophic – at Poozerie, and mesotrophic bogs are mainly
typical for the central part of the country.
Bog vegetation has changed significantly within the last decades. Bogs were the main
objects of drainage reclamation and further transformed to the agricultural lands. Upon this, the
area of open bogs and carrlands has decreased considerably, and transition and oligotrophic bogs
– in a less degree. The bogs of Belarusian Polesie and central part of the country have been
intensively developed, where the area of open bogs and carrlands has decreased more than twice
for 40 years. The area of oligotrophic bogs has decreased considerably in the result of the peat
removal [3].
Within the last decade Belarusian bog landscapes, which fix one of the greenhouse gases
– carbon dioxide (CO2) effectively, have been obtaining a discrete role because of the problem of
global warming. At the same time, bogs withdrawing carbon from the atmosphere produce
methane and thereby to some extent regulate the climate. If tropical countries (India, Brazil,
Australia) are the source of carbon dioxide, Belarus - one of the most significant sinks of CO2 in
terrestrial ecosystems. All this shows the great biospheric importance of wetlands in the carbon
cycle, and therefore stresses the need for a more rational use and protection of wetland
ecosystems.
Oligotrophic bogs of Byelorussian Poozer'e are particularly valuable for environment.
Their largest massifs (Elnya, Osveyskoye, Yuhovichskoe, Golubickaya Puscha, Domzheritskoe
et al.) are included in existing or projected reserves and national nature-sanctuaries.
Belarusian fauna is presented by 453 species of vertebrates and more than 30 thousand
species of invertebrates. Mammals are presented by 6 orders, of which insectivores include 10
species, bats - 16, predators - 16, duplicidentates - 2, rodents - 26, paridigitates - 6 species. There
are 298 species of birds, of which 225 species build their nests at the country’s territory. 46
species of vertebrates are in the Red Data List of IUCN, the nature complexes of the republic
play discrete role in preservation of these species: aurochs, lynx, European otter, European mink,
aquatic warbler, great snipe, ferruginous duck, white-tailed eagle, corncrake, greater spotted
eagle, sterlet, vendace etc.
A modern network of especially protected areas is created for conservation of the
biological and landscape diversity. On 1 January 2014 the network of special protected natural
areas included 1213 objects (by 7 less than in 2012), including 1 reserve «Berezinsky Biosphere
Reserve», 4 national parks («Belovezhskaya Pushcha», «Braslavskie ozera» «Pripyatskiy» and
«Narochanskiy»), 85 national nature-sanctuaries, 248 local reservations, as well as 306 and 568
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
national and local natural monuments, respectively.
The total area of special protected natural areas in 2013 amounted to 7.8% of the total
area of the country. In comparison with 2012 the its total area increased by 46.0 thousand ha,
mainly due to the increase of the local reservations area on 43.6 ha. At the same time, area of
republican reserves decreased by 4.2 thousand ha [3].
There is a following structure of the total area of special protected natural areas in the
territory of the country: in the Brest region (14%), Grodno (9.9%), Vitebsk (8.8%), Minsk
(6.4%), Gomel (5.7%) and Mogilev (2.3%) [3].
Forest ecosystems make the largest contribution in the structure of special protected
natural areas. According to the State Forest Inventory in 2013 special protected natural areas
(SPNA) included 1369.3 thousand ha of forest fund. As in previous years, reserves accounts for
the largest area of forest land.
SPNA basis includes national areas, of which importance is recognized at the
international level. Among them are the National Park of Belovezhskaya Pushcha (the
monument of world heritage, transboundary biosphere reserve) and the Beresino Biosphere
Reserve. The status of Ramsar site of international importance was given to the Olmansk
Marshes, the Mid Pripyat, Prostyr, Kotra, Osveiskiy, Elnya, Zvanec Republican Landscape
Sanctuaries as well as the Sporovsky Biological Reserve. Six specially protected natural areas
have the status of important botanical areas, fourteen - are included in the list of areas of
importance for the conservation of wild birds in Europe.
The most important environmental problem for biological diversity conservation is the
protection of rare and endangered species of plants and animals.
According to the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus the number of
rare and endangered species of wild plants and animals are included in the Red Data Book of the
Republic of Belarus or protected in accordance with international agreements of the Republic of
Belarus. Their level in 2013 was a same as in 2012.
2.8 Population
Sustainability of social and economic development of the country is determined by its
population size and quality, labour potential, professional and qualification manpower balance,
manpower needs, and its competitiveness at labour-market.
As on 1 January 2014 the population was 9468 thousand, average population density was
46 persons per km2, urban population – 76.8%. Demographics trend is presented in table 2.9 [7].
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Table 2.9 Demographics (as of January 1 for Each Year)
Index
Population, mln.
persons
1991 г. 1996 г. 2001 г.
10,2
2014
10,0
9,6
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
Urban population 6,7
6,9
mln. persons (%) (66,1) (67,9)
7,0
(69,7)
7,1
(72,0)
7,1
(7,8)
7,1
(73,2)
7,1
(74,5)
7,1
(75,1)
7,1
(75,8)
7,2
(76,3)
7,3
(76,8)
Natural
migration, %
-41,2
-51,3
--29,4
-26,0
-25,8
-29,1
-25,9
-10,6
-7,3
32,6
10,2
2006 г. 2008 г. 2009г. 2010 г. 2011г. 2012 г. 2013 г.
-32,6
Belarusian population creates a market for goods and services whose production requires
the use of fuel resources, wood and agricultural raw materials, which leads to the emission of
greenhouse gases. Life-sustaining activity of population is accompanied by generation of solid
domestic waste and water pollution, of which breakdown and treatment result in emission of
greenhouse gases.
In these ways, the population has a direct and indirect effect on greenhouse gas
emissions. Population dynamic has “relatively positive” effect on these processes in the period
1990 - 2013. During this period the population decreased by 0.7 million pers., which may be
considered as demand dumpling effect in the country. In some cases it had limited of increasing
of municipal wastes, as well as the growth of production for domestic needs, and thus had
contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Over a period of last 20 years demographic crisis is observed in Belarus. First of all, it is
shown by decline in birth rate, rise in mortality, and resulted in drop in population. Natural loss
is caused by two factors: aggravation of social and economic crisis in mid 1990th and worsening
of reproduction quality of age structure of population that resulted in birth decline and rise in
mortality. The present tendency is typical for both rural and urban population. However, there is
a growth of population in cities because of migration inflow.
Urban population is characterized by high concentration. There are 1.9 million persons in
Minsk (26.8 % of urban population). Five regional centers concentrate 26.7 % of urban
population. There are 8 towns with population from 100 thousand up to 250 thousand, that is
15.6% of urban population. It is amounted 14 towns with population of 100.0 thousand and more
and 197 small and medium urban settlements with population of less than 100,0 thousand per
each in Belarus [2].
Negative demographic phenomena associated with the low birth rate resulted in reduction
of the number of children and led to the so-called “down-processes in demographic aging”, when
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
the number of elderly people exceeds children and adolescents.
At the same time a “top aging process” called was observed in 90th due to the relative
increase elderly people in the age structure of the population the. According to the UN scale
population as a whole is considered as old if its share of the total number of persons is more than
7% over 65 years. In Belarus in 2013 as in 2012 this value was 13.8%, thus almost in 2 times
higher than this parameter.
The average age of the population in 2013 accounted for 39.9 years, in 2012 - 39.8 years,
in 2011 - 39.7 years, in 2010 - 39.6 years, in 2009 - 39.5 years, in 2008 - 39.3 years [2].
The influence of urbanization on change in greenhouse gases emission cannot be
estimated unequivocally. On the one hand, rural population is the main consumer of firewood,
peat bricks and other stove fuel used by individual households and is characterized by lower
efficiency as compared with exploitation of city thermal power plants. Besides, production of
household fuel for rural population is connected with negative impact on the sinks of greenhouse
gases (forests, peat bogs). On the other hand, urban population use transport services more
actively, have higher income rates, and economically urban population demand stimulate larger
use of fuel resources and agricultural goods in the republic and as a consequence increase in
emission of greenhouse gases.
In 2013 occupied population was 4545.6 thousand persons against 5151 thousand persons
in 1990 and 4443.6 in 2000, that is occupied population declined by 11.8% and 2,.3%
respectively.
Employment has changed. In the first half of 1990th there was an enlargement of service
sector and reduction of portion of industry and construction, and in the second half of the 1990th
an increase of population engaged in the service sector was accompanied by stabilization of
employment level of the population engaged in industry and decrease of agricultural
employment. There is a following distribution of the population by economic activity in 2013
(from the total employed population): industry - 25.2%, agriculture, hunting and forestry - 9.5%,
construction - 8.0%, transport and communications - 7.5%, trade - 14.3%, education - 9.8%,
other - 25.7% [1,10].
The labor force is the resource for sustainable development. Belarus has a significant
labor potential. The labor force in 2012 reached 6.06 million pers. or 64.0% of the population in
2013 and has not changed significantly [8].
In modern terms the state policy’s aim is to preserve the capacity of the labor force and
support maximal employment that results in a constantly low rate of registered unemployment as
compared with EIT countries; this figure was 0,5% of economically active population of the
country in 2013.
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
As a whole, the predicted decrease in the population of Belarus will create the
preconditions for reduction of environmental stress. In view of inter-regional differences these
maximum preconditions will be registered in Vitebsk and Mogilev and minimum will be - in
Minsk and Brest regions.
Contrast growth in the distribution of population at the territory of the country with
concentration increase at the areas of large cities, on the one hand, and reduction of remote areas
population, on the other hand, will act as a fillip for analogous changes in spatial load
distribution on the environment.
Upcoming expansion of the areas with very low population density within the country
will complicate the practical use of natural-resources potential, but provide more favorable
conditions to preserve biological and landscape diversity and form specially protected areas.
2.9 Economy
At present Belarus is a country with economy in transition. In the period of 2001-2013
the economy of the Republic of Belarus after a long stagnation period developed sustainably
despite an on-again crisis phenomena. In recent years there was a growth in GDP, as well as in
industrial production, investments, and living standards of the population was improved. The
table 2.10 shows that the country has a strong tendency of GDP growth despite the economic
crisis of 2010-2013 [10].
Table 2.10. Production of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 1995-2013
GDP in current prices,
bln. rubles
In comparable prices,
% to the previous year
GDP per capita,
thousand rubles
1995
2000
1
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
65 067
164 476
297 158
527 385
637 784
121 403
9134
89,6
105,8
109,4
107,7
105,5
101,5
100,9
11909
9131
6733
17 331
31 368
55 724
67135
GDP breakdown has not changed much over a period from 2005 till 2013 (Figure 2.11)
Figure 2.11. GDP Industrial Structure (at current prices, % to the Total) [1]
Total GDP – from
which:
Agriculture, hunting
and forestry
Industry
Construction
Trade
Transport
and
1
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
100
100
100
100
100
8,4
9,2
8,3
8,5
7,9
31,1
6,7
9,3
8,1
27,2
9,6
12,1
7,6
30,9
6,6
15,3
7,3
30,1
7,4
14,0
7,5
27,2
9,8
12,3
8,2
Taken into account the denomination in 2000 (a reduction of 1000 times)
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
communications
Other
economic
activities
Net taxes on products
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
22,4
24,7
22,5
22,2
24,3
14,0
12,7
12,2
12,7
12,5
Development rate of the agricultural complex was lower because of the considerable
influence of natural conditions of reproduction. Within the period from 2001 till 2013 a further
deepening of specialization of agricultural production took place in the agricultural sector,
organization and economic mechanism was improved, material and resource base was
strengthened, unprofitable agricultural organizations were reformed with debt restructuring,
cooperation and integration were developed. Belarus take the first place among the CIS countries
by the rate of growth of agricultural production per capita.
The population of Belarus in comparison with the large countries of the CIS (Russia,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan) is ensured better with meat and dairy products, eggs and potatoes. The
maintenance of relatively high consumption standard of industrial goods was facilitated by state
policy aimed at agricultural production support by means of economic subsidies. Today it has
significant social importance.
The trade including foreign is sustainable developed sector. The main foreign trade
partners of Belarus are the Russian Federation, followed by the Netherlands, Ukraine, Latvia,
Lithuania and others country. In 2012 mineral commodities (36.2%) dominated in the export
structure, among which stand out potassium fertilizers (2.8 mln. T); chemical products (21.7%);
goods of machine-building industry (17.9%). Principal imports are mineral commodities (39.4%)
and first of all oil (21.5 mln. T) and natural gas (21.1 bln. m3); machinery, equipment and
transport facilities (22.9%), as well as goods of chemical industry (12.4%)
2.10 Energy
Fuel-and-energy sector includes extraction, transportation, storage, and primary
processing of fuel, production and transportation of electricity and heat.
Main source of greenhouse gases is a process of fuel burning. Carbon dioxide (СО2),
carbon oxide (СО), nitric oxide (NO2), water (Н2О) and other substances of direct and indirect
greenhouse gases ate emitted from fuel combustion. In Belarus, as in other countries, “Energy”
sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and accounted for more than 60% of total
emissions according to the 2012 GHG National Inventory.
At present non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas, oil, coal, peat, blackes are
mainly used for the production of electricity and thermal energy in our country, renewable (solar,
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
water, wind, biomass) are less used. Over a period from 1990 till 2013 the structure of fuel-andenergy resources used for energy industry has changed. Natural gas has become a dominated
source of energy, having supplanted oil residue. The portion of coil used for heat development
has decreased. Firewood, wood wastes are leading among local fuels. Specific character of
Belarus is that considerable volume of peat and peat bricks are used for energy supply. Fuel
resources are mainly used to develop heat and electric power, and as a process fuel in industry.
At fuel consumption the portion of population’s consumption has increased which is connected
to the housing stock enlargement.
Additional source of greenhouse gases at the fuel-and-energy sector is the escape and
emission of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) during
transportation and storage of gas and fluid fuel, oil-processing. Transportation is mainly carried
out via pipelines (total length is 7530 km) and oil pipelines (2983 km), as well as via oil products
pipeline (751 km). Main sections of pipelines are in operation for more than 30 years and there
are defects in some of them. Oil-products are produced at two oil-processing plants. Intermediate
distribution of oil products is chiefly carried out by railway transportation to petroleum storage
depots and final - by vehicle transportation to filling stations.
The Republic of Belarus exceeds the average indicator of consumption of fuel and energy
resources per capita in comparison with other countries; however, this indicator is lower than in
the European Union countries. The consumption of fuel and energy resources per capita in 2011
for Belarus accounted for 3.11 tons of oil equivalent per capita (Figure 2.9).
Figure 2.9 – Fuel and energy resources consumption of per capita
in the countries in 2011 [10]
It should be noted that the Belarusian economy is characterized by a high level of energy
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
intensity of GDP, therefore the country has adopted series of programs aimed to reduce of this
factor, and as a result of the implementation of energy efficiency measures energy intensity of
GDP in 2013 decreased by 69% compared to 2005 (Figure 2.10).
Also, the Republic of Belarus has adopted series of laws aimed at the development of
renewable energy. The contribution of renewable energy sources in the total energy production is
negligible (approximately 5.6%), but has increasing tend (Table 2.12).
Table 2.12 - Contribution of renewable energy sources in the gross consumption of fuel and
energy resources, %
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
4,5
5,0
4,9
5,0
5,4
5,0
5,6
Figure 2.10. The energy intensity of gross domestic product
(as a percentage of 2005). [10]
The main direction for development of renewable energy sources is the restoration and
construction of small hydropower plants. According to the state cadastre of renewable energy
sources in Belarus there are 40 hydroelectric power plants, including small hydropower plants.
Their total capacity accounted for 14.2 MW and annual electricity generation is 65.36 million
KWh.
According to data on 10 September 2013 277 facilities, including 14 biogas plants, 14 solar, 3 – geothermal plants, 199 plants operated on wood and other types of biomass, 40 plants
for the hydropower energy, 7 wind turbines are operated in the country. Their total capacity is
397.5925 MW. The maximum possible amount of electricity that could be generated is
519 440.5 thousand KWh/year, of thermal energy - 2732 558.5 Gcal/year. The maximum
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from these facilities is 1478 804.7 tons/year. The
maximum possible fuel equivalent savings is 458 538.4 toe annually. 133 juridical entities and
individual entrepreneurs have renewable energy facilities.
Also, the State Cadastre of Renewable Energy Sources includes data of potential
renewable energy facilities, and the total number of facilities is 115, including, solar - 2, wind
energy - 83, the geothermal - 2, the hydropower energy -13, wood, and other types of biomass 6, biogas energy - 9. The installed capacity will be 184.96 MW. The maximum possible amount
of electricity generation will be 1 251 516 thousand KWh/year, heat - 123 865.85 Gcal/year.
The maximum possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from these facilities will be
367 228.21 tons/year.
Increasing of renewable energy sources use the stress on environmental and climate will
decrease subsequently.
2.11 Transport
Transport is the second largest source of greenhouse gases after the heat and electricity
production. The functioning of transport complex is followed by CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, NOx and
NMVOCs emission.
Belarusian transport complex encompasses railway, auto, inner water and air transport.
The main modes of transport are railway and road transport.
In the period between 2000 and 2013, the passenger turnover by all modes of transport
reduced by 13.4% and the freight turnover increase half again as. The structure of passenger
traffic by all modes of transport substantially changed. Thus the share of railway transport in the
total passenger turnover reduced from 6% in 2000 to 4% in 2013, while the share of bus and air
transport increased from 53.8% and 0.01% to 58% and 0.007%, respectively, over the same
period. In the structure of cargo turnover in 2013 the rail transport amounted to 34.2% and motor
transport - 17.9% [1, 3].
2.12 Industry
Greenhouse gases are emitted in industry as a by-product of certain technological
manufacturing cycle. Industry branches generating greenhouse gases of technological origin are
metallurgy, machinery, and metalworking (electric smelting, rolling and pipe production,
foundry casting work, production and repair of refrigerating engineering), petrochemical
industry (ammonia, nitric acid, caprolactam and ethylene production), industry of construction
materials (cement, lime production), woodworking and pulpand-paper industry, glass industry.
Greenhouse gases are formed as a result of fuel burning in process furnaces to reach high-grade
heat and during chemical and thermal transformation of materials. In the above processes CO2,
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
CO, N2O, NOx, NMVOCs and hydro fluorocarbons (HFC) are formed.
The structure of industrial production of the Republic of Belarus in 2013 was as follows:
manufacturing industry accounted for 90.4%, mining - 1.6%, and the production and distribution
of electricity, gas and water - 8.0%.
The detailed structure of industrial production is presented in the Table 2.12.
2.13 Agriculture and Forestry
Main non-energy source of the greenhouse gases is agriculture. This sector is the largest
second in greenhouse gas emissions. It accounts for 26.2% of the total national emissions of
greenhouse gases.
The main source of greenhouse gases emissions in agriculture is livestock, where
greenhouse gases (mainly methane) are emitted in the process of enteric fermentation and
manure management. Main sources of the greenhouse emission in farming are organic and
mineral fertilizers application into soil, biologically nitrogen fixation, nitrogen leaching and
runn-off, crop residues and cultivation of organic soils. During the above processes N2O, CO2,
CH4 are released.
Thus, key drivers to the trend of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture are livestock
population, crop production, as well as the application of mineral and organic fertilizers are.
During 1990-2012 total decrease in livestock population is observed in the Republic of
Belarus (table 2.13). The reason of such decline is economic change after disintegration of the
Soviet Union, and as a result feed deficit in the country. During USSR-times feeds for cattle was
imported from Kazakhstan, however, after its disintegration import prices was high and livestock
was slaughtered. Since 1995 these trends become more smoothly. The sharp decline in the
number of swine in 2013 was due to the epidemic of African swine cholera in the country.
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Table 2.12. Structure of industrial production of the Republic of Belarus, 2005 - 2013.
Mining
Tobacco, food and beverages production
Textile and clothing production
Leather and footwear production
Wood production
Pulp and paper industry. Publishing
Coke, oil products and nuclear materials
Chemical production
Rubber and plastic products
Mineral and other non-metallic products
Metal industry
Machinery and equipment production
Electrical and optical equipment
production
Transport and equipment production
Other industry sectors
Production and distribution of electricity,
gas and water
2005
2,5
17,6
4,0
0,9
1,9
1,9
19,0
8,8
2,5
4,0
5,9
9,4
2007
1,6
17,0
3,6
0,8
1,8
1,9
19,0
7,8
3,5
4,6
6,9
9,5
2008
1,5
16,7
3,3
0,7
1,7
1,7
20,2
9,9
3,1
4,9
7,2
9,2
2009
2,0
20,3
3,4
0,8
1,6
1,8
18,2
8,5
3,2
5,2
6,3
9,4
2010
0,8
20,1
3,4
0,8
1,5
1,9
17,5
9,0
3,5
5,2
7,0
9,1
2011
1,5
17,6
3,1
0,8
1,3
1,6
21,2
11,5
3,6
4,2
6,9
7,9
2012
1,4
18,5
2,9
0,7
1,3
1,4
20,5
11,8
3,7
4,4
6,6
9,4
2013
1,6
22,4
3,2
0,8
1,7
1,6
15,8
7,7
4,0
5,5
6,7
9,7
3,8
4,0
3,6
3,6
3,8
3,5
3,5
3,9
5,9
2,1
6,8
2,4
6,1
2,4
4,1
2,3
4,5
2,3
5,5
2,3
4,5
2,3
4,5
2,6
9,8
8,9
7,7
9,3
9,6
7,6
7,1
8,1
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Table 2.13 - Livestock population 1990-2013
Thousand of Heads
Year
mln. heads
Cattle
Swine
Swine
Horses
Poultry
1990
7166
5204
510
219
49.8
1991
6975
5051
445
217
50.6
1992
6577
4703
424
212
51.7
1993
6221
4308
381
215
48.9
1994
5851
4181
323
215
33.2
1995
5403
4005
284
220
30.9
1996
5054
3895
262
229
26.4
1997
4855
3715
214
232
27.4
1998
4802
3686
186
233
27.5
1999
4686
3698
162
229
28.1
2000
4326
3566
150
221
27.4
2001
4221
3431
154
217
27.4
2002
4085
3372
149
209
26.2
2003
4005
3329
137
202
25.2
2004
3924
3287
126
192
24,5
2005
3963
3407
125
181
25,1
2006
3980
3545
121
168
28,5
2007
4007
3598
124
147
29,4
2008
4131
3705
126
137
31,2
2009
4151
3782
127
125
34,1
2010
4151
3887
124
113
37,5
2011
4247
3989
125
100
39,9
2012
4367
4243
133
92
42
2013
4321
3267
131
82
45.7
The structure of crops in 2013 slightly changed in comparison with previous years.
Compared to 2005, the proportion of cereals and leguminous crop increased from 42.3% to
45.8%; proportion of industrial crops increased twice from 5.8% to 10.6%. At the same time, the
proportion of forage crops increased from 41.8% in 2005 to 37.1% in 2013. The proportion of
the traditional Belarusian potato increased from 8.5% in 2005 to 5.4% in 2013.
The yield of cereals and leguminous crops decreased from 27.2 quintals per hectare in
1990 to 19.4 quintals per hectare in 2000, and then gradually increased in 2005 and accounted
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National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
for 28.1 quintals per hectare, and in 2013 increased to 29.7 quintals. The similar trend is
observed for other crops (flax, sugar beet, oilseed rape, potatoes, vegetables) is similar. The
increase in crops yield was mainly caused by growth in of fertilization level.
Production of main agricultural products was also gradually increased, the population of
the country is well ensured by them. The steady trend of reduction of the main sources of
greenhouse gases is observed due to some decline in agricultural production.
2.14 Waste
Waste Sector is one of the significantl sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse
gas emissions from Waste sector amounted to 7.0% of national emissions in 2012.
Steady growth in the volume of municipal waste is observed in Belarus over the past 16
years (Figure 2.11). Index of specific formation of solid municipal waste during this period
increased from 0.485 kg/person per day to 1.5 kg/person per day, i.e. almost by 3 times and
reached the European Union value (0.85-1.7 kg/person per day). The proportion of polymeric
materials and packaging waste, as well as glass increased in municipal waste during the last
years [3].
The volume of municipal solid waste in Belarus in 2013 amounted 5145 thousand tons.
Municipal solid waste includes wastes of consumption and wastes of production specified in the
approved list of Ministry of Municipal Services of the Republic of Belarus.
In 2013 3 414 thousand tons of wastes of consumption are generated in the country,
which amounted to major of municipal waste (66%).
Figure 2.11 - Dynamics of municipal waste generation in the Republic of Belarus in
1997-2013
One of the most important problems in the waste management is their recycling.
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Mechanisms for the involvement of secondary material resources into the economy are as
follows in Belarus:
−
receiving center system (procurement) at Belkoopsoyuz, concern “Belresursy”,
Ministry of Municipal Services;
−
the separate collection by the population;
−
sorting station of municipal waste.
Based on dada on 01.01.2014 the 894 centers for waste separation of total capacity of 450
tons/year, including 798 stationary centers and 96 mobile, are registered.
Development of separation station allows fully integrating into the existing scheme of
collection, removal and disposal of public waste, as well as allows to technify the process of
waste separation, gives possibility to install equipment for pre-treatment of secondary material
resources (cleaning, grinding, presses, etc.), to seal sorted waste to be disposed of.
Separation and transfer stations operate in these towns: Pinsk, Polotsk, Mozyr, Puhovichi,
Kobrin and Mogilev. Separation of secondary material resources were established in 81 districts.
Waste recycling enterprises were built in Gomel, Mogilev, Novopolotsk, Brest and
Baranovichi in order to more efficient recovery of secondary material resources from municipal
waste. Available waste recycling enterprises can recycle 10% of municipal waste, the rest are
disposed in landfills. It is planned that waste recycling enterprises will be built in the short term
in Grodno, Minsk, Vitebsk, Borisov, Bobruisk and Soligorsk.
Series of programs, including measures to increase the use of renewable energy sources,
that is the adoption of special systems and facilities for the capture and utilization of landfill gas,
the development and adoption of new technologies for waste disposal, were adopted in order to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Waste sector in the country.
The construction of the facility “Facility for degassing of landfill «Trostenets» was
realized. The total capacity of is 1MW.
The facility for degassing of landfill «Novo Mileevka» in Mogilev district with a total
generating capacity of 1 MW was put into operation.
Series of programs and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Waste sector
was planned for period 2011-2015.
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3
INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY OF THE
REPUBLIC OF BELARUS, INCLUDING INFORMATION ON NATIONAL SYSTEM
AND NATIONAL REGISTRY OF CARBON UNITS
This chapter contains information on the greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, which was
performed for the preparation of the 2012 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of
Belarus and submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2014. Summary Common Reporting
Format (CRF) tables are provided in the Annex 1. Also, this chapter includes information on the
institutional arrangements of the national GHG inventory system of the Republic of Belarus and
the National Registry of Carbon Units.
3.1
General information on GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus
Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent excluding net CO2 from LULUCF accounted for
89 283.33 Gg and since 1990 (139 151.23 Gg) decreased by 35.8% in 2012. Such reduction in
GHG emissions is primarily caused by a rapid fall in the period 1990-1995 due to economic
crisis in the country after disintegration of the Soviet Union and, as a result, leads to decreasing
in production and fuel consumption. From after 1995 GHG emissions scaled up due to increasing
of production, fuel consumption and waste generation volume, however, emissions have a
smoothed tendency (table 3.2 and figure 3.1). Such tendency of GHG emissions along with
increasing in production in the country after 1995 is caused by a gradual change in the structure
of fuel consumption, adoption of resource and energy saving technologies.
In comparison with 2011 (87 499.56 Gg) GHG emissions increased by 2.0%, first of all,
due to increasing in emissions in Energy sector (by 3.6%) which is produced the largest amount
of GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus – 61.9%.
Agriculture is the second sector in amount of GHG emissions and accounted for 26.2% of
total GHG emissions. GHG emissions in Waste and Industrial Processes sectors accounted for
7.0% and 4.8% of total national emissions, respectively. 0.1% of GHG emissions were from the
Solvent and Other Product. The key drivers influencing the trends of GHG emissions by sectors
are described below.
By gas component the main greenhouse gas in the Republic of Belarus is carbon dioxide
(CO2) that contributes in 2012 64.4% of the total GHG emissions (excluding net CO2 from
LULUCF), then followed by nitrous oxide (N2O) – 18,4% and methane (CH4) – 17,2%, HFCs
and SH6 accounted for 0.003%.
During the period 1990-2012 carbon dioxide emissions have decreased by 44.6%, nitrous
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oxide - by 18.5%, methane emissions have increased by - 1.1% (Table 2.3).
Figure 3.1 – GHG emission trends for the period 1990 -2012 by sectors, Gg CO2 equivalent
3.1.1 GHG emissions trends by gases
In the time series context it should be noted a significant reduction in emissions in CO2
equivalent in 2012 by 35.8% compared to 1990, primarily, due to decreasing of CO2 emissions
in the Energy sector by 46.8%. Such decrease of emission is caused by definite reduction of
production and adoption of energy saving policy in the national economy, as well as changes in
the structure of fuel consumption.
N2O emissions decreased by 18.5% for this period and, in turn, CH4 emissions increased
by 1.1% (table 3.3 and figure 3.2).
Such gases as HFCs, PFCs and SF6 are not produced and not used in the production in the
republic. They are coming to the republic mainly from equipment. Due to their trace usage these
gases have insignificant effect to the total GHG emissions.
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Figure 3.2 – Structure of GHG emissions
The trends of indirect GHG emissions are provided in the table 3.1.
Table 3.1 – Indirect GHG (including net CO2 from LULUCF) in 1990-2012, Gg
Gas
NOx
СО
NMVOC
SO2
1990
335,96
1527,22
301,46
1083,34
1995
170,96
591,08
132,93
459,08
2000
148,55
426,56
141,22
156,38
2005
167,98
530,18
144,95
100,96
2010
173,75
599,66
190,21
109,56
2012
189,92
681,34
189,56
146,86
Trend 1990- 2012, %.
-43,47
-55,39
-37,12
-86,44
As is seen from the table, total indirect GHG emissions are negligible. For the period of
1990-2012 there was significant reduction its emissions, in particular, SO2 – by 86.4%, СО – by
57.4%, nitrogen oxide and NMVOC – by 43.5% and 37.1% respectively. The indirect GHG
emissions have unsustainable trends for the last years. It is caused with such economy sectors as
Energy, Industrial Processes and Solvents and Other Products Use.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in Belarus. Total CO2 emissions (excluding
net emissions/removals in LULUCF) in 1990 amounted to 103 806.9Gg or 74.6% of the total
GHG emissions. By 2012 CO2 emissions decreased by 46.6% to 57 490.7 Gg and amounted to
64.4% of total GHG emissions in 2012 (table 3.3).
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the transport sector, energy industries and
manufacture, as well as commercial, agricultural and residential sectors are the main sources of
GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus. They contributed in 1990 and 2012 96.5% and 92.7
of total CO2 emissions in the Republic Belarus respectively (figure 3.3). It can therefore be said
that changes of CO2 emissions after 1990 are mainly caused by the changes in GDP structure
due to increasing in contribution of less energy-intensive industries, transition from coal and fuel
oil to natural gas; more intensive use of biomass in municipal and industrial sectors; as well as
adoption energy saving technologies in recent years.
Figure 3.3 – Carbon dioxide emission structure
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Table 3.2 – GHG emission trends for the period of 1990-2012, Gg CO2 equivalent
Trend
2011-2012,
%
Contribution in
the Total
emissions in
2012,
%*
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
Trend
1990-2012,
%
102 242,80
57 259,52
52 684,07
55 311,53
56 441,59
53 380,41
55 303,82
-45,91
3,60
61,94
Industrial Processes
Solvents and Other Products
Use
3 614,68
2 035,73
2 604,72
3 484,65
4 092,17
4 127,91
4 274,32
18,25
3,55
4,79
74,40
62,33
76,04
69,19
122,44
61,69
64,48
-13,33
4,52
0,07
Agriculture
30 644,62
21 344,50
20 844,70
20 688,10
22 586,57
23 442,58
23 371,52
-23,73
-0,30
26,18
Waste
2 574,73
2 137,64
2 955,57
4 620,24
6 183,13
6 486,97
6 269,18
143,49
-3,36
7,02
Total (Excluding LULUCF)
LULUCF (net
emission/removals)
139 151,23
82 839,72
79 165,10
84 173,72
89 425,90
87 499,56
89 283,33
-35,84
2,04
100,00
-28 574,44
-31 221,80
-30 902,78
-26 209,98
-30 179,18
-29 233,59
-25 500,74
-10,76
-12,77
Total with LULUCF
* - Excluding LULUCF
110 576,79
51 617,93
48 262,32
57 963,74
59 246,72
58 265,97
63 782,58
-42,32
9,47
Energy
Table 3.3 – GHG emissions by gases, Gg CO2 equivalent
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
Carbon dioxide
103 806,85
57 599,77
53 319,28
56 669,77
58 297,96
55 380,85
57 490,69
Contribution
in the Total
emissions in
2012,
%*
64,39
Methane
15 217,16
11 704,96
11 421,85
13 116,46
15 221,89
15 476,30
15 390,54
17,24
1,14
20 127,22
13 532,14
14 414,22
14 359,83
15 890,52
16 640,04
16 399,83
18,37
-18,52
9,75
27,67
15,52
2,36
2,27
0,003
-20,50
79 165,10
84 173,72
89 425,90
87 499,56
89 283,33
Gas
Nitrous oxide
*
HFCs, SF6
2,85
Total (Excluding
139 151,23
82 839,72
LULUCF)
* 1995 is a base year for reporting of HFCs, SF6 emissions
61
Trend,
19902012, %
-44,62
-35,84
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Methane (CH4)
Methane (CH4) is the second gas in contribution to total GHG emissions of the Republic of
Belarus. In 1990 emissions amounted to 15 217.2 Gg in CO2 or 10,9% of total GHG emissions. By
2012 CН4 emission increased by 1.1% to 15 390,5 Gg in CO2 equivalent and accounted for 17.2%
of total GHG emissions.
Figure 3.4 – Methane emission structure
The main source of CH4 emissions is enteric fermentation, degradation of domestic waste, as
well as natural gas leakage from transport and distribution system. Significant decrease of the
methane emission is observed for emissions from enteric fermentation in the agriculture sector. In
2012 these emissions amounted to 6 605.6 Gg in CO2 equivalent, that is by 33.7% lower compared
to 1990. Such trend is associated with the livestock population reduction compared to 1990.
CH4 fugitive emissions from natural gas and the degradation of domestic waste have
increased compared to 1990 by 29.7% and 157.5% respectively. Such rise in emissions is associated
with an increase in natural gas transmission through a system of transportation and distribution, and
with increasing volumes of municipal waste due to increasing level of production and consumption
of modern commodities and food.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Total N2O emissions in 1990 amounted to 20 27.2 Gg in CO2 equivalent, or 14.5% of total
GHG emissions. By 2012, N2O emissions decreased by 18.5% to 16 399.8 Gg in CO2 equivalent
and accounted for 18.4% of total GHG emissions.
Figure 3.5 – Nitrous oxide structure
The main sources are the agricultural soils and manure management systems in agriculture,
wastewater treatment, fuels combustion in the energy sector. These two categories cover 97.5% of
total national N2O emissions of. Such decrease of emissions in 1990 is observed in both categories.
This is due to reduce of using of mineral fertilizers, as well as a decrease in livestock population.
Fluoridated Gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6)
Emissions of fluorinated gases in the Republic of Belarus are small compared with
emissions of other greenhouse gases. In accordance with paragraph 8 article 3 of the Kyoto
Protocol, 1995 was chosen as a base year for reporting of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and
sulfur hexafluoride emissions.
In 1995, emissions of fluorinated gases amounted to 2.9 Gg in CO2 equivalent, or 0.003% of
total national GHG emissions. By 2012, emissions had increased to 2.3 Gg CO2 equivalent and
amounted to 0.003% of national emissions.
The main source of PFCs emissions is the consumption of these gases in the stationary
refrigeration equipment. Sulfur hexafluoride is used mainly in industry for the production of
semiconductors and packing the electrical equipment.
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3.1.2 Tends of GHG emissions/removals by source categories
1 Energy Sector
In 2012, a significant reduction of GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents by 45.9% compared
to the base year of 1990 is observed in the Energy" sector. In general, the trend of reducing GHG
emissions in the sector is similar to the general trend of national GHG emissions (Figure 3.2 and
Figure 3.6) where there is a considerable decrease in emissions from 1990 to 1995 due to recession
in the economy in the country. Further fluctuations in GHG emissions in the Energy sector are
mainly caused by changes in GDP structure (an increase in the share of less energy-intensive
industries, such as services and trade in 2012 compared with 1990), the active adoption of energysaving technologies at almost all sectors, the transition from using coal and oil to natural gas, more
intensive use of biomass in residential and industrial sectors.
Energy industry is a major source of GHG emissions where in 2012contributed 51.8% of the
total emissions in the sector and 32.1% of the national total GHG emissions. During the reporting
period, emissions in this category decreased by 56.1% due to the reduction of the gross fuel
consumption, as well as changes in the structure of its consumption in the country.
Emissions from fuel combustion in the manufacture and construction sector in 2012
amounted to 9 924.7 Gg in CO2 equivalent (17.9% and 11.1% of the sectoral and national total
emissions, respectively). In 2012 GHG emissions increased by 37.1% in comparison with 1990
which is caused by the construction growth rate since 2002.
Emissions from fossil fuels combustion in central heating and water heating in commercial,
agricultural and residential sectors in 2012 are accounted for 7 436.6Gg CO2 equivalent, or 8.1% of
national total emissions and 13.4% of sectoral emissions. This is by 49.7% lower than in 1990 (14
792 Gg CO2 eq.). Emissions in this category significantly depend on climatic and economic
conditions. In the Republic of Belarus biomass is mainly used for house heating in countryside.
This category also includes emissions from equipment used in agriculture and forestry.
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Figure 3.6 – GHG emission trends Gg in CO2 equivalent in Energy sector
Emissions from transport in 2012 amounted to 7 217.2 Gg in CO2 equivalent, or 8.1% of
total emissions and 13.1% of sectoral emissions, that is by 44.8% less than emissions in the
transport sector in 1990, that was 13 074.0 Gg in CO2 equivalents. For this category also reduction
in emissions is observed due to additional above mentioned reasons, such as changes of volume of
natural gas transportation through the territory of the Republic of Belarus, significant prices growth
of motor fuels and as result decreasing in purchasing power.
Emissions from other sources include emissions from fossil fuels consumed for the needs of
communication services. They are very small and in 2012 amounted to only 457.8 Gg in CO2
equivalent, or 0.5% of national GHG emissions.
Fugitive emissions include natural gas leakages at industrial and power plants, in residential
and commercial sectors, as well as emissions from venting and flaring of natural gas/ In 2012
emissions from this category amounted to 1 602.5 Gg in CO2 equivalent or 1.8% of national total
GHG emissions.
2 Industrial Processes sector
In 2012, emissions from Industrial Processes amounted to 4 274.3Gg CO2 eq. or 4,8% of
national total emissions, and were by 18.3% higher than the emissions from this source category in
1990, which amounted to 3 614.68 thousand tons in CO2 equivalents.
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Figure 3.7 – GHG emission trends Gg in CO2 equivalent in Industrial Processes sector
The GHG emissions trend has changed during the reporting period. Minimum value was
recorded in 1995 (2 035.7 Gg) as a result of a general economic recession in 90’s. Since 1995,
emissions have begun to rise gradually, but from 1999 to 2001, there was a decline, caused by the
decrease in cement and lime production. Over the following years, emissions from industry have
been steadily rising, due to an overall increase in production levels in the country.
Most of GHG emissions were from the following categories: cement production – 51.1% in
the sector, ammonia production – 30/8% and lime production – 13.0%.
3 Solvents and Other Products Use sector
Solvents and Other Products Use sector contributed minimal part of GHG emissions in the
Republic of Belarus – 0.1% of national total emissions.
This sector accounts emissions of non-methane volatile organic carbons (NMVOC) from
solvents and other products use in production and refining of chemicals, as well as includes N2O
emissions from nitric acid used for medicine purposes.
Total emissions in CO2 equivalent in 2012 reduced by 13.3% compare to 1990, mainly, due
to decreasing of volume of nitric acid used for medicine purposes.
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4 Agriculture sector
Agriculture sector is a second sector in amount of GHG emissions in the Republic of
Belarus. Emissions from this sector in 2012 accounted for 26.2% of national total GHG emissions.
From 1990 to 2012 there was reduction of emissions by 23.4% in the agricultural sector due
to decreasing of agricultural production, mainly to livestock products. It should be also noted that
changes in livestock population and its structure of herd, changes in amount of fertilizers applied
are driving to overall trend of GHG emissions in agriculture sector.
During the transition period to new economic relations from 1990 to 1995 in the republic
there was a rapid drop in livestock population and harvested products, as well as fertilizers
application. After 1995 emissions had more smoothed trend.
Figure 3.8 – GHG emission trends Gg in CO2 equivalent in Agriculture sector
The major sources in the national total GHG emissions are the following categories: 4A
Enteric Fermentation from livestock – 7.4% and 4 D. Agricultural Soils – 15.7%.
In 2012 there was decreasing in GHG emissions in all categories of agricultural sector
compared to 1990: 4A Enteric Fermentation – by 33.7%, 4B Manure Management – by 33.9% and
4 D. Agricultural Soils – by 15.3%.
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5 Land Use, Land Use change and Forestry sector
Land Use, Land use change and Forestry (LULUCF) is a net removal sector in the Republic
of Belarus. Category 5 A Forest Lands, in particular sub-category 5 A 1 Forest Lands Remaining
Forest Lands makes the greatest contribution to the GHG absorption.
During the reporting period 1990-2012 there was decreasing Net emissions/removals by
10.8% in the Republic of Belarus.
Figure 3.9 – Trends of net CO2 emission/removals in LULUCG, Gg in CO2 equivalent
Croplands account of GHG emissions and absorption on lands under perennial crops, as well
as emissions from liming application to soils. Under Wetlands are considered lands used for peat
mining.
6 Waste sector Сектор 6 «Отходы»
Total GHG emissions in Waste sector in 2012 amounted to 6 269.2 Gg CO2 equivalent or
7.0% of the total GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus (excluding net emissions/removals in
LULUCF). CH4 emissions contribute major part of emissions in the sector and amounted to 95.7%
of emissions in the sector.
In 2012, emissions in Waste sector exceeded by 143.49% compared to baseline of emissions
in 1990. This significant increase in GHG emissions compared to the base year are caused by the
growing of volume of solid waste associated with the development modern domestic commodities
and food products, increasing of their consumption. However, it should be noted that methane
emissions from solid waste in 2012 decreased compared to 2011 by 3.63%, due to the reduction of
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solid waste disposed, which in turn is connected with the improvement of municipal solid waste
separation and recycling system, and the reclaiming of secondary material resources.
Figure 3.10 – GHG emission trends Gg in CO2 equivalent in Waste sector
Memo Item - International Bunkers
GHG emissions from combustion of jet fuels used for international airlines which excluded
from the total of emission and reported as memo item according to IPCC Guidelines are accounted
under this category. Considering the geographical location the Republic of Belarus doesn’t have
access to the sea and international marine transportation is not occurred in the country.
Figure 3.11 – GHG emission trends from international bunkers
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The highest value of GHG emissions was observed in 1990. In 2012, total emissions
amounted to 236.48 Gg in CO2equivalent. Emission trend depends on fuel consumption on
international flights.
In GHG emissions from international aviation by gases carbon dioxide is dominated and
contributed in 2012 99.1% of total emissions in the category. Emissions of methane and nitrous
oxide emissions in 2012 amounted to 0.01% and 0.89%, respectively.
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
According to IPCC Guidelines CO2 emissions from biomass combustion are reported as
memo item and not included to the national total emission. As result CO2 emissions from biomass
combustion are accounted separately from other fuels and amounted to 5 102.77 Gg in CO2
equivalent.
This fuels type in the Republic of Belarus include firewood for heating, waste wood, timbers
of destroyed old buildings, ties.
3.2
National GHG Inventory System
The main legal documents regulating the inventory and the preparation of GHG inventories
in the Republic of Belarus are:
1. -
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of 10.04.2006,
N485 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Procedure of the State Inventory of
Anthropogenic Source Emissions and Greenhouse Gases Sinks Absorption” 2. This Regulation
specified the procedure for the preparation of the state inventory of anthropogenic emissions by
sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases. Preparation of the state inventory of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases is delegated to the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter
- the Ministry of Natural Resources).
GHG inventory is prepared by the Ministry of Natural Resources on the basis of the initial
data provided by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Food, the Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Architecture and
Construction, Ministry of Housing and Communal Services, the Ministry of Transport and
Communications, the Ministry of Health, the State Property Committee, Belarusian State Concern
for Oil and Chemistry, and other government bodies.
Para. 5 of the resolution approves an exhaustive list of information required by the Ministry
2
National Law Registry of the Republic of Belarus, 2006, #59, 5/22174.
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of Natural Resources which are provided by the above mentioned authorities on no-charge basis.
Preparation of GHG inventory includes:
– Collection of initial data from governmental authorities and other organisations;;
– Analysis of initial data;
– Estimation of emissions from sources and absorption by sinks of GHG;
– Preparation of the State GHG Inventory Report;
– Data base and archivation management.
2. -
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 4.05.2006, N585 “On Approval of the
Regulations on National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System” 3. This legal act defines the
organization and functioning of the National greenhouse gas inventory system and distributes to the
list of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Ozone Layer. According to this act the Ministry of Natural Resources is responsible for the
coordination and functioning of the greenhouse gas inventory.
Cooperation of the governmental authorities, other organisations and the Ministry of Natural
Resources on the inventory system is determined according with the Regulations on the Regulations
on the Procedure of the State Inventory of Anthropogenic Source Emissions and Greenhouse Gases
Sinks Absorption, approved by the Council of Ministers on April 10, 2006 № 485.
Information exchange on emissions and removals of greenhouse gases is carried out under
obligation condition and free of charge. Information transfer to international organisations is
performed according to the international agreements and Law of the Republic of Belarus.
Информационный обмен о выбросах и поглощении парниковых газов осуществляется на
условиях обязательности и безвозмездности.
The Ministry of Natural Resources for the organization of inventory of greenhouse gases:
– organizes the collection, processing, storage and analysis of information on emissions and
removals of greenhouse gases, preparation of the State Cadastre and Databases on emissions and
removals of greenhouse gases, preparation of national communications on climate change;
– ensures development of state, sectoral, regional programmes and measures aimed to
reduce of GHG emissions and increase of its absorption, improvement of methodologies to estimate
GHG emissions;
– implements other activities under by Law.
3
National Law Registry of the Republic of Belarus, 2006, #73, 5/22273.
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3. -
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment #417 of
29.12.2005 on the Appointment of RUE Bel SRC “Ecology” as a GHG Inventory Centre.
RUE Bel SRC «Ecology» designate as a GHG Inventory Centre for the preparation of GHG
inventory and national Communications in order to meet commitments under para. 1 Article 5 of
Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC.
Within its responsibilities RUE Bel SRC “Ecology” sends requests on initial data through
the Ministry of Natural Resources to the relevant ministries and authorities (Resolution of Council
Ministers from 10.04.2006 #485 «On Approval of the Regulations on the Procedure of the State
Inventory of Anthropogenic Source Emissions and Greenhouse Gases Sinks Absorption»).
Preparation of GHG inventory includes activity data collection, selection of an appropriate
method and emission factors, estimation of GHG emissions and removals, uncertainty assessment,
quality control and quality assurance activities (QA/QC).
Thus, a legal mechanism to ensure preparation of GHG inventory on an annual basis, its
revision according to UNFCCC requirements is established in the country. Ministry of Natural
Resources is the coordinating body that ensures functioning of national GHG inventory system,
timely collection of activity data, as well as submission National Inventory Report (NIR) to the
UNFCCC Secretariat.
National Statistical Committee, as well as other responsible ministries and departments,
provides for the preparation of inventory activity data related to GHG emissions on no charge and
an annual basis.
RUE Bel SRC “Ecology” under the supervision of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
according to activity data collected prepares GHG inventory, estimates GHG emissions and
removals and prepares NIR, including CRF tables. Once a final version of NIR approved by the
Ministry of Natural Resources it is submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat.
The following figure shows Mechanism for the GHG inventory preparation in the Republic
of Belarus.
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Government
of the Republic of Belarus
National Statistical
Committee
UNFCCC
Secretariat
RUE SRC “Ecology”
Initial Data
Regional Statistical
Committee’s
Agencies
Business
Entities
Ministries and Entities
of the
Republic of Belarus
Final
information on
GHG inventory
Figure 3.12 – Mechanism for the GHG inventory preparation in the Republic of Belarus
Detailed information of national inventory system is provided in the 2012 National GHG
Inventory Report.
3.3
Information on National Registry of Carbon Units
Maintenance of a National Register of Carbon Units in the Republic of Belarus is based on
the following legal documents:
•
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on 25.08.2006
#1077 “On the National Register of carbon units of the Republic of Belarus”;
•
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the
Republic of Belarus on 22.01.2007 # 4 “On Approval of the procedure for development and
maintenance of the National Register of Carbon Units of the Republic of Belarus”.
The operator of the National Registry of the Republic of Belarus is RUE Bel SRC
“Ecology” supervised by the Ministry of Natural Resources.
National Registry is physically located on servers with the following characteristics: two
servers with two processor Intel Xeon 3.6 GHz, 3 Gb RAM, two hard drives SCSI 72,8 Gb,
connected in a RAID 1+0 array and 1 server with similar characteristics, except for RAM, which is
2 Gb.
Two more powerful servers are connected via fiber optic cable to the storage HP MSA1000,
which consists of 6 hard drives Ultra320 SCSI to 72,8 Gb, connected in a RAID 5 array, and the
sixth disc is in the Hot Spare, that is, at a failure of one of the hard drives, it will be automatically
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put into use, thus replacing the non-working ones. Those two servers are connected to a backup
device HP Digital Data Storage DAT72 via SCSI cable. All servers and equipment are connected to
two HP R3000XR UPS for the power backup.
To access data from the Internet the domain www.registry.climate-by.com is registered.
When addressing this url on the Internet, the query is redirected to a server which is physically
located inside the RUE Belarusian Scientific Research Center «Ecology», so the confidential data
contained in the registry database are located not on the remote hosting companies, but directly in a
secured room in the RUE Belarusian Scientific Research Center «Ecology», that significantly
increases the reliability of data storage and protects server hardware against unauthorized access.
It should be noted that although the Republic of Belarus implemented a range of activities to
start registry of carbon units, however, since Belarus has not been included in Annex B to the Kyoto
Protocol to the UNFCCC in its validity period 2008-2012, work on maintenance of national registry
of carbon units was discontinued prior to the signing of a new climate agreement.
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4
4.1
POLICIES AND MEASURES
The legal basis of the development and implementation of national policies and
measures, monitoring of their implementation
Belarus has established and operates a vertically-oriented structure of the hierarchy of
normative legal acts, including acts in the field of climate impact. Legal acts of the Republic of
Belarus are given in a single system through their coordination and the definition of the hierarchy of
legal acts (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1 - Hierarchy of normative legal acts of the Republic of Belarus
The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus has supreme legal authority. Laws, decrees,
edicts and other acts of state bodies (officials) are adopted (issued) on the basis and in accordance
with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. Precisely in the Constitution enshrines the right of
citizens of the Republic of Belarus for a healthy environment.
Normative legal acts of the President of the Republic of Belarus, unless otherwise provided
by the Head of State, issued in the form of decrees and edicts and have obligatory force on the
entire territory of the Republic of Belarus. Decrees and edicts of the President of the Republic of
Belarus issued on any matter except for the cases prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of
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Belarus.President of the Republic of Belarus defines a unified state policy in the field of climate
impact, determines the procedure of state control in the field of climate protection, carries out other
powers in the field of climate protection in accordance with the Constitution and laws.
Decisions of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of
Belarus adopted in the form of laws and regulations. Resolution of the House of Representatives
shall be taken on the administrative and controlling nature. Decisions of the National Assembly of
the Republic of Belarus adopted in the form of resolutions.
Laws of the Republic of Belarus regulate the most important public relations. Laws of the
Republic of Belarus that entered into force are obligatory on the entire territory of the Republic of
Belarus, unless otherwise established in the Law itself.
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of and pursuant to the
Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, acts of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the laws of
the Republic of Belarus takes within its authority normative legal acts in the form of resolutions.The
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus adopts normative legal acts on issues that can’t be
solved by the ministries and other republican government bodies, regional and Minsk city executive
committees on their own or in cooperation with other ministries and other republican state bodies,
local executive and administrative bodies.
Normative legal acts of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus in the field of
climate impact regulate the issues of the implementation of government policy, the development
and implementation of government programs in this area, determine the order of submission, review
and monitoring of climate projects, the formation and maintenance of the National Register of
carbon units, and other issues in accordance with Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, other
laws and acts of the President of the Republic of Belarus.
Normative legal acts of ministries and other national government bodies can be adopted
(issued) only in the cases and within the limits prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of
Belarus, the normative legal acts of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the laws of the
Republic of Belarus, the provisions of the relevant bodies, as well as normative legal acts of the
Council of Ministers of the Republic Belarus.Normative legal acts of ministries and other national
government bodies accepted (issued) in the form of decrees and orders.
Ministries and departments develop and adopt normative legal acts, including technical
normative legal acts in the field of climate impact, establish the procedure for conducting the cost
accounting in this field, develop proposals to improve the economic mechanism, implement and
monitor the climate projects; carries out other powers in the field of climate impacts in accordance
with this Law and other legislative acts.
Local Councils of Deputies, executive and administrative bodies within its competence
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adopt normative legal acts in the form of decisions. Decisions of Local Councils of Deputies
regulate the issues of adoption and implementation of programs and activities in the field of climate
impacts at the local level, as well as issues of funding, logistical support, provision the population
of education and information in the sphere of climate impact.
4.2
The main measures adopted by the Republic of Belarus in the field of climate
change
The main goal of the effective climate policy of the State isto develop and realizethe strategy
of transferring the economyonto a path of sustainable low-carbon development in order to reduce
anthropogenic pressures on the climate system, climate change mitigation and adaptation to the
climate changes that are irreversible.From the date of entry into force of the UNFCCC and the KP
(the first commitment period) in order to implement international agreements in the Republic of
Belarus it was adopted a number of normative legal acts defining policies and measures to reduce
GHG emissions and removals in the Republic of Belarus.
Strategy for reducing emissions and increasing removals by sinks of greenhouse gases
in the Republic of Belarus for 2007 - 2012 years (considered in details in 5 National
Communication).Strategy as a normative legal act has not lost force, but from a formal point of
view, does not apply because the financing of the Strategy finished in 2012. It is obvious that it
needs to develop the new Strategy for reducing emissions and increasing removals by sinks of
greenhouse gases in the Republic of Belarus for a further period taking into account requirements of
the UNFCCC and features a new international climate agreement that is expected in the near future.
In the development of the National program of climate change mitigation measures for
2008-2012 it was adopted the State program of climate change mitigationmeasures on the
2013 - 2020 years, approved by the Council of Ministers on June 21, 2013 № 510 (hereinafter - the
State Program ).
The objectives of the State Program is to carry out activities aimed to mitigate the climate
change, to ensure sustainable development of the economy, reduction of GHG emissions in order to
reduce the rate and magnitude of climate change.Realization of the goals of the State Program
aimed to reach Belarus’ greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 8 % from the base year 1990.
Total funding of the State Programis10.2 million US dollars(attheexchangerateon 01.06.2013).
Realization of the State Program in the conditions of systematic growth in GDP will allowto
provide:
under the planned fuel saving and undertaking environmental activities, the reduction of
GHG emissions for 2013 - 2020 years will be no less than 10 million tons of CO2 equivalent;
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implementation of adaptation measures the different sectors of the economy to climate
change, taking into account the socio-economic development of the country;
development of recommendations on energy and resource saving, expansion of forest
ecosystems, rewetting of the degraded peatlands and restoration of wetlands on unused meliorated
lands in order to increase removals by sinks of greenhouse gases;
improvement of the normative legal framework in the sphere of climate change.
Taking into account the complexity in the process of ratification of the amendment to the KP
The Strategy of participation of Belarus in the flexible mechanisms of the KP to the UNFCCC
approved by the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on December 23,
2008 №43, has determined that prior to the entry into force this amendment to the KP, the
mechanism of voluntary reductions in greenhouse gas will be the main source of external funding
for Belarus for projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This mechanism is not directly
regulated by the KP, however, consistent with its spirit and principles.
In order to ensure the implementation of projects for the voluntary reduction of GHG
emissions in the Republic of Belarus a number of regulations was developed and adopted. Thus, the
decision of the Council of Ministers on 14 April, 2009№ 466 "On the order of submission, review
and monitoring of projects on voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions", developed by
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus,
provided the opportunity to raise funds of potential foreign investors to the projects on the voluntary
reduction of GHG emissions beyondthe economic mechanisms of the KP. This decision was also
intended to stimulate the development of the projects aimed at the introduction of renewable energy
and increasing the energy efficiency by of the republican government bodies.
Pursuant to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers dated 14 April 2009 № 466, adopted
a resolution of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection dated September
14, 2009 № 59 "On measures to implement the decisions of the Council of Ministers of the
Republic of Belarus on 5 September, 2006 № 1144 and on April 14, 2009 № 466".
This document approved the form of the proposal of the project implementationor the
complex project on voluntary reduction of GHG emissions; the form of a letter of support for the
implementation of the project or the complex project on voluntary reduction of GHG emissions; the
form of document on organization of the project or complex project on voluntary reduction of GHG
emissions; the form of the letter on approval the project or the complex project on voluntary
reduction of GHG emissions.
Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on December 8, 2010 № 625 "On some
issues of reducing GHG emissions" secured a number of provisions that allow business entities to
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receive funds for the sold units of voluntary GHG emission reductions from customers (legal and
physical entities), including non-residents of the Republic of Belarus.
Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on May 7, 2012 № 224 "On the
negotiations on the draft amendment to Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change" defines the position of the Republic of Belarus in
the negotiations on the draft amendment to Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. The
Republic of Belarus will support the amendment to Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol to the
UNFCCC, if it will contain as a target for the Republic of Belarus in the second period of the Kyoto
Protocol to the UNFCCC the GHG emissions reduction of8 percent in 2020 from the base year
1990.
Strategy on Environmental Protection up to 2025 approved by the decision of the board
of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Republic of Belarus on January 28,
2011 №8-r.
According to the Strategy the main aim for the protection of the environment in the long
term up to 2025 is to achieve a higher quality ofenvironment thatprovide environmentally friendly
living conditions, to promote solutions on global and regional environmental issues, sustainable
social and economic development of the Republic of Belarus.
Achievement of the goal should be provided by reducing the harmful effects on the
environment, restoration of natural complexes, radical improvement of waste management,
sustainable territorial development, conservation of biological and landscape diversity, minimizing
the impact on the climate and adaptation to its changing, planning of measures for environmental
protection using GIS and remote sensing methods.
The strategy identifies a number of tasks to ensure climate change mitigation and adaptation
of the social and economic spheres to its changes:
consistent transition to low-carbon energy development through the widest possible use of
alternative and renewable energy, biofuels and nuclear energy;
introduction of economic incentives for the production and use of environmentally friendly,
including non-carbon, fuels;
implementation of best agricultural practices (including one to reduce ammonia emissions)
for the maintenance of animals and birds, storage and application to the soil organic fertilizers;
the construction of biogas installations;
development of economic incentives of business entities to reduce GHG emissions;
provision of GHG emissions by 2020 at no more than 110 million tons;
using of insurance and special compensation funds to enhance the adaptive capacity of the
social and economic sphere to probable climate change conditions.
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The strategy will be carried out through the development and implementation of state
targeted policies, programs and action plans for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of
the individual components of the environment and natural ecosystems, as well as programs and
plans of action for the protection of the environment in accordance with the economic activities.
International cooperation is the basis of policy of the Republic of Belarus in the field of
climate change and it contribute to the implementation of the main provisions of national policy.
Enhancing cooperation in the sphere of climate change is carried out together with international
organizations such as the UNDP, the United Nations Environment Program, the UN Economic
Commission for Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization,the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the CIS Interstate Environmental Council.
The Strategy of development of the hydrometeorological activity of the States members of the CIS was approved by the decision of the Council of Heads of Government of the
CIS on 30 May, 2012.
The Strategy is a coordinated by CIS countries set of interrelated tasks and directions of
development, activities and stages of their implementation, mechanisms for effective solution of the
systemic problems in the relation to the NHMS CIS activities and achievement of these goals:
1. ensuringof compliance with the responsibilities of the States - CIS members to protect the
population and the sectors of the economy from possible negative impacts of hydrometeorological
hazards and climate change;
2. balancing the interests of the state, business and public institutions interested in obtaining
timely and qualitative hydrometeorological and other information about the state of the
environment;
3. implementation of the program approach in the planning and execution of the budgets of
states - CIS members, strengthening the targeted nature of the financing of hydro-meteorological
activities;
4. implementation of the collective strategic intentions consistent with the principles of
hydrometeorological activity in the CIS on the harmonization of the CIS NHMS.
Financing activities that aimed to achieve the goals and objectives of the Strategy will be
implemented at the expense of appropriation of national budgets by the executive body on
hydrometeorology authorized to perform their assigned functions, including within the framework
of funds to national programs, as well as extra-budgetary sources. Estimated total annual economic
impact of the use of specialized hydrometeorological information (aviation, agriculture, transport,
etc.) to 2015 willbe 1,100.0 millionUSDollars.
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4.3
Review of policies and measures, the effect of which covers several sectors of the
economy
The Government of the Republic of Belarus pays considerable attention to the problems of
climate change and plans measures aimed at stabilizing the emissions and increasing of the GHG
sinks in the period of economic growth. In this regard the measures on improving the quality of
sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases are very important. In Belarus, where forests cover about
40% of the territory, an exceptional value has the potential of increasing the absorption of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere by forest ecosystems.
The State Environmental Policy provides a consistent implementation of the restructuring of
industrial sector, improving the technological level of production that focus on resource
conservation, the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies, reduction of emissions and
discharges of pollutants into the environment, recycling and waste management, elimination of
consequences of the economic activities on the environment.
Noting the peculiarities of climate policy of the Republic of Belarus, it should pay attention
to a number of programs (strategies, concepts) that were not directed solely at the implementation
of the requirements of the UNFCCC and the KP to reduce GHG emissions and increase removals
by sinks, but contained measures that could provide the reduction of GHG emissions.
Continuing the Program of Socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for
2006-2010, it was adopted by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on 11 April,
2011 № 136 the Program of Socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 20112015.
The aim of environmental policy is the improvement of environmental quality ensuring
environmental safety, efficient use of natural resources while maintaining the integrity of natural
systems, including the unique one.
Improvement of the environment will be achieved with the use of best available techniques
in the construction of new facilities and upgrading the existing ones, compliance the environmental
requirements,regulations and restrictions by the business entities.
The methods of economic incentives along with the administrative methods will be applied
for business entities engaged in activities to reduce waste generation, emissions (discharges) of
pollutants into the environment. Improving the system of payments for GHG emissions, the creation
of a national system of GHG emissions trading will prevent the occurrence of environmental risks
associated with increases in greenhouse gas emissions, anthropogenic climate change.
National environmental monitoring system on the basis of the introduction of advanced
technology for the monitoring, preparation and submission of environmental information will be
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further developed.
The construction of modern sewage treatment plants and reconstruction of existing one,
improvement of technological schemes of diversion and disposal of wastewater of the large
livestock complexes, reduction of 50 per cent of the area of fields of filtration, the creation in cities
with a population of 100 thousand people or more the systems of disposal and treatment of surface
runoff from urban areas will be continued.
Further greening of agriculture through the introduction of advanced methods and
technologies of processing of soils, protection of the soil cover from degradation, water and wind
erosion are identified as the most important areas of sustainable use and protection of land
resources.Considerable attention will be paid to the reconstruction and repair of the melioration
systems, the flood protection of the arable and meadow lands of the Polesie region, the development
of land management schemes of 75 administrative districts. The second round of cadastral valuation
of agricultural landswill be completed.
The results of the policy in the sphere of use and protection of land resources will be:
increasing the fertility of agricultural lands and ensuring the optimum water regime on them, the
restoration of the meliorated lands on the area of about 420 thousand ha.
Improvement of air quality including in large cities, reducing the negative impact of
pollutants on human health, reducing human influence on the climate and the ozone layer arethe
important tasks of the Program.
The main activities aimed at solving the tasks include the re-equipment of large industrial
enterprises with modern efficient gas cleaning equipment, reducing the consumption of carbon
fuels, increasing the use of clean fuels - compressed and liquefied gas, diesel fuel with ultralowsulfur content, gasoline of standard Euro-4 and Euro-5.
Automated systems operating in a continuous mode will be introduced in the practice of
monitoring of the emissions of pollutants into the air.
The main objective of activities in the sphere of waste management is to reduce the negative
impact on the environment and human health by minimizing waste generation, increasing the level
of its involvement in the civil circulation, disposal of hazardous waste.
Priority in the field of waste management is also given to the introduction of new waste
treatment technologies that ensure their re-use as material or energy resources, as well as the
creation of non-waste production. For this purpose, it is planned to improve economic incentives of
business entities to the development of low-waste technologies and recycling.
The increase in use of municipal waste will be achieved through the construction and putting
into operation the enterprises by their complex processing in regional centers and in Minsk, as well
as the development and implementation of economic tools to encourage people to separate waste
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collection. At the same time it is planned to reduce gradually the subsidies to organizations that are
engaged in the removal of such waste.
In order to improve sanitation and environmental conditions in suburban areas it is required
the optimization of the network of municipal waste disposal sites.
Expansion of the re-use of packaging materials through the organization of return, collection
and recycling of containers and packaging materials will contribute to the implementation of the
state policy of resource saving.
It is envisaged to reduce the rate of the waste generation, increase the share of industrial
waste management (excluding large-capacity waste) to 85 percent, and increase the coverage of the
population by separate collection of municipal waste - up to 100 percent.
The main direction of transformation of industrial potential of the Republic of Belarus in
2011-2015 should be the introduction of new and high technologies with the greatest added value,
low energy and material consumption that contribute to the creation of new types of goods and
services, the latest environmentally friendly (clean) materials and products, and also that provides
the production of traditional goods and services with new properties and parameters unattainable in
previous technological structures.
The Concept of national security of the Republic of Belarus (Presidential Decree dated
November 9, 2010 № 575)emphasizes the importance of an effective policy on climate change for
sustainable development. The Concept covers many areas that define national security, including
environmental safety.
This document underlines the importance of creating market of ecological services, the
introduction of an environmental audit and insurance, effective regulatory and legal framework of
environmental safety, including a system of payments for the use of natural resources and adequate
compensation of damage caused to the environment.
Development of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection and legal
solution of environmental problems of a transnational nature; the increasing of the reliability of
estimations and projections of the state of the environment, climate change, severe weather and
climate events;the adaptation of the sectors of the economy to changes in the environment; reducing
GHGemissions in the atmosphere will ensure the protection against the external threats to national
security in the ecological sphere.
The State Program on the functioning and development of the National Environmental
Monitoring System in the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015 (approved by Presidential Decree
on June 13, 2011 № 244) is assumed, along with providing sustainable functioning of 11 types of
monitoring, to perform the activities aimed at improving the quality and reliability of the data
obtained in accordance with international standards, as well as to create conditions for the effective
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use of environmental information in the process of planning of the socio-economic development of
the republic.In order to obtain reliable results of the observations the State Program includes the
technical re-equipment of the atmospheric air, fauna, surface water, radiation monitoring networks,
as well as the widespread use of automated systems and devices, remote (satellite) methods of
observation.Implementation of the State program will provide the data on the state of the
atmospheric air of medium and large cities in real time, as well as to obtain data on the
transboundary transport of pollutants and GHG in the lower atmosphere and upper atmosphere.
The Program of activities of the Government of Belarus for 2011-2015, approved by the
Council of Ministers on February 18, 2011 № 216, which has an effective environmental policy as
an integral part, notes that one of the problems to be solved is to improve the quality of the
environment, the implementation of the opportunities of Belarus to attract investments under the
KP, including emissions trading.As a mechanism for implementation of this policy, the Government
of Belarus considers necessary to introduce of environmental insurance in order to create a backup
source to cover the costs of compensation for damage caused to the environment due to man-made
and natural accidents and minimizing the consequences caused by climate change.
The State Program of Innovative Development of the Republic of Belarus for 20112015 approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers on May 26, 2011 № 669.
In the field of energy production and energy efficiency will be created new technologies and
equipment for the production of electricity and heat from renewable energy sources (wood,
biomass, wind, etc.); biogas production technology in biogas facilities. It is planned to construct the
biogas complexes with total electrical capacity of about 90 MW.
In 2011-2015 the hydroelectric power plants of a total capacity of 102.1 MW will be
commissioned, the boilers will be modernized in CHP through the introduction of new and high
technologies.
Total electric power of wind parks will be increased to 460 MW, the amount of other types
of energy (crop residues, solar energy, municipal waste, petroleum coke and other) - evaluative up
to 863.5 thousandTOE.
The use of advanced technologies in the power sector will allow to reduce by 2016 the
specific fuel consumption for electricity generation by 25-30 grams of equivalent fuel per kW/h and
achieve economy of fuel and energy resources of 1.3 million TOEwith respect to the level of 2009.
For thepurposesof savingthe energythe Ministry of Industry has planned the organization of
production of energy-saving fluorescent lamps and other energy-saving lighting products.
Ministry of Housing and Communal Services includes in the Program the construction of
facilities for the use of deposits of sewage of the treatment plants of the Baranovichi city for biogas
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production and its further use in the thermal power sector, which will reduce the amount of utilized
sludge, reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
The Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus envisages the
improvement of the functioning of the state system of prevention and liquidation of emergency
situations, including the development and implementation of tools and technologies for monitoring,
prediction, prevention and liquidation of fires, accidents and disasters.
Projected funding for the Program will amount to 11 535 mln. USDollars.
The Strategy for Technological Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period
up to 2015 (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated October 1,
2010 № 1420) wasadopted to fulfill the task of creating a competitive economy based on the use of
advanced technologies and incentives to encourage innovation activity of business entities
Implementation of the strategy is aimed at achieving the following objectives:
modernization of traditional branches of economy in order to increase labor productivity,
reducing energy and materialintensity, creating new products that reduce dependence on import and
increase the export potential of the republic;
creation and development of industries that providethe production output of the new
generation.
Table 4.1 - Technological development of traditional sectors of the economy
Manufacture of
machinery and
equipment
∙
creation of assembly production of cars with engine of hybrid type (diesel +
generator + electric motor + battery)
∙ development on JSC “MAZ” technologies for the creation and development
in the production of automotive and bus machinery that meets the
technological requirements of environmental standards Euro 4 and Stage 3A;
∙ organization of production of engines with power ratings at 400-650 hp,
corresponding to the level of ecological safety of the Euro-5 and Euro-6;
∙ technology development and commercial production of tractors, selfpropelled agricultural and forestry equipment that meets the technological
requirements of environmental standards Stage 3A and Stage 3B
Modernization of existing facilities and the introduction of new technologies for
production of new types of globally competitive products
Reducing energy intensity by 25-30 percent
Metallurgical
production
The production of
textiles, leather,
leather products, shoes
Production of the
∙
construction materials ∙
∙
∙
Production and
∙
reducingenergyintensityby 30 percent
active involvement the recyclable materials in the production
re-equipment of cement plants by introducing three new technological lines
for production of dry cement, which will reduce its energy consumption by
20-30 per cent, usage of the fuels alternative to gas during the clinker
burning;
the introduction of energy-saving technology of production of lime, which
can reduce the fuel consumption to produce 1 ton of material by 50 percent,
as well as significantly improve the quality and competitiveness of the
product
reduction in specific fuel consumption for electricity supply by 27.4 g of
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distribution of
electricity, gas and
water
equivalent fuel / kWh;
achieving an annual saving of fuel and energy resources in the amount of
1,015 thousand TOE with respect to the level of 2009;
∙ development and implementation of technologies for production of fuel and
energy from alternative sources, as well as from oil shale and brown coals;
∙ development of technology of the production of biogas from the organic
waste
Construction
∙ reducing energy intensity by 30 percent;
∙ development and implementation of energy-saving technologies of
constructing buildings and structures with the effective use of material
resources and renewable energy
Agricultureandforestry Agriculture:
∙ reducing energy intensity by 10-12 percent;
Forestry:
∙ increasing the average stock of mature stands on 1 hectare of land covered by
forests by 5-7 per cent;
∙ increasing the level of effective yield of the main felling up to 100 percent
∙ increasing of forest productivity by improving the quality and effectiveness
of forest management activities
∙
4.4 Policies and measures undertaken by the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
sectors (summary table)
General policies and measures undertaken by the Republic of Belarus to reduce emissions
are shown below (Table 4.2).
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Table 4.2 - Policies and measures undertaken by the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by sectors
Name of policy and measures
GHG affected
Type of
instrument
Status
Implemented entity or entities
Policies on climate change issues
State program of climate change
mitigation measures on the 2013 - 2020
years (2013)
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process
of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection, Ministry of
Forestry, Ministry of Education,
National Academy of Sciences of
Belarus
The Strategy of participation of Belarus
in the flexible mechanisms of the KP to
the UNFCCC (2008)
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Legal and
regulatory
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Legal and
regulatory
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Legal and
regulatory,
fiscal
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Legal and
regulatory,
fiscal
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
Legal and
regulatory
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
On the order of submission, review and
monitoring of projects on voluntary
reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions(2009)
On measures to implement the decisions
of the Council of Ministers of the
Republic of Belarus on 5 September,
2006 № 1144 and on April 14, 2009 №
466 (2009)
On some issues of reducing GHG
emissions (2010)
On the negotiations on the draft
amendment to Annex B to the Kyoto
Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (2012)
Strategy on Environmental Protection
up to 2025 (2011)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4, SO2,
NMC,NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
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The Strategy of development of the
hydrometeorological activity of the
States - members of the CIS (2012)
Legal and
regulatory
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
General policies and measures
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
The Program of Socio-Economic
Development of the Republic of Belarus
for 2011–2015 (2011)
The Concept of national security of the
Republic of Belarus (2010)
The State Program on the functioning
and development of the National
Environmental Monitoring System in
the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015
(2011)
The Program of activities of the
Government of Belarus for 2011-2015
(2011)
The State Program of Innovative
Development of the Republic of Belarus
for 2011-2015 (2011)
The Strategy for Technological
Development of the Republic of Belarus
for the period up to 2015 (2010)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4, SO2,
NMC,NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
Legal and
regulatory
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Energy
88
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
In the process of
implementation
State authorities
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Economy
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
CO2, CO,N2O,
The Strategy of development of the
NOx,CH4, SO2,
energy potential of the Republic of
NMC, NMVOC,
Belarus (2010)
HFC, PFC
The State program of development of
the Belarusian energy system for the
period up to 2016 (2012)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4, SO2,
NMC
The Conception of heat supply
development in the Republic of Belarus
for the period up to 2020 (2010)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
The National Energy Saving Program
for 2011-2015 (2010)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
The Law on Renewable Energy
Sources(2010)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
89
In the process of
implementation
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Energy
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, regional executive
committees and Minsk City Executive
Committee
Ministry of Energy
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, regional executive
committees and Minsk City Executive
Committee
State Committee on Standardization,
Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural
Resources
and
Environmental
Protection, Ministry of Economy, the
State Committee for Science and
Technology
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
On Approval of the Regulation on the
State Cadastre of renewable energy
sources and the use of its data, the
Regulation on the confirmation of the
CO2,
origin of energy produced from
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
renewable energy sources, and the
SO2,
issuance of a certificate to confirm the
NMC
origin of energy and on amendments to
some decisions of the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Belarus
(2011)
On approval of Instruction on some
issues of conducting of the state
cadastre of renewable energy (2011)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
The State Program for the construction
of energy sources on local fuels in
2010-2015 (2010)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4, SO2,
NMC, NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
The National Program for the
Development of local and renewable
energy sources for 2011-2015 (2011)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4, SO2,
NMC, NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
In the process of
implementation
State Committee on Standardization,
Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural
Resources
and
Environmental
Protection, Ministry of Economy, the
State Committee for Science and
Technology
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
90
State Committee on Standardization,
Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environmental
Protection, Ministry of Economy, the
State Committee for Science and
Technology
Ministry of Architecture and
Construction, Ministry of Internal
Affairs, Ministry of Housing and
Communal Services, Ministry of
Forestry, Ministry of Industry, Ministry
of Agriculture and Food, Ministry of
Transport and Communications,
Ministry of Energy, Belarusian
Production and Trade Concern of
timber, woodworking and pulp and
paper industry, regional executive
committees and Minsk City Executive
Committee
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, regional and
Minsk city executive committees
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
In the process of
implementation
The Program of construction of energy
sources running on biogas for 20102015(2010)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
The State Program for the construction
of hydroelectric power plants in 20112015 in the Republic of Belarus (2010)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Ministry of Housing and Communal
Services, Ministry of Agriculture and
Food, the National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian State
Concern of Food Industry
"Belgospischeprom", Belarusian State
Concern of Oil and Chemistry, regional
executive committees and Minsk City
Executive Committee, the State
Committee for Standardization
Ministry of Energy, Ministry of
Economy, Ministry of Housing and
Communal Services, Ministry of
Transport and Communications,
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection, Ministry of
Industry, Gosstandard, the State
Property Committee, the National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus,
regional executive committees, Minsk
City Executive Committee
Industry
The Program of the development of the
industrial complex of the Republic of
Belarus for the period up to 2020 (2012)
CO2,
CO,N2O,NOx,CH4,
SO2,
NMC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
91
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, departments, committees,
corporations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, regional and
Minsk city executive committees, State
Scientific
Institution
"Research
Institute of the Ministry of Economy of
the Republic of Belarus", the
Republican Association of Industrial
Enterprises "BelAPP"
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
CO2, CO,N2O,
The Conception of the development of
NOx,CH4, SO2,
the building complex of the Republic of
NMC, NMVOC,
Belarus for 2011 - 2020 years (2010)
HFC, PFC
The Comprehensive Program for the
planning, construction and
CO2, CO,N2O,
reconstruction of energy efficient
NOx,CH4, SO2,
residential buildings in the Republic of
NMC, NMVOC,
Belarus for 2009-2010 and until 2020
HFC, PFC
(2009)
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
State authorities and other
organizations
In the process of
implementation
The Ministry of Transport and
Communications
In the process of
implementation
The Ministry of Transport and
Communications, Minsk City
Executive Committee, Brest Regional
Executive Committee Grodno Regional
Executive Committee, the state
association "Belarusian Railways"
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, the Belarusian Republican
Union of Consumer Societies, Regional
Executive Committees
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, the Belarusian Republican
Union of Consumer Societies, Regional
Executive Committees
Transport
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
The State Program for the development
of road transport the Republic of
Belarus for 2011-2015(2010)
The State Program for the Development
of Railway Transport of the Republic of
Belarus for 2011 - 2015 years (2010)
CO2, CO,N2O,
NOx,CH4,NMVOC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Agriculture
The State Program for sustainable rural
development in the 2011 - 2015 years
(2011)
The State Program of conservation and
use of drained peatlands lands for 20112015 (2010)
CO2, N2O, CH4
CO2, N2O, CH4
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
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The Republican Program of
reconstruction, technical reequipment
CO2, N2O, CH4
and construction of complexes for
growing pigs in 2011-2015 (2011)
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Ministries, the Belarusian Republican
Union of Consumer Societies, Regional
Executive Committees
Land use, land use change and forestry
The State Program for Development of
Forestry of the Republic of Belarus for
2011-2015 (2010)
CO2, N2O,NOx,
CH4,CO
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
In the process of
implementation
Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of
Defense, Ministry of Emergency
Situations, National Academy of
Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian
Production and Trade Concern of
timber, woodworking and pulp and
paper industry, the Ministry of
Education and the Minsk City
Executive Committee
Waste
The Program of development of
housing and communal services of the
Republic of Belarus until 2015 (2013)
N2O,CH4,NMVOC
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic
93
In the process
of
implementation
Ministry of Housing and Communal
Services,
regional
executive
committees and Minsk City Executive
Committee
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
4.5
Analysis of the implementation of policies and measures represented in the Fifth
National Communication
1.
According to the task of the Program of Socio-Economic Development of the
Republic of Belarus for 2006-2010, on 1 January 2011 185 new production facilities were created,
320 existing enterprises weremodernized and upgraded, 359 new technologieswere introduced.
The modernization of electric power industry of the country wasactively carried out. In
2006-2010, 21 projects were implemented, including the modernization of power units at Lukoml
regional power station, Minsk CHPP-3, Grodno CHPP-2, Lida CHPP. 6 mini-hydro power plant
and 3 CHPP on local fuels were built;more than 1.4 thousandboilers running on local fuels were put
in operation.
All these measures allowed to increase the share of renewable energy in the local balance of
boiler and furnace fuelsfrom 17 percent in 2005 to 20.5 percent in 2010, to save due to energy
efficiency measures more than 8.5 million TOEwhich is about 4 percent of the gross consumption
of the fuel and energy resources for the five years.
However, the range of problems that hinder the development of the country couldn’t be
solved in the course of implementation of the Program. The insufficiently effective structure of the
economy has still remained. The national economy is still characterized by high consumption of
materials and energy of the products that will be solved in 2011-2015.
2.
As a result of implementation of the Decree of Council of Ministers "On measures
onimprovement of the efficiency of using the fuel and energy resources for the period up to
2012" (2010),the Ministry of Energy reported that in 2012 the Belarusian power station
commissioned a prototype of the steam boiler on local fuels. The total economic impact of the
decline of the losses in electrical networks in 2010-2012was 563.4 million kW/h or 158.8
thousandTOE.
3.
As a result of implementation of the State Integrated Program of modernization
of the basic production assets of the Belarusian energy system, energy efficiency and
increasing the share of domestic fuel and energy resources for the period up to 2011 (2009) it
was achieved a reduction in depreciation of fixed assets in the whole energy system from 60.7 to 48
percent (to 12.7 percentage points compared with the level of depreciation at 1 January
2005).Actual depreciation of the fixed assets of regional power companies as of January 1, 2011
amounted to 46.6 percent (down of 14.1 percentage points).
During the period of implementation of the State program the SPA "Belenergo" provided the
commissioning of 450 MW of generating capacity.
Development of electric and heating networks.
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After the renovation and new construction it was put in operation about 14,840 miles of
electric networks (with target - 10,310 km) and 865 km of heating networks (with target -830 km).
Saving of the fuel and energy resources.
The volume of saving of the fuel and energy resources amounted to 1,575 TOE when target
is set at 1,150 TOE.
4.
The intermediate results of the Development Strategy of the energy potential of
the Republic of Belarus.
A number of established targets were reachedduring the implementation of the Strategy. As
a result of the introduction of modern generating equipment for energy sources of
SPA "Belenergo", modernization of existing equipment it was possible to reduce the
specific
reference fuel consumption for electric generation ofSPA "Belenergo" in 2012 compared to 2010 at
14.3 g/kWh (5.3 percentage points) when the target established by the Development Strategy of the
energy potential of the Republic of Belarus was 10 percentage points to the level of 2015 and 15
percentage points to the level of 2020.
Optimization of the schemes of heating networks, the introduction of preinsulated pipes,
improving the efficiency of water treatment equipment and others allowed to reduce the
technological expenditure of heat on transportation in the heating networks in 2012 by 0.56
percentage points compared to 2010. Strategy identifies the pace reduce heat loss by 2016 to 8
percentage points in the heating system.
Table 4.3. - Saving of the fuel and energy resources, thousand TOE.
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTAL
Saving of the fuel and energy resources,
thousand TOE.
planned
fact
250,0
325,0
290,0
290,0
335,0
-
257,4
351,3
306,1
290,0
370,2
1575,0
Completion, %
102,9
108,1
105,5
100,0
110,5
-
The amount of use of local fuel and energy resources and their share in the consumption of boiler
and furnace fuelsin 2010
The actual use of local fuels, renewable energy and secondary energy resources is given in table
4.4. (planned amount for the period 2006-2010 is equal to 705.8 thousand TOE)
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Table 4.4. Use of local fuels, renewable energy and secondary energy resources
Use of local fuels, renewable energy and
secondary energy resources,
thousand TOE.
planned
fact*
33,7
33,7
70,9
75,8
117,8
138,2
178,4
194,6
305,0
324,4
705,8
766,7
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTAL
Completion,%
100,0
106,9
117,3
109,1
106,4
108,6
* Data of the Department on Energy Efficiency of Gosstandart
Annual use of local fuels, renewable energy and secondary energy resources amounted to
125.9 thousand TOE that is 14.8 times more than in 2005 (8.5 thousand TOE).
Table 4.5. Use of local fuels, renewable energy and secondary energy resources in 2010
Type of resource
2010, TOE
Local fuels, including:
125 982
Milledpeat
20 634
Sodpeat
5
Fuelbriquettes
14 062
Woodfuel
40 501
Loggingresidues
28 362
Industrialwoodresidue
2 459
Cropresidues
197
lignin of wood-hydrolysis production
15 525
Wood-peat fuel
4 230
Heatingsecondary energy resources
156011
Secondary pressurized energy resources
34 337
Hydro-electricpower-plants
8 074
TOTALuseof local fuels, renewable energy and secondary energy
resources
324 404
In order to increase the use of local fuel and energy resources of the SPA "Belenergo" on
energy sources it were implemented seven projects, including the use of local fuels (wood chips,
peat, lignin), commissioned Zel'venskaya HPP (0.2 MW) and Minichskaya HPP (0.11 MW).
5. As a result of the implementation of the Program of construction of energy sources working
on biogas for the period 2010-2012, 39 biogas plants with total electric capacity of 40.4 MW were
commissioned. This plants will annually produce about 340 million kW•h of electrical energy and
to replace the imported natural gas in the amount of more than 145 thousand TOE.
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Table 4.6. Implemented policies and measures by sectors
Name of policy and
measures
Objective
and/or
activity
affected
Estimate of
mitigation impact,
in CO2 equivalent
Type of
instrument
Status
Cross-sectoral
policies and
measures
CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx,
CH4, SO2,
NMC,
NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
Legal and
regulatory,
economic
Implemented
State authorities and other
organizations
950 ths tons in CO2
eq
Cross-sectoral
policies and
measures
CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx,
CH4, SO2,
NMC,
NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
Legal and
regulatory,
economic
Implemented
State authorities and other
organizations
950 ths tons in CO2
eq
Action Plan to implement the Cross-sectoral
Kyoto Protocol to the
policies and
UNFCCC for 2005-2012
measures
CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx,
CH4, SO2,
NMC,
NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
State authorities and other
organizations
Due to the absence
of access of Belarus
to the flexible
mechanisms of the
Kyoto Protocol the
assessment of these
measures can not be
applied.
The National Program on
measures to mitigate climate
change for 2008-2012
Strategy to reduce emissions
and increase removals by
sinks of greenhouse gases in
the Republic of Belarus for
2007-2012
GHGaffected
Legal and
regulatory,
economic
97
Implemented
Implemented entity or entities
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
CO2, CO,
N2O, NOx,
CH4, SO2,
NMC,
NMVOC,
HFC, PFC
Legal and
regulatory,
economic
Implemented
Industry
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
and
economic,
technical
Heads of the republican
government and other state
organizations under the
Implemented Government of the Republic of
Belarus, Regional Executive
Committees and Minsk City
Executive Committee
Industry
CO2,
N2O,
CH4
National Energy
Conservation Program for
1996-2000 (1996)
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
National Energy
Conservation Program for
2001–2005 годы (2001)
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
National Energy
Conservation Program for
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
The Strategy on participation
of the Republic of Belarus in
the flexible mechanisms of
the Kyoto Protocol in the
first commitment period
The Program of technical reequipment and
modernization of the
foundry, thermal, galvanic
and other energy-intensive
industries, 2007-2010
(2007)
The State Integrated Program
on development of the
material and technical basis
of the construction industry
in 2006-2010
Cross-sectoral
policies and
measures
Legal and
regulatory,
financial and
economic,
technical
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
and
economic,
technical
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
and
economic,
technical
Legal and
regulatory,
98
State authorities and other
organizations
Due to the absence
of access of Belarus
to the flexible
mechanisms of the
Kyoto Protocol the
assessment of these
measures can not be
applied.
356 ths tons in
CO2 eq
150 ths tons in CO2
eq
Implemented
State authorities and other
organizations
Implemented
State Committee on Energy
Efficiency and Control
2300 ths tons in
CO2 eq
Implemented
State Committee on Energy
Efficiency and Control
3800 ths tons in
CO2 eq
Implemented
Committee on Energy Efficiency
under the Council of Ministers of
2560 ths tons in
CO2 eq
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Policies and Measures
2006–2010 (2006).
Measures to improve
efficiency of using fuel and
energy resources for the
period up to 2012 (2010)
The State Integrated
Program for modernization
of the basic production
assets of the Belarusian
energy system, energy
efficiency and increasing the
share of local fuel and
energy resources for the
period up to 2011 (2007)
The Republican Program to
transform the boiler in the
mini CHPPs, 2007-2010
(2007)
Energy
Energy
financial
and
economic,
technical
CO2, CH4,
N2O
technical
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
and
economic
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
The Program of construction
of energy sources working
on biogas, for the period
2010-2012 (2010)
Energy
CO2,
N2O,
CH4
The National Action Plan
for sustainable use of natural
resources and protection of
environment of the Republic
of Belarus for 2006-2010
(2006)
Energy
СО2, СН4
the Republic of Belarus
The Council of Ministers of the
Implemented
Republic of Belarus
Implemented TheMinistryofEnergy
(2011) – 202 ths
tons in CO2 eq;
(2012) – 56 ths
tons in CO2 eq
600 ths tons in
CO2 eq
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
85 ths tons in CO2
Implemented StateCommitteeonStandardization
and
eq
economic,
technical
Legal and
regulatory,
State authorities and other
238 ths tons in CO2
financial and Implemented
organizations
eq
economic,
technical
Legal and
regulatory,
financial
Ministry of Housing and
28 ths tons in CO2
Implemented
and
Communal Services
eq
economic,
technical
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4.6
Policies and measures taken by the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
sector
4.6.1 Energy
In the Republic of Belarus by the 01.09.2013 was adopted a number of policies in the
energy sector. The following policy documents are the basis for the adoption of measures to
ensure energy saving, energy efficiency of industrial processes, reducing greenhouse gas
emissions from fuel combustion in the energy industry,increasing the energy efficiency of use of
the fuel and energy resources, introduction of biogas power plants in enterprises and livestock
complexes;
introduction
of
wind
power
plants,
photovoltaicinstallations,
solar
energyinstallations, hydropowerplants and heat pump plants; introduction of power generation
equipment and technologies using renewable fuels.
Thus, the principles and conditions for the stimulation of workers for saving and rational
use of the fuel, energy and material resources were formed, it were set the targets to reduce the
consumption of use of electrical energy and natural gas for industrial needs, it were set the
targets for saving light petroleum products (gasoline, diesel and biodiesel), funded the
construction of power plants operating on biogas from agricultural and industrial residues,
municipal and household waste, sludge, etc.
The following regulations continue to apply (their detailed review presented in the
previous national communications):
•
Directive "Economy and thrift - the main factors of economic security of the State"
(2007);
∙
•
Law "On Energy Saving" (1998);
•
The Conception of energy security of the Republic of Belarus (2007);
•
Law "On the Use of Atomic Energy" (2008).
The Resolution of the Council of Ministers dated August 09, 2010 № 1180 approved the
Strategy of development of the energy potential of the Republic of Belarus. The strategy
was developed for 2011-2015 and for the period up to 2020 in order to determine the further
development and improvement of legal, organizational, economic, technical and
technological conditions for the effective development of the energy potential of the
Republic of Belarus and enhance energy security.The strategic goal in the sphere of energy
saving for the period up to 2015 should be reducing the energy intensity of GDP of the
Republic of Belarus by 50 percent relative to the level of 2005, 60 percent - in 2020. This
aim should be achieved by:
•
improvement of the organizational and economic policy of energy saving;
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•
increasing the efficiency of energy use at all stages of production
(transformation), transportation and consumption;
•
increasing in the fuel balance of the country the share of local energy resources,
secondary energy resources, renewable energy sources.
Improving the efficiency of energy use will be achieved primarily through the
introduction of new energy-efficient technologies in all sectors of the economy and technological
processes:
in housing and communal services - by:
•
waste management on water treatment plants through the creation of biogas
•
optimization of the water supply of cities and towns in order to reduce energy
plants;
consumption;
•
modernization of the residential buildings in order to bring the heat rate for
heating and ventilation for not more than 60 kW/h per square meter per year after major repairs
and reconstruction of buildings;
•
usingof the local fuel and energy resources not less than 900 thousand TOE by
•
using in 2020 of the municipal waste and sewage sludge with replacement of 80-
2012;
100 thousand TOE.
in agriculture - by:
•
the introduction onthe major agricultural and processing organizations of power
plants on local fuels;
•
using of straw for energy purposes in the amount of up to 230 thousand TOE;
•
construction of local biogas plants in agricultural organizations engaged in the
production of cattle, pigs and poultry.
in the forestry - by:
•
creation of new industries for the production of wood pellets, wood briquettes;
•
introduction of equipment for production of wood chips from non-commercial
wood and wood residues.
in the food industry - by:
•
implementation of the technology of utilization of the vinasse to obtain biogas for
use as fuel in boilers;
•
construction of wastewater treatment plants with the introduction of new
technologies for the production of biogas.
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Local and renewable energy
In 2015, due to expand the usage of local fuels and renewable energy the share of own
energy resources in the balance boiler and furnace fuel will be at least 28 percent, and in 2020 at least 32 percent (in 2009 - 20.3% or 5 29 TOE).
Hydropower resources
The Conception on Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus identifies the potential
capacity of all watercourses in Belarus - 850 MW, which technically available - 520 MW, and
economically feasible - 250 MW. The currently capacity of hydroelectric power plants in the
country is 16.1 MW. The use of hydro potential will be achieved through the construction of new
plants, reconstruction and modernization of small hydropower plants.
In 2011-2015 will provides the construction of the hydroelectric power station with the
capacity of about 120 MW, including: two hydroelectric power stations on the Western Dvina
river with total capacity of 63 MW (Polotsk and Vitebsk HPP) and two - on the river Neman
with total capacity of 37 MW (Grodno and Neman HPP); recovery of 10 existing and
construction of 35 new micro and small hydroelectric power plants. The planned power
generation will reach 0.6 billion. kW•h, which is equivalent to about 205 thousand TOE.
Wind power potential
On the territory of the republic 1840 sites for wind installations with a theoretical power
output of more than 1,600 MW were identified. In 2009, the total installed capacity of wind
power plants amounted to 1.2 MW with the volume of replacement - 0.4 thousand TOE. In 20112014 in Dzerzhinsk district of Minsk region is planned to build a wind farm with electrical
capacity of 160 MW. In general in 2011-2015 wind farms can be built up to a total capacity of
300 MW.
Biogas
In Belarus, the estimated volume of biogas production could reach 503.7 million cubic
meters per year, which is equivalent to 433.2 thousandTOE. In order to reach this target is
planned to organize the production of domestic biogas plants.
Solar energy
Taking into account the climatic conditions of the Republic of Belarus the main areas of
using of the solar energy will be solar water heaters and various solar stations for intensification
of drying and heating of water in agricultural production and for other domestic purposes.In
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2010in the Soligorsk district the domestic solar water heater with capacity of 160 kW put into
operation. A similar installation is planned to install for the hotel "Lake" of the National Bank of
the Republic of Belarus. The energy potential of using of the solar energy will reach up to 10
thousandTOE.
Municipalwaste
The potential energy contained in municipal waste generated on the territory of the
Republic of Belarusis equivalent to 470 thousand. TOE. The effectiveness at their bioprocessing
in order to obtain the gaswill not exceed 20-25 per cent, which is equivalent to 100-120 thousand
TOE. Only in regional cities the annual recycling of municipal waste to gas would permit to
obtain the amount of biogas of about 50 thousand. TOE, and in Minsk - up to 30
thousandTOE.In addition, there are long-term stocks of such waste in all major citieswhich
causes problems for the environment, including the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the
efficiency of this direction should be evaluated not only on the biogas output, but also on the
environmental component, which in this matter will be the main one.
As the technology of incineration of the unsorted municipal waste for the country is
unacceptable for environmental and economic reasons, for the period up to 2015 is planned to
realizedthe pilot projects to implement technologies for the production of biogas from organic
low-caloric part of municipal waste and sewage sludge; the collection and use of biogas
generated at the landfill of municipal waste; pyrolysis of the high-calorific part of the waste to
produce the synthesized gas.
The widespread use of municipal waste energy in the next 10-15 years will be restrained
because of the large capital investment in the construction of plants for the processing of
municipal waste, high operating costs and long payback periods, the need to develop of modern
technologiesto obtain energy from unsorted municipal waste.
These projects require significant capital investment (about 1.8million US Dollars per 1
MW of electric power), they primarily haveenvironmental but not a commercial focus, but it is a
perspective direction of using an organic part of municipal waste and sewage sludge.
The implementation of such projects in cities with a population from 100 thousand people
or more will ensure by 2020 the production of biogas from 65-70 percent of annually produced
sewage sludge and municipal waste (in landfills or waste treatment plants) with the
commissioning of 30-40 MW electricity generation capacity, including at least 15 MW to 2015.
As a result, the natural gas will be replaced in an amount equivalent to 80-100 thousandTOE.
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Cropresidues
The total potential of crop residues is estimated at 1.46 million TOE per year. The
decision on the appropriate volumes of their burning for fuel purposes should take individually
in each case.
In accordance with the balance of the use of straw in the agricultural organizations of the
Republic of Belarus for 2009,the free resources of straw from 8 mln.tons of straw produced from
cereals and leguminous cultures amounted to 957thousand tons, which is equivalent to 230
thousand TOE.
Biodiesel
At present the organizations of the Concern "Belneftekhim" works on increasing of
production capacities of methyl esters of fatty acids. By the end of 2012, the installed capacity
will enable production of biodiesel based on the full needs in it of the Republic of Belarus.
Fuel ethanol
Belarus has a significant potential for the introduction of technologies for production of
fuel ethanol. Consideration should be given to the questions of cheap production of fuel ethanol
with minimal costs. The residues from sugar, starch and cellulose production can be used. For
the introduction of fuel ethanol production technology it needs mainly the corresponding
reconstruction of distilling plants, which will provide the minimum amount of necessary
investments.By 2012 it is planned to develop a pilot technology for production of the biofuel for
gasoline engines based on ethanol with the creation of a working example of a pilot installation
of producing the biofuel. By 2015, the annual production of ethanol could reach 50 thousand
tons.
Geothermal resources of the subsoil
The geothermal field of the Podlasie-Brest depression (Brest region) and the Pripyat
Trough (Gomel region) were examined. The density of geothermal resources in Vitebsk, Minsk
and Mogilev regions are in the process of analyzing.
More than 200 heat pumps with total electrical capacity of about 16.5 MWoperates for
the heating needs in various sectors of the republic.The potential of use of low-grade
heatingsecondary energy resources on spillways of the industrial facilities and utilities, as well as
the potential of using of the geothermal energy for heating of the private houses are more than 1
million Gcal, which is equivalent to 175 thousandTOE.
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The development of the energy potential requires significant capital investment. The total
funding for 2011-2020 will be at least 45.9 billion US dollars. The volume of capital investments
for 2011-2015 and until 2020 will be (mln. USD):
2011–2015
2016–2020
2011–2020
23 300–23 800
22 167–22 667
45 467–46 467
Resolution of the Council of Ministers on February 29, 2012 № 194 approved the State
program of development of the Belarusian energy system for the period up to 2016.
The State Program in accordance with the functions entrusted to the Ministry of Energy
and SPA "Belenergo" determine the purpose and the objectives of development and functioning
of the Belarusian energy system, as well as the ways of their implementation in relation to the
projected fuel and energy balance of the Republic of Belarus, development and operation modes
of the sources in other sectors of the economy.
According to the results of the State program in 2016 it is planned to achieve the
following targets (taking into account their actual implementation in 2011).
Table 4.7 - Projected figures based on the results of the State Program
IndicatorsofSPA "Belen
ergo"
Commissioningcapacity, MW
2241
Decommissioning of inefficient capacity, MW
1820
Reduction in specific fuel consumption for electricity production (in the
25–30
conditions comparable to 2010), tce / kW•h
Saving of the fuel and energy resources (for the period of
1265
implementation of the State program), thousand TOE.
Reducing the use of natural gas by saving fuel and energy resources and
1426,5/1,26
increasing the use of local fuel and energy resources (for the period of
implementation of the State program) thousand TOE/billion cubic
meters
Theuseoflocalfuelandenergyresourcesin
2015,
ths.
482/0,42
TOE/billioncubicmeters
The main parameters of the State Program
The use of local fueland energy resources
In order to increase the use of fuel wood, peat and other local fuels it was approved the
State program for the construction of energy sources on local fuels in 2010-2015, which provides
the construction of the 160 energy sources on local fuels with total electrical capacity of 32.65
MW and heating capacity of 1023 33 MW. The required volume of use of wood fuel and peat for
the operation of these facilities is 450 thousandTOE.
In 2016 the wind power plants with total capacity of 162 MW are planning to
commission, and in the presence of investment funds the total electric power of the wind farms
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could reach 300 MW.
The potential reserves of the renewable energy sources(biogas, phytomass, solar, wind,
geothermal, municipal waste and crop residues energy) does not allow to createthe relatively
large, economically viable capacities in the electricity industry.Their use is appropriate in the
small local installations, the list of which is defined in the National Program for the development
of local and renewable energy sources for 2011-2015. In accordance with this program the
volume of use is estimated about 600 thousand TOE.
Greeningoftheenergysector
In the period up to 2020 it is providingthe reducing of the emissions of carbon dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide by at least 15 percent compared to 2010 due to the implementation of the
following main activities:
introduction of the most effective means of purification of exhaust gases from particulate
matters and sulfur dioxide, modern technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxide and
carbon dioxide;
deep recycling of combustion products (carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide) for further
production of carbonic acid and sulfuric acid;
use of optimal temperature and thermal modes of operation of the boiler equipment and
improvement of structural elements (burners), allowing to reduce the concentration of nitrogen
oxides by 50 percent;
use of two-stage (as well as three- and multi-stage) combustion in boilers on the basis of
operational measures or special burners (reducing the concentration of NOx by 30-40 percent);
recirculation of combustion products into the air that goes to the fuel combustion
(reducing NOx 15-50 percent);
water or steam supply into the combustion zone;
use of fluidized bed combustors when burning solid fuels and wastes;
introduction of the modern low-emission gas-burning devices, providing the lower
nitrogen content in the flue gases;
introduction of modern technologies of use of ash refuse from the combustion of solid
fuels.
It is providing the development of measures to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide and
particulate matters, not exceeding the emissions in 2010 (in the comparable conditions) during
the construction and reconstruction of energy sources of the SPA "Belenergo" and local sources,
using local fuels.
The funding volume for the implementation of the State Program of development of the
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Belarusian energy system for the period up to 2016 by the organizations of the Ministry of
Energy will be 5 403 million US dollars.
As a result of the plans under the State Program, as of 09/01/2013, the following results
were achieved:
Table 4.8 - Results of the implementation of the State program of the Belarusian energy
system for the period up to 2016
Yearofcommissioning
The total capacity of power The total capacity of energy
sources (boilers), MW
sources (mini CHPPs), MW
(heating/electrical)
2010
109,55
24,3/2,35
2011
113,4
33,2/6,3
2012
120,4
The Conception of heat supply development in the Republic of Belarus for the
period up to 2020 was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated
February 18, 2010 № 225. The Conception was developed for the purpose of heat supply,
increasing its efficiency and reliability, the formation of new economic relations in this area.
The share of the boiler and furnace fuel expended to production of heating energy in the
fuel balance of the Republic of Belarus is more than 40 percent.
The consumption of the boiler and furnace fuel in 2008 amounted to 27.9 million TOE,
including the fuel for the production of the heating energy (by fuel equivalent) - 11.4
SPA "Belenergo" (5.5 million TOE).
Implementation of the present Conception will enhance:
the level of energy security of the Republic of Belarus through the efficient use of energy
resources;
the share of local fuels in the fuel balance of the country.
Fulfillment of the present Conception will expand the use of energy-saving technologies
and equipment.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 24 December 2010 № 1882 approved the
National Energy Saving Program for 2011-2015.
This program was developed throughout the Republican energy saving program for 20062010. Within the last Program (2005) it has been tasked to reduce the energy intensity of GDP in
2010 relative to the level of 2005 by at least 31 percent with a GDP growth rate of 156 percent.
In fact, GDP in 2009 compared with 2005 increased by 31.9 per cent, and with the projection for
2010 its growth in 2006-2010 is expected to reach 42 percent. The level of reduction of energy
intensity of GDP in 2006-2009 was 24.8 percent.
The main factor in the low growth of fuel and energy consumption with a significant
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GDP growth and, as a consequence, the reduction of energy intensity of GDP, was the
implementation of energy saving measures. In this period regional and sectoral energy efficiency
programs were drafted and implemented on the annual basis.
As part of the National Energy Saving Program for 2006-2010 active work on promoting
the rational use of fuel and energy resources has done, including through the:
conducting the republican campaigns "Energy Efficiency - in action", "Minus 60 watts in
every apartment";
monthly publication of the specialized scientific journal "Energy Efficiency", educational
materials, posters and other visual agitation on energy saving topics;
creation of social advertising, popular science and outreach films about energy saving.
In 2006-2010in the republic the active work held in order to bring the legal framework
into line with the actual problems of energy saving. For example, more than 100 regulatory acts
of various government agencies were adopted in the sphere of regulation on energy saving
issues, which significantly increased the status of issues addressed in the field of energy
conservation.
The strategic goal of energy saving for the period up to 2015 is to reduce the energy
intensity of GDP of the Republic of Belarus for 50 percent in comparison with 2005 and to
increase the share of local fuel and energy resources in the balance of the boiler and furnace fuel
to 28 per cent taking into account the environmental requirements, social standards and provide
indicators of energy security.
Improving energy efficiency will be achieved primarily through the introduction of new
energy efficient technologies in all sectors of the economy and technological processes:
in the sector of the electric power - by:
scheduled and systematic reduction in specific fuel consumption for electricity
production in the SPA "Belenergo" not less than 10 per cent by 2015 and at least 15 per cent - by
2020;
in the heating system - by:
reducingthe losses in the heating systems to 8 percent;
increasing the combined production of electricity and heating: by 2015 - at 55 per cent
and 45 per cent, by 2020 - 50 percent and 50 percent respectively;
optimization of heat supply schemes;
in industry - decreasingthe specific energy consumption for production by 15-20 percent
- by:
development and implementation of optimal schemes of energy supply of industrial
facilities, implementation of the energy saving technologies and energy efficient processes;
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in the housing and communal services - by:
reconstruction and modernization of boilers;
creating a mini-CHPP on local fuels, biogas installations on wastewater treatment plants,
cogeneration plants with the use of the municipal waste;
public involvement in the process of energy saving;
the use of local fuel and energy resources not less than 900 thousand TOE by 2012;
in the construction and production of construction materials - by:
development of production of the construction materials using the latest energy saving
technologies;
design and construction of buildings (structures) with the use of extremely energy saving
technologies;
in agriculture - by:
using of straw for energy purposes in the amount of up to 230 thousand TOE;
using of electricity generating plants on local fuel, using thesolar water heaters;
construction of biogas plants in the local agricultural organizations engaged in the
production of cattle, pigs and poultry;
modernization of livestock complexes with transition to new energy efficient
technologies;
inforestry - by:
creation of new industries for the production of wood pellets, wood briquettes, fuel chips
from wood waste of any physical and mechanical properties, sizes and shapes;
in the food industry - by:
introduction of technology of utilization of the vinasse to obtain biogas for its use as fuel
in boilers;
construction of wastewater treatment plants with the introduction of new technologies to
the production of biogas;
usingofheatpumps.
The main technical measures to increase the use of local fuels and secondary energy
resources:
The construction of large energy sources on local fuels;
the creation of mini-CHPP on local fuels;
the creation of wind farms;
construction and restoration of mini hydro power plants;
construction of facilities operating on biogas from waste from the agricultural and
industrial production;
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the creation of infrastructure for the collection, processing, utilization of local fuels based
on wood, peat, rape;
the creation of enterprises for processing of municipal solid waste;
expanding the use of low-grade heat sources andsecondary energy resources;
modernization of production in the order to avoid the direct combustion of natural gas
(dryers, stoves, etc.).
The main expected results of the implementation of the National Program are presented
in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9. Expected outcomes of the implementation of the National Energy Saving Program
Outcomes
Indicators
Reduction of energy intensity of GDP (percent)
29–32
Share of own energy resources in the balance boiler and furnace fuel,
28
percent
Saving of the fuel and energy resources in the republic, million TOE.
7,1–8,9
including:
introduction of modern energy efficient and increasing the energy
2050–2400
efficiency of existing technologies, processes, equipment and
materials,ths TOE
commissioning of powergeneratingequipment, ths. TOE
950–1250
Transferring the heat inputfrom the departmental boilers to CHPP
330–450
ths. TOE
improving the efficiency of boilers and process furnaces, thsTOE
500–700
implementation of pumping equipment and variable frequency
150–170
drives, thsTOE
optimization of a heat supply, thsTOE
1000–1250
introduction of metering devices and automatic control in heating,
170–210
gas and water supply, thsTOE
increase of thermal resistance enclosing constructions of buildings,
250–400
construction and housing, thsTOE
using of automatic lighting control systems and energy efficient
200–250
lighting devices, sectional division of the lighting, thsTOE
increasingtheuseoflocalfuels,
waste,
secondary,
2,2–2,3
alternativeandrenewableenergyresources,mln.TOE
Other areas defined within thesectoral and regional energy
250–400
efficiency programs that developed annually,thsTOE
Measures to improve energy efficiency, energy saving technologies and development of
renewable energy sources fully comply with the provisions and requirements of the most
important international agreements on climate change – UNFCCC and the KP.
The energy saving measures planned for 2011-2015 will promote the compliance with
restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions set by the above-named documents, and will be the
basis for carrying out the work in the Republic of Belarus to reduce the specific consumption of
fossil fuels.
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Emissions of CO2 from burning fossil fuels are the main source of greenhouse gases in
the Republic of Belarus. More than 65 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions and about 95
percent of CO2 emissions caused by burning fossil.Thereforethe any measures, aimed at
improving energy efficiency in energy production and consumption and reducing the losses of
energy, lead to a decrease in consumption of fossil fuels and to the almost proportional reduction
of the harmful combustion products into the atmosphere.
The quantitative reduction of the emissions into the atmosphere as a result of savings of
the 1 TOE can be determined by "emission factors" - specific indicators that characterize the
amount of the anthropogenic pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of fuel consumed.
Minimum reduction in greenhouse gas emissions while saving 1 TOE is 1,646 tons of CO2.
Environmental analysis of efficiency conducted on the basis of the methodology of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that in 2006-2009 due to the
implementation of energy saving measures and increased using of the renewable energy, the
reduction of the GHG emissions amounted to almost 12 mln. tons of CO2 equivalent .
The GHG emission reduction will be 12.3 million tons of CO2 equivalent, or annually
2.6-2.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent (under the condition of planned fuel economy in 20112015 in the amount of 7.5-9.3 million TOE)
In 2011-2015 it will be some changes in the structure of the consumed fuels - an increase
in the use of coal and peat, which will lead to an increase in GHG emissions from power and
industrial installations. With the substitution of 2 million TOE of natural gas by the coal and
peat, the increase of emissions of thecarbon dioxide will be 3 mln. tons. The increased volume of
use of the biomass (wood and wood waste) per 1 million TOE will weaken the impact by 50
percent.
Thus, the cumulative effect of these factors (changes in the structure of consumption of
fuel and realization of the energy saving measures) will provide a reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions by at least 11 mln. tons of CO2 equivalent.
The market mechanisms imposed by the Kyoto Protocol allow to attractan additional
financial resources for the implementation of energy saving measures. After the expiration date
of the Kyoto Protocol (after 2012) it is planned to enter into force a new climate agreement,
which will expand the scope of their application.
Thus, it is expected to establish the mechanisms, that would provide the additional funds
not only for the performance of certain activities (projects) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
but also the whole complex of such measures that are implemented at the scale of a whole sector
or branch of the economy.
The amount of funding of the Program will be 8.6 bln.US dollars.
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The Law on Renewable Energy Sourceswas adopted in the Republic of Belarus
(December 27, 2010 № 204-3).
This Law regulates the relations connected with the use of the renewable energy sources
for electricity production, its future consumption and other use, as well as production of the
facilities for the use of renewable energy sources.
The Law enshrines the power of the state bodies in the sphere of renewable energy, the
rights and obligations of producers of the energy from the renewable energy sources. This law
establishes the price on renewable energy sources and tariffs for energy produced from
renewable energy sources.This Law determines the procedure of accounting of the renewable
energy sources and installations on using of the renewable energy sources, as well as the
inclusion of information about the sitesof the possible location of the installation in the state
cadastre on renewable energy sources.
In furtherance of this Law for the period 2010-2012 it was adopted a number of
legislative acts related to renewable energy sources:
Resolution of the Council of Ministers on June 24, 2011 № 836 "On Approval of the
Regulation on the State Cadastre of renewable energy sources and the use of its data, the
Regulation on the confirmation of the origin of energy produced from renewable energy
sources, and the issuance of a certificate to confirm the origin of energy and on
amendments to some decisions of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ";
Resolution of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection on August
29, 2011 № 29 "On approval of Instruction on some issues of conducting of the state
cadastre of renewable energy." This instruction defines the requirements for the structure and
content of the database of the state cadastreof renewable energy sources.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers on July 19, 2010 № 1076 approved the State
Program for the construction of energy sources on local fuels in 2010-2015.
The main objective of the Program is to increase the share of local fuel and energy
resources in the balance of the boiler and furnace fuel of the country mainly due to increasing
volumes of use of the peat and wood fuel in the producing of electrical energy and heating.
The objective of the Program is to commission the energy sources running on local fuels
with theelectrical capacity of 32.65 MW, heating capacity - 1023.33 MW.
The total funding of the Program is planned in the amount of 190mln. US Dollars. As a
result of implementation of the Program will be put into operation the 160 power sources on
local fuels with the electric capacity of 32.65 MW, thermal - 1023.33 MW, which provide the
saving (substitution) of imported fuel and energy resources through the use of local fuels in the
amount of about 450 thousand TOE.
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4.10 - Implementation Plan for the Program for the construction of energy sources on local
fuels in 2010-2015
Capacity of the energy
The economic effect
Total amount of
source, MW (electric / (substitution of imported
funding, mln. rubles
thermal)
fuel), TOE
2010
2,35/156,6
73 061
190 935,0
2011
6,4/168,88
84 552
80 639,0
2012
2,0/378,05
172 554
486 009,5
2013
15,5/182,5
72 636
508 380,0
2014
5,4/88,3
35 315
266 310,0
2015
1,0/49,0
18 656
85 040,0
Total for 2010–
32,65/1 023,33
456 774
1 617 313,5
2015
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 10 May 2011 № 586 approved the National
Program for the Development of local and renewable energy sources for 2011-2015.
The aim of the Programis to increase the use of own energy resources and to develop of
new trends in the field of energy in 2011-2015 for the Republic of Belarus with the increase in
the share of local fuels and energy resources in the balance of the boiler and furnace fuel to 30
percent.
The main directions - increasing the use of fuel wood and peat in energy production; the
use of straw, municipal waste, sewage and secondary energy resourcesto produce electricity and
heat; the introduction of biogas, wind and solar power plants, heat pumps; construction and
renovation of hydroelectric power plants.
The total expenditure for the implementation of the National Program is equivalent to
3455 mln. USDollars.
In 2010, the use of local and renewable energy resources in the Republic of Belarus
(except oil, secondary energy resources and petroleum gas) amounted to more than 3 million.
TOE).
We can predict the increase of this figure in 2015 to 5.7 million TOE (on 1.9 times),
based on the data of the resource potential of local and renewable energy sources and the
economic viability volume of their use.
The measures in the sphere of development of the use of local and renewable energy
sources meet the requirements of UNFCCC KP, they will contribute to compliance with the
restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions set by the mentioned documents, and will be the basis
for carrying out the work to reduce specific consumption of fossil fuelsin the Republic of
Belarus.
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As a result of the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources the total
potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2015 should be around 2710 ths. tons of
CO2, due to:
•
the use of biomass for fuel purposes (fuel wood, straw) - 1152 ths. tons of CO2;
•
the introduction of biogas technology -1046 ths. tons of CO2;
•
the construction of new and reconstruction of existing hydropower plants – 197 ths.
tons of CO2;
•
the construction of wind power plants - 318ths. tons of CO2
By 2015, it is planned a significant increase the share of peat and petroleum coke in the
fuel balance, which will be accompanied by an increase in carbon dioxide emissions (using 1
million TOE of peat allocatesthe emission of the 1,870 ths. tons of CO2, while energy using of
550 ths. TOE of the petroleum coke the emissions of carbon dioxide will increase by 480 ths.
tonsof CO2).The impact of these emissions will be fully offset by a decrease in greenhouse gas
emissions in the implementation of the main directions of the National Program for the
replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. Using of other solid fuels, which are
essential environmental pollutants (oil shale, brown coal) in 2011-2015 don’t plan. The National
Program also doesn’t provide the commissioning of additional energy sources on lignin.
Wood fuel is considered to be CO2 neutral. The amount of CO2 emitted from burning the
wood chips and other wood fuels does not exceed the amount of CO2 absorbed during the
growth of wood. Moreover, the amount of CO2formed by burning the timber is the same as in its
natural decomposition.
Thus, the cumulative effect of these factors can provide a reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions by approximately 360 ths. tons of CO2 equivalent.
By the 09.01.2013 as a result of the implementation of the Program the following results
were achieved (Table 4.11):
Table 4.11 - Results of the implementation of the National Program for the Development of
local and renewable energy sources for 2011-2015
1. Energy sources on local fuels
Year of commissioning
2010
2011
2012
2. Biogasinstallations
Year of commissioning
The total capacity of energy
sources (boilers), MW
(thermal)
22,75
7,0
9,59
The total capacity of energy
sources (mini CHPPs), MW
(thermal / electrical)
The total capacity of biogas
The total capacity of biogas
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installations of the
agricultural organizations,
MW (electric)
2010
2011
2012
3. Wind power plants
Year of commissioning
2010
2011
2012
8,2
installations in wastewater
treatment plants, MW
(electric)
2,1
3,05
0,18
The total capacity of wind power plants, MW (electric)
0,016
1,712
0,80125
The next legislative act that regulates the relations in the field of renewable energy
sources is the Program of construction of energy sources running on biogas for 2010-2015,
adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated June 9,
2010 № 885.
The main activity of the Program is the construction of power plants operating on biogas
from residues from agricultural and industrial production, municipal and household waste,
sludge.
The main goals and objectives of the Program are:
• reducing the ecological impact on the environment;
• production of biogas and using it to generate electricity and heat in order to replace the
imported fuel and energy resources.
As a result of implementation of the Program in the country will be put in operation the
38 biogas installations with total capacity of 37.9 MW, which will annually produce about 314
millionkW/h of electrical energy and to replace the imported natural gas in the amount of more
than 105 ths. TOE.
Total funding for the implementation of the Program will be about 100 million US
dollars.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 17 December 2010 № 1838 approved the State
Program for the construction of hydroelectric power plants in 2011-2015 in the Republic of
Belarus.
Aims and objectives of the State Program:increasing the energy security of the country by
replacing the imported fuel and energy resources by the renewable energy sources, reducing the
environmental pressure caused by the activities of the fuel and energy complex.
Expected results of the implementation of the State Program: power output on the
hydroelectric power plants will reach 0.510 billion. KW/h per year by 2015, annual saving of the
fuel and energy resources in relation to 2009 will be 120 ths. TOE.
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The territory of the Republic of Belarus is flat, which determines the development of
hydropower with the use of potential of the low-pressure streams.
To achieve the indicators of hydropower development it is planned to construct and
reconstructthe 33 hydroelectric power plants with total capacity of 102.1 MW, including 20
micro hydropower plants with total capacity of 0.75 MW, 9 small and mini hydro power plants
with total capacity of 2.34 MW and 4 large hydro power plants with the total capacity of 99
MW.
The total annual output of electricity produced by this new HPP should be around 463
million KW/h. Taking into account the annual electricity generation at existing hydroelectric
power plants, the total production of energy on hydroelectric power plantsof the republic in 2015
will be about 510 millionkW/h. The total fuel savingunder the condition of the commissioning of
new hydroelectric power plants with the capacity of the 102.2 MW will be 120 ths. TOE.
A further increase in hydroelectric electricity production will be implemented in 20162019 years with the phased introduction of large hydropower plants on the Dnieper and the
Western Dvina rivers. The estimated annual output of electricity by the mentioned stations is
351.5 millionkW/h.
So by 2016 the amount of the production of the technically feasible and economically
viable energy will be510 million kW/h, by 2020 - 860 million kW/h.
The total planned funding of projects implemented under the State Program will be 617.3
million US dollars.
Environmental assessment of the State Program
The operation of HPPs aren’t cause the emitting of pollutants into the atmosphere typical
for the power plants operating on the fossil fuel. At the same time does not exclude the negative
impact of hydropower plants on the environment and people's living conditions due to the
possibility of flooding of adjacent lands.It is possible to change thermal and ice regime of rivers,
soil and vegetation cover of the coastal areas, environmental conditions for amphibians, birds
and fish. The assessment of the impact of hydropower plants on the environment in accordance
with the legislation will be carried out during the design period in the development of
justification of investmentsfor each object.
The approximate volume of reducing emissions of pollutants into the air by building of
the new hydropower plants with total capacity of 102.2 MW and annual power generation of
about 460 million kW/h in comparison with emissions from CHPP operating on fossil fuel with
the similar capacity is 230 700 tons, including sulfur dioxide - 850 tons, nitrogen oxide - 210
tons, carbon monoxide – 229 640 tons.
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During the implementation of the Program the intermediate results were achieved:
The total capacity of hydroelectric power
plants, MW (electric)
0,42
0,48
17,245
Year of commission
2010
2011
2012
4.6.2 Industry
Resolution of the Council of Ministers on July 5, 2012 № 622 approved the Program of
the development of the industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to
2020.
The Program gives the evaluation of the development of the Belarusian industry at the
present stage, determine the purposes, objectives, indicators and priorities for the development of
the industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2020(including resource
saving, rational use of available natural resources, deeper processing of raw materials, the
formation of a "green" economy based on energy saving, implementation of environmental
technologies, renewable and alternative sources of energy, effective waste treatment
technologies), offer tools and mechanisms for their implementation.
One of the priorities of the Program is the greening of industrial production. The aim of
the greening of industry is to strengthen of the technological capacity of the industrial complex
for its functioning on the environmental "green" principles, prevent (minimize) the harm caused
by industrial activity for the environment and human health due to the introduction in the
production process of advanced technologies and modern technics, effective environmental
management while ensuring the planned increase in production.
The main objectives:
reduction in waste formation, wastewater discharges, GHG emissionsinto the
environment per unit of raw materials, production capacity, output, energy production, the
volume of the provided services;
reducing the use of primary natural resources while increasing the share of secondary raw
material resources, particularly in the pulp and paper industry, production of the ready-made
metal products, non-metallic mineral products;
minimizing the environmental risks and risks to human health arising at all stages of the
operating of industrial products produced primarily in organizations of chemical, petrochemical,
pharmaceutical and food industry.
Targets:
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to increase by 2020 the share of trapped and neutralized air pollutants from stationary
sources up to 90 percent;
to reduce in 2020 the GHG emissions by at least 10 percent below 1990 levels for the
purpose of trading schemes of greenhouse gas emissions in international markets;
to reduce by 2020 the emissions of pollutants into the air from stationary sources (sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides and NMVOC) at the rate of 0.2 tons per 1 billion rubles of GDP;
to increase by 2020 the volume of water in the systems of recycling and repeated water
supply by 2 percent;
to increase in 2 times the number of industrial organizations that are certified to
complying of the requirements of STB ISO 14001;
to ensure the production of industrial products with eco-label at least 2 percent of the total
volume.
The total expenditure for the implementation of the Program taking into account the
optimization of volume of the funding amounted to about 83,2-90,2 billion US dollars.
The Conception of the development of the building complex of the Republic of
Belarus for 2011 - 2020, approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of
28.10.2010 N 1589.
The Conception determines that the main purpose of the development of the building
complex is to create a modern energy and resourcesefficiency, environmentally friendly
buildings, new building materials that are competitive on the domestic and foreign markets and
which are not conceding in quality to European.
Implementation of this Conception will allow creating of construction products
corresponding in quality with norms and standards of the European Union, compliance of the
principles of sustainable development of the building complex, the defense and protection of the
environment and otherwise.
As a result of this Conceptionit is planned to achieve the following indicators of
sustainable development of the building complex: labor productivity growth of 1.7 - 1.9 times,
reduction of the materials consumption by 5 percent.
The Comprehensive Program for the planning, construction and reconstruction of
energy efficient residential buildings in the Republic of Belarus for 2009-2010 and until
2020, approved by the Council of Ministers dated June 1, 2009 N 706.
The main objective of the program - ensuring reduction of specific consumption of fuel
and energy resources for heating to 60 kW/h per sq.m per year and potentially up to 2020 up to
30-40 kW/h per sq.m per year through the use of new structural -technological and engineering
solutions and engineering equipment.
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Within the framework of the Comprehensive Program the following priorities will be
solved:
development of new approaches in the planning of energy efficient residential houses that
ensure the compliance with regulations of the thermal resistance of the enclosing structures,
ventilation, specific consumption of thermal energy for heating residential houses;
improving the quality of the construction of energy-efficient residential houses providing
thermal insulation of the enclosing structures, increasing tightness of premises, assembly and
installation of engineering equipment.
4.6.3 Transport
4.6.3.1 Road transport
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 24 December 2010 № 1886 adopted the State
Program for the development of road transport the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015.
The program is comprehensive and includes a list and a mechanism for the
implementation of measures for the development and modernization of the automobile
transportations of passengers and goods, as well as reduce the negative impact of road transport
on the environment. The share of road transport in total emissions of pollutants into the air from
mobile sources exceeds 84 percent.In order to reduce emissions the road transport operators
conduct the considerable work to extend the use of vehicles of the higher environmental
categories. The proportion of vehicles complying with technical provisions concerning harmful
emissions and noise, as well as the requirements of environmental standards Euro-3, exceeds 30
percent, the Euro 4 - 7 percent, the Euro-5 - 3 percent.However, it is necessary to continue the
implementation a set of measures to ensure the transport and environmental safety.
In road transport of the republic it is done the work to reduce its harmful effects on the
environment, life and health of the citizens of the republic. The main activities of road transport
organizations in the field of reducing the harmful effects on the environment and human health
are:
reducing emissions of pollutants into the air from stationary and mobile sources;
reduction of waste formation, its recovery and disposal;
decreasing in volumes of emissions of the GHG and the ozone depleting substances to the
atmosphere;
rational use of land for the construction of transport infrastructure.
Implementation of the State Program will ensure the emissions reduction of pollutants
into the air with the exhaust gases by 1-2 percent by 2015 in relation to 2010.
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4.6.3.2 Railway transport
Railway transport the Republic of Belarus is the leading element of the transport system
of the country and in the near future will play a dominant role in its economy. In general, the
rolling stock meets the needs of the republic in the rail transport of goods and passengers, while
ensuring the safety of trains.However, it does not fully meet the growing requirements of modern
saving fuel and energy resources, the cost of technical operation, environment and other factors.
Park of the locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel and electric trains has a longer service life.
Depreciationoflocomotivesis 71.1 percent, electriclocomotives - 89.6, dieseltrains - 57.1,
electrictrains - 87.3 percent.There is a significant amount of oil-filled equipment in operationthat
does not meet modern standards of service and environmental requirements. To ensure
sustainable power supply of hauling operationsand the requirements of ecology the high-voltage
lines, remote control devices and other equipment supply must be replaced.
As a result of implementation of the State Program for the Development of Railway
Transport of the Republic of Belarus for 2011 - 2015 years, approved by the Council of
Ministers of 20 December 2010 № 1851, the following results will be achieved:
• increase in traffic of goods - 121.3 per cent;
• reduction of energy intensity of GDP in rail transport by 29.5 per cent, which will reach
the current level of implementation of the transportation process in energy intensity.
Ecological effect of the Program:
• reducing emissions of pollutants into the air from mobile sources by 20 percent;
• increasing the volume of recycling and disposal of the formed oil sludge by 25-30
percent;
• reduction of land area in the railroad precinct, contaminated by petroleum products, by
50-60 percent;
• reduction of environmental pressure to adjacent to the railway area
• reducing the formation of the oily waste by 10-12 percent;
• reduction of water consumption by 5-10 percent.
The expected outcomes correspond to the economic growth of the country, provided for
in the Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015.
For the implementation of environmental objectives of this program the funding from the
Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Transport will be directed in the amount of - 5.7mln. USD;
2011 - 2.4; 2012 - 3.3 mln.USD.
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4.6.4 Agriculture
In the agricultural sector, the key programs for the organization of reducing GHG
emissions and increasing removals by sinks are the following:
The State Program for sustainable rural development in the 2011 - 2015 years,
approved by Presidential Decree dated August 1, 2011 № 342;
The State Program of conservation and use of drained peatlands lands for 20112015, approved by the Council of Ministers dated August 31, 2010 № 1262;
The Republican Program of reconstruction, technical reequipment and construction
of complexes for growing pigs in 2011-2015, approved by the Council of Ministers dated May
5, 2011 № 568.
The program documents include, in particular: utilization of biogas for energy purposes,
promotion of organic farming using fertilizers produced in biogas plants, the preservation of
protective forest plantations, creation of the forest strips; maintaining the hydrological regime
that is optimal for plants by controlling the water regulating facilities.
4.6.5 Land use, land use change and forestry
The forest fund of Belarus has more than 9.4 million hectares,the forest cover is 39%, the
standing crop is estimated at 1.6 billion cubic meters. An annual height incrementis 31.4 million
cubic meters of wood.
The age structure of forests from the point of the economic evaluation is currently not
very favorable. The juvenile and middle-aged stands dominateon forested lands (67.9%). The
mature stands of wood species which influence on the size of the annual allowable cut and forest
income are up 10.6% (at the optimal rate is 15-18%), of which the mature stands of coniferous
species occupy 4.9%, broadleaf - 0.5 and softleaf - 5.2%.
The State Program for Development of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus for 20112015 (approved by the Council of Ministers dated November 3, 2010 № 1626) was elaborated to
the Program of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus for 2007-2011 (2006).
The main purpose of the State Program is to achieve sustainable, cost-effective,
environmentally responsible and socially oriented forest management.
The main objectives of the State Program:
modernization of forestry production by its technical and technological re-equipment,
introduction of modern information technology and aerospace methods, using the new unified
GIS technologies;
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alignment of the age and species composition of forests;
involving in economic circulation of the economically accessible wood resources within
the approved annual allowable cut;
improvement of technical equipment for the forest protection;
using of the economically and environmentally efficient technologies for the utilization of
wood waste formed during the logging operations, sawmill and woodworking.
The implementation of the State Program will allow to increase the efficiency of forest
management, its profitability by improving the productivity of forests, improving their age and
species composition.
The development of small-scale energy based on the use of wood fuel is one of the most
important areas that reduce the share of the imported energy resources, increasing energy
efficiency of the economy and the level of energy security of the country.
Taking into account the creation of the energy sources using the local fuels,the annual
volume of the production of the wood chips by the organizations under the Ministry of Forestry
will be about 425.6 ths. TOE or 1 600cubic meters of trunk woodby 2015.
The fuelwood, the residues from wood cuttingand wood-working, the wood of the fastgrowing species are planned to use as a raw material for the production of wood chips
Fuelwood. Currently in the country the 6 million cubic meters of fuelwoodharvest, by
2020 it is planned to harvest the 7 millioncubic meters.
The natural losses in forests should be used to increase the volume of fuelwood to 3.1
millionTOE in 2020 (that subscribed in the Conception of energy security of the Republic of
Belarus). During the intermediate the 2-2.5 millioncubic meters of natural losses harvest
annually.
Residues from the wood cutting. Economically and environmentally efficient volume of
using the wood residues for energy purposes is about 0.5 million cubic meters, because the part
of wood-cutting residues is used for technological needs and remains in the forest to improve the
soil fertility and conservation of biological diversity as required by the regulations and forest
certification.
Woodworking waste. The power of the sawmills and woodworking industries currently
allows to receive and use annually for energy purposes up to 1.5 million cubic meters of the
woodworking waste - the cheapest raw material for the production of wood chips.
Timber of the fast-growing species (grey alder).The stand volume of the fast-growing
alder suitable for use as a fertile material are about 18 million cubic meters. The annual volume
of timber of the alder for woodfuel production may be about 1 million cubic meters.
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The Ministry of Forestry has established the production and delivery of fuel wood to the
existing energy sources with total capacity of 505 thousand cubic meters of wood chips per year.
In order to ensure by the fuel the constructing energy sources it is planned to increase the
capacity for the production of wood chipsby 2015 no less than 1.5 million cubic meters per year.
In 2011-2015 for the implementation of the State Program will be spent funds in the
amount of 1 622 500 mln. rubles.
4.6.6 Waste
Every year in the country form about 4 million tons of municipal solid waste.The
volumes of the collection of secondary material resources in 2011 amounted to 354.5 thousand
tons (without metal scrap), or 13.3 per cent of all municipal solid waste.
Organizations of housing and communal services operate the 3,007 facilities of the
disposal of municipal solid waste (165 polygons, 2842 mini-polygons), 5 waste treatment plants,
5 sorting and transfer stations and 81 sorting line of the separately collected municipal
waste.Separate collection of municipal solid waste by main types of secondary materials (glass,
metal, plastic, paper, textiles) is provided in the entire multistoried building of urban settlements.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers on 8 February 2013 № 97 approved theProgram
of development of housing and communal services of the Republic of Belarus until 2015.
The Program aims to increase the efficiency and reliability of housing and communal
services, improving the quality of services through the implementation of social standards in the
mandatory reduction of the cost of their provision.
To achieve this goal the following tasks will be solved to 2016:
replacement and modernization of heating networks to obtain savings of 430 thousand
TOE;
increasing the share of local fuels in the balance boiler and furnace fuels from 34.9
percent in 2012 to 54.5 percent in 2015;
construction of 11 energy sources with total capacity of 14.7 MW running on biogas that
is obtained by the processing of sewage sludge and organic part of municipal waste;
construction waste recycling plants in the cities of Grodno, Vitebsk, Minsk, Bobruisk,
Borisov, Orsha, and the second phase of a waste recycling plant in Mogilev.
The program will provide sorting and recycling of municipal solid waste in the amount of
not less than 1 mln. tons per year, will ensure the recovery of not less than 70 per cent of
secondary material resources that are a recyclable part of municipal waste. Overall, the collection
of secondary material resources will be more than 600 thousand tons per year.
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Financing of the Program will be funded by the state budget, local budgets, innovation
and investment funds, organizations and other sources and will be more than 64 trillion rubles.
4.7
Monitoring the implementation of National Programs
The state government bodies responsible for the execution of the programsmonitorof the
above-mentioned state, national and sectoral programs.
Typically the state government bodiesannually represent until 25 January or before
February 25 of the year following the reporting year, a report on the implementation of a
program to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
The mechanism of control is provided in details in each program.
4.8
Recommendations to improve the legislation of Belarus, regulating the
formation of policies and measures to reduce GHG emissions and removals
1.
When forming the future policies and measures of the Republic of Belarus aimed
at reducing GHG emissions, it is necessary to implement paragraph 38.1 of the Conception of
improving the legislation of Belarus, approved by Presidential Decree of 10 April 2002,
according to which it should be prepared the Law "On protection of the climate."
2.
The context of the proposed new international climate agreement and a number of
international and foreign initiatives gives reason to believe that the policy of the Republic of
Belarus in the sphere of reduction of GHG emissions should be based on a combination of public
and legal principles and practices - for the purposes of regulation of relations in the field of
issuing permits for GHG emissions, their inventory, keeping the state GHG inventory, valuation,
planning and control in the field of climate protection and private law - in order to regulate the
property relations within the framework of the turnover of carbon units as a special property,
rights (quotas) on GHG emissions.An effective combination of the economic and administrative
measures will form a mode of economic interest in the subjects of economic activities aimed at
reducing the negative anthropogenic impact on the climate, will contribute to the implementation
of the principles of "green economy" in Belarus.
3.
There is no doubt that an important place in the policies and measures of the
Republic of Belarus to reduce GHG emissions occupied and will remain to occupythe
institutional administrative measures, it means those that are aimed at organizing the valuation of
GHG emissions, GHG accounting as a result of human activity, absorption of GHG by sinks,
projecting and planning, monitoring the compliance with legal requirements in this
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area.Obviously that the development of a system of measures that reinforce the preferential
treatment (tariff, tax, customs, investment), provides an attractive introduction of energy
production, the implementation of low-carbon projects will require the special attention.
4.
The main objectives of climate policy in the Republic of Belarusshould be: more
efficient use of less polluting energy sources, creating a more "pure" and efficient transport
system, promotion of business entities to increase environmental responsibility without
compromising their competitiveness, ensuring environmentally sustainable planning of land use
and agriculture, as well as creating favorable conditions for research and innovation.
5.
Particular attention in the field of legal regulation should be paid to:
• legal framework and procedures for the operation of the carbon market (legal regulation
of emissions trading) at both the national and regional levels (eg. in the framework of
the Customs Union, the European Economic Community);
• legal conditions for the introduction of a carbon stimulating tax while providing tax
breaks or full exemption from other taxes to increase energy efficiency and promote the
use of renewable energy; establishing a regime of interest of business entities and
individuals in improving the energy efficiency in industrial and domestic sphere, the
attractiveness of the purchase of energy-efficient household appliances, purchase and
use of vehicles with lower emissions of GHGs;
• system of measures to introduce the labeling of energy consumption of the goods
(household appliances, packaging incandescent lamps, car), classifying them according
to the degree of energy efficiency, another carbon labeling.
4.8.1 Studying the feasibility of internal emissions trading system in the
Republic of Belarus
In the Republic of Belarus has established a regulatory legal framework for greenhouse
gas emissions trading. So far, the possible directions of emissions trading were as follows:
•international trade of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol;
• domestic emissions trading between the enterprises of the republic;
• emission trading in voluntary markets;
• project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.
Participation in the second period of the Kyoto Protocol may make adjustments to the
processing of the existing legal framework, and in the case of non-participation - to leave it
unchanged, focusing on the voluntary markets or internal trading system that should follow from
the relevant political decisions.
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Issues of domestic emissions trading don’t practically regulate by in the Belarusian
legislation. In the case of a positive decision on the introduction of the internal system of
greenhouse gas emissions trading the main task will be the setting of the national targets for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
On the basis of the Doha amendments, Republic of Belarus accepted the obligations to
achieve in 2020 the level of 92% of emissions in relation to 1990 with "quantified obligations of
limitation or reduction of the emission for the period 2013-2020".
In the initial stage of creation of the internal system of greenhouse gas emissions trading
it is necessary to establish a system of monitoring, reporting, verifying of greenhouse gas
emissions (MRVsystem). Individual elements of this system already exist in national legislation.
Developing a national plan of distribution of quotas, allocation mechanisms, trade,
accounting, control, penalties, creation of responsible authorities and empowerment of existing
one should also be legislatively fixedat the national level. However, first of all thedecision on the
introduction of a national system of trade and the establishment of national targets for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and implementation of the MRVsystemshould be taken.
For the introduction of an internal emissions trading system in the Republic of Belarus
should:
• Carry out the process of implementing of the system by stages;
• Provide accurate and detailed inventory of GHG, which is the first step in creating a
system of emissions trading;
• Inventory and distribution of free allowances must be conducted according to the
procedure of the reporting and calculating theemissions;
• The adoption of clear legislation;
• Provide access to the bodies that control the system for the basic technical knowledge;
• Establish the integrated rules regarding the toolof the independent verification from the
first year of operation of the system in the Republic of Belarus
• Ensure the independence of verifiers that conduct the checks of annual reports from the
system operator and administrator;
• Create in the system the accreditation body for verifiers;
• Implementation of the electronic forms of documents and information in the initial stage
of implementation of the system;
• A single legal and tax definition of the unit of quotas for greenhouse gases under the
emissions trading system to its full implementation.
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5
PROJECTIONS AND TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES
5.1 Projections of GHG emissions
This chapter provides general information on the various scenarios of future trends in
GHG emissions and removals based on existing national conditions, adopted policies and
measures, as well as shows the dynamics of GHG emissions and removals which exclude
implementation of such measures and policies.
The GHG emission scenarios assume:
•
Projection of GHG emissions for the “without measure scenario”. This scenario
excludes all energy saving policies and measures implemented, adopted or
planned after the year of 1995
•
Projection of GHG emissions for the “with measure scenario”. This scenario
includes measures implemented according to the different sectors and adopted in
the Republic of Belarus.
•
Projection for the “additional measure scenario”. This scenario includes additional
measures that may be implemented in the Republic of Belarus in the financing
presence.
5.1.1 Projection of GHG emission in fuel and energy complex of the Republic of
Belarus
The development scenarios for “Energy Industry”, “Manufacturing Industries and
Construction”, “Transport”, “Agriculture” and its GHG emission projections are provided below.
Commercial sector was included in the “Energy Industry” and “Transport” sectors ror the
projections.
5.1.1.1 Energy Industry
The following three scenarios were considered for the projections in the Energy Industry
sector:
−
−
−
Without measure scenario;
with measure scenario and
Additional measure scenario.
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Scenarios were based on key development direction of energy system of Belarus
specified in the Belorussian State Programme for development of energy system up to 2016,
Energy Security Concept of the Republic of Belarus, Strategy for Development of Energy
Potential the Republic of Belarus, as well as with taking into account the most probable tendency
for sector development. It should be noted here that since 2015 Republic of Belarus planes to
refuse from electricity import.
The following combinations of development strategies for the sector and heat and
electricity demand were considered for scenarios:
Without measure scenario assumes that:
−
First Nuclear Power Plant Unit will be put into operation in 2019, Second Unit –
in 2020 of 2 340 of MW of total capacity;
−
3 combined-cycle plants (CCGT) power of 400 of MW each will be constructed at
the Minsk TPP-5 – in 2012,, at Lukoml Hydroelectric Power station – in 2014, at
Berezovskaya Hydroelectric Power station – in 2014;
−
40 of MW WDPP will be constructed in 2016 and 50 of MW WDDP – in 2020;
−
117 of MW HPP will be constructed in 2016;
−
Total capacity of station units will be 900 of MW in 2020;
−
Electricity capacity co-generation plants operated on local fuels will be 100 of
MW in 2020, heat capacity will be 1 345 of MW;
−
Heat demand will be 76.5 mln of Gcal in 2015 and 81.9 mln of Gcal in 2020.
With measure scenario assumes:
−
First Nuclear Power Plant Unit will be put into operation in 2019, Second Unit –
in 2020 of 2 340 of MW of total capacity;
−
3 combined-cycle plants (CCGT) power of 400 of MW each will be constructed at
the Minsk TPP-5 – in 2012, at Lukoml Hydroelectric Power station – in 2014, at
Berezovskaya Hydroelectric Power station – in 2014
−
40 of MW WDPP will be constructed in 2016 and 50 of MW WDDP – in 2020;
−
117 of MW of HPP will be constructed in 2016;
−
Total capacity of station units will be 900 of MW in 2020;
−
Electricity capacity co-generation plants operated on local fuels will be 100 MW
in 2020, heat capacity will be 1 345 of MW;
−
Heat demand will be 78.8 mln of Gcal in 2015 and 78.6 mln Gcal in 2020.
Additional measure scenario:
This scenario is based on similar assumptions as “with measures scenario”. However, in
addition it was assumed that the following measures for more widespread adoption of renewable
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energy sources and energy efficiency technologies will be in place:
−
−
−
additionally to planned WDPP 500 of MW WDPP will be constructed in 2025
additionally to planned Hydro Power Station (HPP) 100 of MW HPP will be put
into operation in 2025;
Heat demand will be 71.2 mln of Gcak in 2015 and 73.4 mln of Gcal in 2020.
Figure 5.1 – Estimation and the GHG projections results for the Energy Industry sector
up to 2020
5.1.1.2 Sector “Manufacture Industry and Construction”
Regression model of relationship between GHG emissions from the primary energy
resources consumption and economic development of the sectors was used to prepare of
projections of GHG emissions associated with fuel combustion in the “Manufacture Industry and
Construction” and “Agriculture” sectors. This methodological approach primarily was selected
due to availability of aggregate information on the development of this sectors for the period up
to 2020.
Relationship between the parameters of GDP and energy resources, energy resources and
GHG emissions (correlation coefficients amounted to 0.98 and 0.9 for the parameters of GDP
and energy resources, energy resources and GHG emissions, respectively), was established to
analyse “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector; and it was decided to conduct more
detailed analysis of the relationship (statistical relationships) between these parameters using
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multiple time slots. Study of the correlation parameters was carried out for the periods of 19902008, 1990-2011., 1995-2008, 1995-2011. The choice of 1995 as a base year for a number of
slots was conditioned by ending of financial and economic recession in the country and starting
of economic rehabilitation in 1995. Since this year a large-scale implementation of targeted
policies and measures aiming to increase energy efficiency, energy-saving technologies and
renewable energy has began. Throughout the time series 1995-2011 GDP for the sector is
characterized with constant growth, with the exception of 2009 when the global financial crisis
has affected the Russian economy, and consequently caused a decline in production in Belarus.
Table 5.1 – Correlation parameters
1995-2008
Correlation parameters (GDP0,97
energy resources)
Correlation parameters (energy
0,994
resources - GHG)
1995-2011
1990-2008
1990-2011
0,90
0,91
0,88
0,994
0,964
0,969
As the Table 5.1 shows that it is observed the close relationship between the parameter
for all time series, therefore, it faced with the task of finding the reveal the trends using the
regression analysis method. The resulting regression equation enables to assess and project a
level of fuel consumption and GHG emissions based on the known values of regressors. To find
the regression parameters it was used the classical method of least squares.
Impact Analysis of GDP-Energy Recourses
To determine the sample which may be used in the modeling of regression analysis it is
necessary to check its homoscedasticity and autocorrelation absence. For this purposes the
Goldfeld-Quandt and Durbin-Watson tests were conducted respectively [1].
The Goldfeld-Quandt test showed satisfactory results for the three time slots, and the
Durbin-Watson test – for only one. Therefore, for the construction of the linear regression
equation and further analysis data for the 1995-2008 period was used. The regression equation,
as well as the dynamics of GDP and energy resources in the “Manufacture Industry and
Construction” are presented in Figures 5.2-5.3. The regression coefficients of GDP- Energy
Resources were: a = 2.494; b = 0.053. Data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic
of Belarus and the CRF tables of the GHG Inventory were used to prepare analysis.
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Figure 5.2 – GDP and Energy Resources consumption trends
in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector
Figure 5.3 – Regression equation of GDP – Energy Resources
in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector
The importance of both the resulting linear regression equation and its coefficients was
proved after graphing of the regression equation and evaluation its accuracy on the basis of the
of determination coefficient (R2 = 0,94). Correlation ratio between the characteristics in the
model was determined by using the elasticity coefficient, which shows change in percentage of
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resultant characteristic in which the average level of the characteristic’s factor changes by 1%.
With regard to our regression equation the elasticity coefficient of fuel consumption by GDP was
0.35. Therefore, fuel consumption will increase by 0.35% while GDP will grow up by 1%.
According to the Programme of Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of
Belarus for 2011-2015 the GDP growth in the end of 2015 should amounted to 62-68%
compared to 2010, which corresponds to the average annual GDP growth by 10,1-10,9% . Trend
analysis of GDP growth for the period 1995-2010 shows that GDP growth for the 5-year period
is an average of 40-43%: for 1995-2000 – of 35.8% (average annual growth - 6.3%); for the
period 2000-2005 – of 43.4% (average annual growth - 7.5%); for the period 2005-2010 - 42%
(average annual growth - 7.3%). According to data of National Statistical Committee of the
Republic of Belarus in 2011 the GDP growth in comparable prices amounted to 5.5%, in 2012 1.7%, in 2013 - 0.9%, in 2014 - 1.7% (by January-November 2013). According to the plan of
socio-economic development for 2015 (Decree of Precedent on 1 December 2014 # 550) the
GDP growth rates are approved from 0.2 to 0.7%. Thus, there is a lag in real GDP growth rates
behind planned GDP growth rates. Therefore, to predict energy resources consumption in the
“Manufacture Industry and Construction" sector it is assumed that the average annual GDP
growth in the period 2015-2020 will be no more than 3%, the sectoral GDP growth rate will
equal to the country's GDP, and the coefficient of elasticity will remain unchanged until the end
of the forecast period.
Correlation analysis between Energy Recourses and GHG
Correlation analysis between Energy Resources and GHG is conducted using similar
correlation analysis between the GDP and Energy Resources. The Goldfeld-Quandt test showed
satisfactory results for all four originally selected slots (1995-2008, 1995-2011, 1990-2008,
2000-2008). However, experimental value of Durbin-Watson criterion for all four slots was
lower than interval limit of criterion which is evidence of probability of residual autocorrelation
in the regression model, as well as the inability to use the obtained regression equations. In this
regard, it was decided to increase a sample of slots. For 2000-2008 time series the experimental
value of the Durbin-Watson test is within the range of upper and lowers critical limits that
doesn’t provide sufficient evidence to make the right decision. In this situation, more researches
are needed. For 2000-2011 the time series the experimental value of the Durbin-Watson test is
higher than its upper critical limit, therefore the hypothesis of independence of regression
residuals are accurate. That is why data for 2000-2011 time series should be used in the linear
regression equation and further analysis. The regression equation, as well as GHG emission and
energy resources trends in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector are presented in
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the Figures 5.4-5.5. The regression coefficients for Energy Resources – GHG are as follows: a =
0.620; b = 1,709. Data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus and the
CRF tables of the GHG inventory were used to perform analysis.
Figure 5.4 – Energy Resources and GHG trends
in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector
The hypothesis on the impotence of the regression equation both for Energy ResourcesGHG and its coefficients in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector was rewired
after graphing the regression equation, as well as evaluation of its accuracy using the coefficient
of determination (R2 = 0,99). Correlation ration of model characteristics is determined by using
the coefficient of elasticity (Ei = 0.92). Hence, energy resources level will increase by 1% while
GHG emissions will increase by 0.92%. Projection of GHG emissions is provided in the figure
5.6.
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Figure 5.5 – Regression equation for Energy Resources and GHG
in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector
Figure 5.6 – Projection of GHG emissions
in the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” sector
5.1.1.3 Transport sector
Projection of GHG emissions in Transport sector is developed on the basis of scenarios
for cargo and passengers transportation demand –“Trend development” scenario and “State
Programme” Scenario which are described below in the “Methodology” chapter in the
“Projection for cargo and passengers transportation demand” section.
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Рисунок 5.7 – Projection of GHG emissions in Transport sector (Bus and Railway Cargo and
passenger transportation) up to 2020
5.1.1.4 Agriculture sector
Projection of GHG emissions for Agriculture sector was prepared using regression
model. The only one difference from the “Manufacture Industry and Construction” was the
presence of two sources of GHG emissions that characterized the activity in the sector - the fuel
combustion from agricultural activities (related to energy) and the enteric fermentation from
cattle (depending on the number of cattle and milk production), manure management (depending
on the level of intensity of livestock and crops), agricultural soils (depending on the level of
intensity of crops and arable peatlands) which does not included in the energy sector. Therefore,
total GHG emission values were used for regression model in the sector. When correlation
between GDP and GHG emissions in the agriculture sector was determined (correlation
coefficient is 0.8 for 2001-2011) it was decided to conduct detailed correlation analysis
(statistical analysis) between parameters using several time series. Research for parameters
correlation was conducted for 2001-2008 and 2001-2011. Choice of 2001 as a base year was
dictated by the following factors: start in growing of agricultural production [2] after recession
period (1990-1998), increasing in capital investments for development of agricultural complex,
start in implementation of number of country’s programmes aiming to sustainable development
and increasing of agricultural production efficiency.
Table 5.2 – Correlation coefficient
2001-2008
0,95
Correlation coefficient (GDP-GHG)
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As the table 5.2 shows close correlation between parameters is observed for both slots,
therefore a problem becomes to determine precise type of correlation using of regression analysis
method. Resulting regression equation will give possibility for analysis and GHG emission
projection based on known regressor values. To find the regression parameters classical method
was used.
Correlation analysis between GDP-GHG
Correlation analysis between GDP-GHG is similar with correlation analysis between
GDP - Energy Resources and Energy Resources – GHG in the “Manufacture Industry and
Construction” sector. To determine the sample which may be used to perform a regression
analysis model it should be rewired its non-homoscedasticity and residuals autocorrelation using
Goldfeld-Quandt test and Durbin-Watson respectively.
The Goldfeld-Quandt test showed satisfactory results for originally selected two intervals
(2001-2008, 2001-2011). For 2000-2011 time series the experimental value of the DurbinWatson test is within the range of upper and lowers critical limits that doesn’t provide sufficient
evidence to make the right decision. In this situation, more researches are needed. For 2000-2008
time series the experimental value of the Durbin-Watson test is higher than its upper critical limit
and therefore the hypothesis of independence of regression residuals are accurate. Hence, for
graphing of the linear regression equation and further analysis it should be used data for 20002008 time series. The regression equation, as well as GHG emission and GDP trends in the
agriculture sector are provided in the figures 5.8-5.9. GDP-GHG regression coefficients are as
follows: а=18.48; b=0.723. Data of National Statistical Committee and CRF tables of GHG
inventory were used for analysis.
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Figure 5.8 – GDP and GHG trends in the agriculture sector
Figure 5.9 – GDP – GHG regression equation in the agriculture sector
The hypothesis on the impotence of the regression equation and its coefficients was
rewired and confirmed after graphing the regression equation, as well as evaluation of its
accuracy using the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0,9).
After checking the statistical importance of the equation importance of the regression
coefficients was carried out and recognized as important which confirms the possibility of using
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the resulting equation to calculate the predicted values of resultant variable using a known value
of factorial characteristic. Close correlation between the characteristics in the model is
determined by using an elasticity coefficient of (Ei = 0.273). Hence, level of energy resources
will increase by 1% while GHG emissions will grow up by 0.273%.
Projection of GHG emission level in the agriculture sector was prepared based on
assumption that annual GDP growth will be no more than 3% in the 2015-2020 period, the
sectoral GDP growth rate will equal to the country's GDP, and the coefficient of elasticity will
remain unchanged until the end of the forecast period. Actual and predicted GHG emissions for
2005-2020 are provided in the figure 5.10.
Figure 5.10 – Projection of GHG emission in the agriculture sector (energy)
5.1.1.5 Commercial sector
GHG emissions in the Commercial sector (fuel consumption in the Commercial sector)
in the national statistical reporting are presented as sum of categories such as “Trade and Public
Food”, “Commercial activities”, “Municipal Services”, etc. and included in the “Energy
Industry” and “Transport” sectors.
5.1.1.6 Other sectors
Analysis of GHG emissions from this sector shows that there is a slight increase of
emissions (from 654.4 Gg in CO2 eqv. to 674.4 Gg in CO2 eqv.) in the 2000-2010 period and
annual emissions amounted to 0.61%. As it is impossible to identify a key driver of increasing of
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GHG emissions in this sector, comparable tendency in growing of GHG emissions was assumed
up to 2020.
The results of projections of total GHG emissions in the Energy sector with taking into
account various scenarios for “Energy Industry”, “Transport”, as well as different levels for heat
and electricity demands in the country are presented in the figure 5.11.
Figure 5.11- Projection of total GHG emissions
in the Energy sector for various scenarios
Based on these results we can conclude that the difference between the maximum “with
measures” scenario, and the minimum “with additional measures” scenario is 4 million tons in
CO2-eq in 2020. Total difference for 2013-2020 period will amount to 19.9 million tons in CO2eq.
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5.1.2 Projection of GHG emission in “Industrial Processes” sector
Projection of GHG emissions in Industrial Processes sector is also based on described
above econometric modeling methods. To project GHG emissions in the sector Industrial
Processes sector the average annual GDP growth in the period 2015-2020 gg. be no more than
3%, the growth rate of sectoral GDP growth rate will be equal to the country's GDP, and the
coefficient of elasticity will remain unchanged until the end of the forecast period are also
assumed.
Projection of GHG emissions for 2005-2020 are provided below in the figure 5.12.
Figure 5.12 – Projection of GHG emission in Industrial Processes sector
5.1.3 Projection of GHG emissions in the “Solvents and Other Products Use” sector
GHG emission analysis in the Solvents and Other Products Use sector” shows a lack of a
clearly expressed tendency in growth or reduction of GHG emissions. GHG emissions in this
sector in 2005 decreased by 9% compared to 2000, however in 2010 increased by 79% compared
to 2005 and annual growth rate is 15.39%. During the period 2000 - 2010 both growth and
decline in greenhouse gas emissions were observed. To project GHG emissions in this sector it
was assumed that GHG emissions will be characterized by positive dynamics of growth up to
2020 with an average annual value for 2005- 2010 (15.39%).
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5.1.4 Projection of GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector
Projection of GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector was prepared based on total GHG
emissions in the sector from following categories: fuel combustion activities in agriculture sector
(related to energy) and the enteric fermentation from cattle (depending on the number of cattle
and milk production), manure management (depending on the level of intensity of livestock and
crops), agricultural soil (depending on the level of intensity of crop and arable peatlands).
General analysis in this sector is provided in Section 5.1.1.4.
Projection of GHG emissions for 2005-2020 is presented in the figure 5.13.
Figure 4.13– Projection of GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector
5.1.5 Projection of GHG emissions and Removals in the LULUCF sector
To prepare projections in the LULUCF sector for all scenarios it was assumed that the
average value of emissions/removals will amount to 27 mln tons in CO2 equivalent. Since 1990
total value of emission/removals in this sector has ranged from 22.3 to 31.7 mln tons in CO2
equivalent. Any tendency in changes of emissions/removals was not identified. Therefore, it was
decided to use conservative average value for the period/
5.1.6 Projection of GHG emissions in Waste sector
Analysis of emissions in this sector shows that in the period 2000-2011 a significant
increase (from 2955.6 Gg in CO2-eq. to 6486.97 Gg in CO2-eq.) with an average of value of
annual growth by 10.86% was observed. Trend analysis for the period 2005-2011 shows a slight
decrease in the growth rate (from 4620.24 Gg in CO2-eq. to Gg in CO2-eq.) which corresponds to
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an average annual growth by 6.73%. For projections of emissions in this sector it was assumed
that the growth rate of GHG emissions in this sector up to 2020 will be amounted to the average
value of the growth rate for the two reporting periods and accounted for 8.8%. While retaining
this trend for the period 2012-2020 GHG emissions in this sector will amount to 9098 Gg in
CO2-eq. in 2015 and 13 855 Gg in CO2-eq. in 2020.
Summary of the projections data of GHG emissions for various scenarios by the sectors is
provided in the table 5.3.
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Table 5.3 – Summary of the projections data of GHG emissions for different scenarios by the sectors
Сектор
Total GHG emissions
Without measure scenario
With measure scenario
Additional measure
scenario
1. Energy
Without measure scenario
With measure scenario
Additional measure
scenario
1.1 Energy Industry
1.1.а Without measure
scenario
1.1.b With measure
scenario
1.1.c Additional
measure scenario
1.2.
Manufacture
Industry and Construction
1.3 Transport
1.3.а Trend
Development scenario
1.3.b State Programme
scenario
1.4 Agriculture (Energy)
1.5 Other sectors (Energy)
2. Industrial Processes
3. Solvents and Other
Product Use
4. Agriculture
5. LULUCF
6. Waste
1995
2000
2010
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2020
83 064
86 562
79 089
130 042
89 303
165 221
94 837
173 279
98 160
179 990
100 729
186 834
103 163
193 463
105 516
206 963
102 218
79 089
89 303
94 465
97 593
99 677
101 855
103 939
99 530
58 225
58 225
59 832
52 684
89 886
56 442
114 202
58 089
119 772
60 370
124 411
61 827
129 141
63 077
133 723
64 166
143 055
58 071
58 225
52 684
56 442
57 717
59 803
60 775
61 769
62 589
55 383
33 570
35 002
52 583
66 808
70 066
72 780
75 547
78 227
83 686
33 570
30 579
31 773
31 899
33 458
34 186
34 701
35 045
27 432
33 570
30 579
31 773
31 527
32 891
33 134
33 393
33 468
24 744
6 447
6 767
8 116
8 085
8 164
8 244
8 325
8 407
8 573
4 841
3 132
5 100
7 312
7 750
8 189
8 627
9 068
9 955
4 841
3 132
5 100
6 815
7 132
7 448
7 765
8 082
8 715
2 633
10 547
2 033
2 925
9 711
2 595
1 797
8 235
4 057
1 566
8 089
4 191
1 578
8 163
4 263
1 591
8 240
4 336
1 604
8 318
4 411
1 617
8 398
4 486
1 644
8 566
4 642
62
76
122
179
198
217
236
254
292
30 645
-31 222
2 138
20 845
-30903
2 956
22 587
-30179
6 183
24 023
-27 027
8 354
24 241
-27 027
9 089
24 460
-27 027
9 889
24 681
-27 027
10 759
24 905
-27 027
11 705
25 357
-27 027
12 735
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5.2
Aggregate effect of policies and measures
The results of the projection of values of total GHG emissions with taking into account
various scenarios are provided in the Figure 5.14 and Tables 5.6 - 5.8. During the period 1990 2012 years actual emissions according to a National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of
Belarus for 2012 were presented (Table 5.5).
Differences between predicted are caused by a variety of scenarios for the “Energy
Industry” and “Transport” sectors which have a significant impact on total national GHG
emissions.
Figure 5.14 – Projection results of total GHG emissions for various development scenarios in
the Republic of Belarus up to 2020
Table 5.4 shows a comparison in emissions for different scenarios, as well as a
comparison with the “Since 1995 without measures” scenario that describes the situation what
might have happen with GHG emissions if no measures to improve energy efficiency in the
Republic of Belarus, no measures for the use of renewable energy sources and to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions would be implemented and adopted, however, economy would be
grew at the same rate.
Table 5.4 – Comparison between GHG emissions for various scenarios, Gg in СO2 equivalent
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Without measure scenario
With measure scenario
2000
79 165,1
79 165,1
2005
84 173,7
84 173,7
2010
89 426
89 426
2015
99 596
98 160
2020
103 787
102 218
Additional measure scenario
79 165,1
84 173,7
89 426
97 593
99 530
Since 1995 without measures
scenario
86 562
101 000
130 042
173 279
206 963
Structure of GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus is provided in the figure 5.15.
5.15.
Figure 5.15 – Structure of GHG emissions by gages up to 2020.
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Table 5.5 – Data on GHG emissions by sectors and gases for 2000-2010, Gg
2000
Sector
СО2
CH4
N2O
Energy
50 758,78
1 810,06
115,23
Industrial
Processes
2 560,50
33,84
0,63
LULUCF
-30 931,92
Waste
Total emissions
22 387,36
HFCs
9,35
SF6
0,41
Total
СО2
CH4
N2O
52 684,07
53 258,18
1 933,33
120,02
2 604,72
3 411,58
44,33
1,06
76,04
76,04
6 854,88
13 989,82
20 844,70
8,16
20,98
-30 902,78
2 723,07
232,50
2 955,57
11 430,01
14 435,20
Solvents
Agriculture
2005
9,35
0,41
48 262,32
SF6
Total
Continuation the table 5.5 – Data on GHG emissions
by sectors and gases for 2000-2010, Gg
Sector
2010
СО2
CH4
N2O
Energy
54 279,33
2 038,51
123,75
Industrial
Processes
4 018,63
56,86
1,15
LULUCF
-30 202,73
Waste
Total emissions
28 095,23
56 441,59
13,10
2,42
4 092,17
122,44
122,44
7 154,80
15 431,77
22 586,57
4,82
18,74
-30 179,18
5 971,72
211,41
6 183,13
15 226,70
15 909,26
Solvents
Agriculture
HFCs
13,10
2,42
59 246,72
146
-26 231,36
30 438,41
HFCs
SF6
Total
55 311,53
26,19
1,48
3 484,65
69,19
69,19
6 751,05
13 937,05
20 688,10
3,77
17,60
-26 209,98
4 387,74
232,50
4 620,24
13 120,23
14 377,43
26,19
1,48
57 963,74
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Table 5.6 – Projection of emissions “Without measure scenario” by sectors and gases for 2015-2020
2015
Sector
СО2
CH4
N2O
Energy
59 488,74
2 181,11
136,22
Industrial
Processes
4 179,66
56,54
1,07
LULUCF
-27 050,00
Waste
Total emissions
36 618,40
HFCs
23,55
SF6
1,80
Total
СО2
CH4
N2O
61 806,06
57 403,77
2 104,67
131,44
4 262,62
4 551,70
61,57
1,17
197,82
197,82
7 847,20
16 393,54
24 240,74
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
8 793,79
295,40
9 089,19
18 883,63
17 042,06
Solvents
Agriculture
2020
23,55
1,80
72 569,44
147
-27 050,00
34 905,48
HFCs
SF6
Total
59 639,88
25,65
1,96
4 642,04
292,05
292,05
8 208,65
17 148,67
25 357,32
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
13 440,06
415,67
13 855,73
23 819,95
18 007,00
25,65
1,96
76 760,03
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Table 5.7 – Projection of emissions “With measure scenario” by sectors and gases for 2015-2020
2015
Sector
СО2
CH4
N2O
Energy
58 106,58
2 130,43
133,05
Industrial
Processes
4 179,66
56,54
1,07
LULUCF
-27 050,00
Waste
Total emissions
35 236,24
HFCs
23,55
SF6
1,80
Total
СО2
CH4
N2O
60 370,06
55 893,60
2 049,30
127,99
4 262,62
4 551,70
61,57
1,17
197,82
197,82
7 847,20
16 393,54
24 240,74
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
8 793,79
295,40
9 089,19
18 832,96
17 038,89
Solvents
Agriculture
2020
23,55
1,80
71 133,44
-27 050,00
33 395,30
HFCs
SF6
Total
58 070,88
25,65
1,96
4 642,04
292,05
292,05
8 208,65
17 148,67
25 357,32
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
13 440,06
415,67
13 855,73
23 764,58
18 003,54
25,65
1,96
75 191,03
HFCs
SF6
Total
Table 5.8 – Projection of emissions “With additional measure scenario” by sectors and gases for 2015-2020
2015
Sector
СО2
CH4
N2O
Energy
57 560,84
2 110,42
131,80
Industrial
Processes
4 179,66
56,54
1,07
LULUCF
-27 050,00
Waste
Total emissions
34 690,50
HFCs
23,55
SF6
1,80
Total
СО2
CH4
N2O
59 803,06
53 306,38
1 954,44
122,06
4 262,62
4 551,70
61,57
1,17
197,82
197,82
7 847,20
16 393,54
24 240,74
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
8 793,79
295,40
9 089,19
18 812,95
17 037,64
Solvents
Agriculture
2020
23,55
1,80
70 566,44
148
-27 050,00
30 808,09
55 382,88
25,65
1,96
4 642,04
292,05
292,05
8 208,65
17 148,67
25 357,32
5,00
18,00
-27 027,00
13 440,06
415,67
13 855,73
23 669,72
17 997,62
25,65
1,96
72 503,03
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5.3 Methodology
According to the IPCC Guidelines for the preparation of National Communications of
Annex I Parties (decision 4/CP.5) the main objective of this chapter is to provide information on
future tendencies of GHG emissions and removals taking into account national circumstances,
implemented and adopted polices and measure. It is also recommended to demonstrate trends of
GHG emissions excluding such measures and policies.
As it has already mentioned above, the scenarios of GHG emissions assumed:
− Projection of GHG emissions for the “without measure scenario”. This
scenario excludes all energy saving policies and measures implemented, adopted
or planned after the year of 1995
− Projection of GHG emissions for the “with measure scenario”. This scenario
includes measures implemented according to the different sectoral development
programmes and adopted in the Republic of Belarus.
− Projection for the “additional measure scenario”. This scenario includes
additional measures that may be implemented in the Republic of Belarus in the
financing presence.
Projections of GHG emissions were prepared using modeling instruments (LEAP and
BALANCE) for individual sectors, on the basis of econometric modeling methods (regression
analysis), as well on expert judgments. Using of these approaches was managed by availability
of aggregated information on the development of individual sectors up to 2020, as well as the
lack of the required statistical data.
According to the National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Belarus for 2012 [3]
the major source of GHG emissions in the Republic of Belarus (62% of national total emissions)
is energy sector that accounted about for 55.3 mln tons in CO2 equivalent. Taking into account
the significance of this source of GHG emissions and its impact on the trend of GHG emissions,
as well as assuming heightened ratio of development of this sector for the industry growth the
methodology for the projection and estimates of GHG emissions in the fuel and energy
complex of the Republic of Belarus, as well as for the estimates of main GHG tendencies in
Energy sector (fuel and Energy complex) was developed.
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5.3.1
Projection of electricity demand
The Energy Security Concept considers three scenarios for electricity demand minimum, medium and intensive. By comparison of these scenarios with the available actual
data, as well as with projection of demand that is included in the Belarusian Energy System State
Development Program up to 2016 it may be concluded that the most feasible scenario of
electricity demand will be minimal scenario. This scenario assumes that electricity demand up to
2020 will increase by 42.9 billion KWh with an average annual growth rate of 1.4%.
5.3.2
Projection of heat demand
The Energy Security Concept considers three scenarios for heat demand - minimum,
medium and intensive. The Energy Security Concept considers three scenarios for electricity
demand - minimum, medium and intensive. By comparison of these scenarios with the available
actual data, as well as with projection of demand that is included in the Belarusian Energy
System State Development Program up to 2016 it may be concluded that the most feasible
scenario of heat demand will be minimal scenario. This scenario assumes that heat demand up to
2020 will increase to 81 million Gcal.
It may be considered an alternative scenario of heat demand on the basis of data included
in the Comprehensive Program for Development and Construction of Energy-efficient Buildings,
as well as in the new Concept of Municipal Policy, and the Draft of the Comprehensive Program
for the Development of Energy-efficient Construction, Reconstruction and Modernization of the
Buildings for 2013- 2015. and up to 2020. Taking into account the implementation of these
programs, as well as additional measures heat consumption up to 2020 will range from
73.4 million Gcal to 78.6 million Gcal. For the projection it was assumed that heat consumption
for the production and operational proposes and loses up to 2020 will remain at average level for
2000 – 2010.
5.3.3
Projection of public fuel consumption demand
As intensive growth in population in the next 10 years is not expected, it was assumed
that consumption of natural gas, peat, coal and wood will remain at a constant level for the
predicted period. For modeling of the period up to 2020 last year data in statistical reporting
(2012) was used.
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5.3.4
Projection of cargo and passengers transportation demand
The down or up trend in passenger public transportation by rail and road is observed in
last years in the Republic of Belarus. The decrease in passenger traffic was caused by increasing
of well-being which led to the growth of automobilization in the country that in turn had a direct
impact on the reduction of public passenger traffic and led to volatile changes in bus passenger
traffic.
The total bus and rail passenger traffic during 2000-2011 period decreased on an average
by 2.5% annually. However, the increase in prices of motor leads to instability in the use of
private vehicles. Taking into account that over the last years tourism sector was under
development, therefore it may be considered the assumption that public passenger traffic up to
2020 will increase approximately to the level of 2004-2005 (which corresponds to an average
annual growth of rail transport by 5%, the bus - by 0.5% since 2011) and will continue to grow
up at the same rate up to 2020. Changes in the structure of fuel consumption and the reduction of
energy transportation are not assumed.
Passenger traffic of electrical transport is unstable. Based on a conservative approach it
was assumed that since 2011 passenger traffic of tram and trolleybus transport will increase
annually at an average by 0.5%, and Metro - 2%. Also, it was assumed that this trend will
continue up to 2020.
With regard to the trend changes in passenger traffic of private road transport relevant
statistical data on fuel consumption and their impact on the resultant values of passenger traffic
was taken into account for the analysis. During 2005-2012 clear trend of growth or decline in
passenger traffic of private transport is not observed (for example, in the period 2007-2008;
2009-2010 there was an increase by 16% and 5.8%, respectively, and in 2006-2007, 2008-2009 reduction by -5% and -16.5% respectively). Based on these trends, as well as taking into account
that the public automobilization level in the country has already exceeded its level in some
Western European countries, it was assumed that in the period 2011-2020 passenger traffic of
private transport will be characterized with growth by 2%. Fuel consumption and its structure
will not change over the predicted period.
Two scenarios were considered for the projections of passenger and cargo turnover
demand.
Scenario 1 “Trend development” is based on analysis of the tendencies in the cargo
transportation for last 11 years. According to analysis of growth rates of cargo turnover of rail
and road transport during the period 2000-2011 it was assumed that in the period 2012-2020 the
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average annual growth of cargo turnover will be 6.9%. Also, it was assumed that the fuel
consumption and its structure will not change during predicted period.
Scenario 2 “State Programme” up to 2015 was developed taking into account
development proggrames for transport sector, as well as on the basis of assumptions that all
programme’s targets will be observed in the period 2015-2020. Thus, the cargo turnover of road
transport for the period 2012-2020 will increase annually at an average by of 13.7%, and the
train cargo turnover - 2%. Therefore, an average annual growth of cargo transportation will be
about 5%. It was assumed that the trend of cargo transportation in all other organizations will be
similar to the above mentioned growth rates and will remain up to 2020.
Tendencies associated with changes in passenger traffic of public and private transport
during 2011-2020 period will be the same for two scenarios. Changes in fuel consumption
structure and decrease in energy intensity are not assumed during the predicted period.
According to the conservative approach “Trend Development” Scenario 1 was considered
for the projection of country’s GHG emissions
Table 5.9 summarizes key assumptions for the projections of GHG emissions for the
period up to 2020. It should be noted that the projection of public fuel demand was assumed at
least not increasing. That is caused by that rural population consumes major part of fuels for
heating of individual houses. However, currently the share of rural population is decreasing, and
therefore its demand for energy resources is reduced respectively in the Republic of Belarus.
From other site the increasing tendency in construction of individual houses in towns is
observed in Belarus, and demand for energy recourses is increased accordingly. Both these
tendencies are approximately balanced each other, therefore a conservative approach was used to
project of public fuel demand assuming that demand will not increase.
Table 5.9 – Main assumption for the projections
Historical data
Projected data
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
GDP, bln rubles (in 2010
prices)
92 295.3
59 562.8
80 868.9
116 152.1
164 476.1
186 336.7
216 015.3
Electricity demand, mln.
kWh
48 955.0
32 077.0
33 312.0
34 997.0
37 590.0
40 030.0
42 900.0
Heat demand, mln. Gcal
111.3
72.7
69.1
73.5
72.5
75.4
78.6
5 636.0
6 110.0
6 150.0
6 150.0
Public Fuel demand, ths
tonns of fuel oil
equivalent
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Historical data
Projected data
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Cargo turnover demand,
mln. ton-km, (road and
railway transport)
36 451
35 049
36 451
52 910
62 247
83 050
104 165
Passenger traffic
demand, mln. pkm
(railway, road, tram,
trolleybus, metro
transportation)
36 635
21 815
31 845
23 651
21 813
23 242
25 630
15 480
19 338
20 885
22 820
Passenger traffic
demand, mln. pkm
(private transport)
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6
Assessment of Vulnerability, Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Measures
Vulnerability of any system – economic, social or ecological – to climatic changes is a
direct function of magnitude of frequency of harmful effects (in this case of climate change) and
also of sensitivity and adapted capacity of a system to these effects. In general, vulnerability may
be defined as a final result of the climate change impact on the above systems. In this case,
sensitivity is the system’s response to the impact, while the adaptive capacity is the system’s
capacity to absorb negative impact.
The degree of meteorological vulnerability of the Republic of Belarus determined
through calculation of the dimensionless complex index (coefficient) accounting the observed
extremums of the most critical meteorological parameters (temperature, precipitation and wind)
and specifics of their statistical distributions is assessed as “relatively high”.
The degree of influence of hydrometeorological conditions differs depending on the
character of the production activity and technological processes. Specific sectors of the
Belarusian
economy
are
characterized
by
different
degrees
of
vulnerability
to
hydrometeorological events, i.e. their own individual set of unfavorable meteorological
conditions.
The degree of weather dependence of the Belarusian economy is defined as a total share
of the most weather-dependent sectors in the GDP. According to the experts’ assessments, the
list of these sectors includes the agricultural and forestry sectors (10.4% of GDP), fuel and
energy complex (6.5%), construction sector (7.5%), transport and communication (11.3%),
housing sector (2.9%) and public utilities sector (2.9% GDP).
Weather-dependent sectors contribute over 41% to the Belarus’ GDP. Agriculture is the
most weather-dependent sector of the Belarusian economy since its exposure to the impact of
extreme weather events defines to the great extent cumulative damage to the country’s economy.
The assessment of distribution of damage inflicted to the country’s economy sectors by
dangerous and natural hydrometeorological events are provided in Figure 6.1.
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Figure 6.1 – Comparative diagram of climate change-related damage to most vulnerable
Belarusian economy sectors
Agriculture
Forestry
Construction
Fuel and energy complex
Housing and public utilities
Transport
The agricultural production is affected most by possible climate change. Thus, higher
probability of low crop yield as a result of increase in frequency and recurrence of droughts on
the territory of a number of regions, growth phase shift and insufficient soil moisture supply
during the spring season, worsening of the phytosanitary conditions and invasive phytophag
species and crop loss caused by increase in frequency of unfavorable hydrometeorological events
may constitute the highest threat.
Another sector being most vulnerable to the climate change is forestry. Even now, the
shift in areas of some forest plant species, increased frequency of diseases and fires and change
in the hydrological regime in a number of regions are observed in this sector. Unfavorable
meteorological events result in the loss of timber reserve as they cause windfall. The reduced
winter harvesting period due to shallow soil freezing and early and frequent thaws influences the
forest product cost.
Water resources are also highly vulnerable to the climate change. Water supply measures
are time-intensive, therefore, large-scale water management projects need to be planned about 25
years in advance, and commissioning of these projects should outrun water demand beyond a 1015-year period.
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6.1
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Measures in Agriculture
6.1.1 Climate Change Impact on Agriculture
The agricultural sector accounts for 8–9% in the GDP structure. In the recent years,
Belarus has actually achieved the maximum level of food security (0.8–1.0 t of grain per capita).
Variation in the yield capacity of major crop species increases from 43-72% in the
northern region of Belarus and reduces to minimum (23–34%) in Grodno Region where the
farming standards are higher and the soil bonitet is higher on the average. The contribution of
weather and climatic conditions to variability of the crop capacity of fall rye and spring crops is
only 14–17% on fertile lands [1].
It has been found that a substantial proportion of weather and climatic parameters
contributes to formation of the total variance in capacity yield of fiber-flax in the eastern,
northern and central regions (63–67%), with its reduction down to 36% being observed in Brest
Region.
Given the climate change, implementation of the strategy of cost-effective adaptive
intensification of the Belarusian farming systemis prioritized in Belarus [2].
Development of this system is related to the improvement of natural soil fertility, soil and
climatic plant-growing specialization, use of a substantiated set of crops and effective (including
landscape and contour) crop rotation, nitrogen of leguminous crops, soil improving plants,
genetically resistant varieties, mixed sowing through the use of landscape advantages,
observance of optimal periods of performing technological operations, phytocenotic measures to
control weeds, etc.
The global warming influence on agriculture even in the countries with relatively stable
climate may result in the ecological damage accounting for the greater portion of the total loss in
all economy sectors put together.
The climate impacts the agricultural sector through two schemes, i.e. through the change
in frequency of dangerous and particularly dangerous weather events and also through long-tern
tendencies – trends reflected in averaged indicators of the agricultural production.
Expert assessments show that weather and climatic conditions result in the change of the
gross agricultural product in Belarus, at least by 15–20%, meat and milk production – by 10–
15% and beef raising and hog growing costs – by 5–15%. In specific years, the grain production
accounts for about 60% of the minimum level of the country’s food.
Potential damage to the temperate zone countries inflicted by unfavorable weather and
climatic events is the greatest in the agricultural production (nearly 70%). The damage from
unfavorable weather and climaticevents may be reduced by 35–40%, provided that preventive
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measures are taken.
In the recent 20 years, the following economically significant specific feature has
distinctly emerged: an average gross grain harvest in the country is about 7 mln tons, however, in
the years with unfavorable weather conditions it reduces to 5.5 mln tons (in 1999 – about 3.5 mln
tons), while in the years with fair weather conditions, it reaches 9.5 mln tons. Grain losses are
estimated to be about USD 700 mln.
Increase in the average yearly air temperature by 1°С leads to extension of the vegetation
period (Figure 5.2) by 10 days and increase of the accumulated temperatures by 200°С which
corresponds to the latitudinal shift (northwards) of more southerly climatic conditions by 150200km. Hence, this will result in the change of the country’s climatic (natural) zoning, shift in
phenophases (specifically in spring) and extension of the vegetation period.
Figure 6.2 – Growing season length isolinesin the most common climate change scenario [1]
The onset of severe drought events leads to increased expenses related to the unscheduled
land tillage, grain resowing on large areas, overuse of agricultural machinery, payroll overexpenditure, etc. During periods of severe drought events, grain crop production costs increase
by 15-20% compared to years of fair weather conditions.This leads to substantial reduction in
labor productivity by the same value in the agricultural sector.
The area of the country’s particularly drought-prone southern part will tend to
increase.The soil moisture stock for agricultural crops will be continuously reducing in these
regions. The number of cold and dry spells is likely to increase specifically on the reclaimed
areas and new types of agricultural crop diseases and pests will appear.
Under such weather conditions, there is a need to expand areas under drought-resistant
crops, arrange their selection and seed-breeding (many drought-resistant crops consume 1.5−3
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times less water than traditional crops and are characterized by a deeply penetrating root system).
In general, the increased vegetation period and agricultural crop heat provision, improved
overwintering conditions, etc., - all this is not a guarantee of the increased agricultural crop yield
capacity; this contributes to faster ripening, but reduces the grain-filling period. Under such
conditions, the plant hardening will weaken and the conditions of yield formation of medium and
late varieties of potatoes, flax, cabbage and the after grass will worsen due to dry and hot second
half of summer. In addition, many mid-latitude agricultural crops need low-temperature spells
(vernalization) at the beginning of the winter season. Warming during the winter season is likely
to result in damage of winter crops from damping-off, rotting-out, frost-killing and snow mold.
The increase in duration and heat provision of the vegetation period opens up new
perspectives, but also poses some problems:
−
introducing more productive, late-ripening varieties of grain crops
and vegetables;
−
shifting the sowing time of spring crops to earlier periods. This will
help more effectively use soil moisture supply after spring snow-melting, will
result in earlier grain maturity and will make it possible to grow stubble crops at a
greater scale. However, late May frost risk needs to be taken into account,
therefore, the cultivated crops should be frost-resistant;
−
extending the zone of cultivating warm-weather vegetable crops
northwards – cucumbers and tomatoes;
−
extending spring rape growing areas;
−
earlier onset of the first growth (by 7–12 days), but less favorable
conditions for forming full after grass (higher probability of onset of dry spells in
July-August);
− somewhat better conditions of overwintering of agricultural crops and sown
perennial grass, however, high probability of winterkilling will persist in case of
abrupt frost intensification (up to minus 18°С) and lack of a snow cover;
−
better conditions of harvesting and reduced harvest time;
−
reducing housing season and improving cattle wintering conditions,
productivity of natural pastures and crop capacity of sown grass are likely to
reduce due to the increased temperature background;
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−
increased fire hazard on peatlands;
−
desertification of areas which is most pronounced through
combination of dry phenomena and increased anthropogenic impact on
ecosystems.
In case of extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, squall winds and torrential
rains, as a rule, it is not possible to avoid the negative consequences neither by selection of
crops, nor by application of various cultivation technologies.
The specialists predict that all farming systems will be inevitably cardinally restructured
as a result of shift of agroclimatic zones northwards over a substantial distance. A new fourth
agroclimatic zone may cover more than half of the country’s territory by 2030. The accumulated
temperature>10°С will increase by 600°C [3]. The vegetation period will increase nearly by 1
month. Productivity of agricultural crops due to the increased aridity is likely to reduce in the
southern part of the country. This reduction may be compensated to some extent by higher
productivity in the northern regions of the country.
Some technological lagging behind developed countries, understaffing, high material
inputs for production of agricultural produces, persistent price disparity amid a developing
market, all this increasingly necessitates fundamental reforming of the agricultural sector. Given
growing demographic problems (population decline, increased share of elderly people, including
those of the unemployable age), degradation of the rural social infrastructure is being
continuously aggravated.
6.1.2 Adaptation Measures in Agricultural Sector
The measures for adaptation of the agricultural sector to the climate change include as follows:
− introducing more productive, moderately late-ripening varieties (hybrids) of grain
crops and vegetables which will more effectively use increased thermal resources;
− expanding cultivation areas under some traditional, “forgotten” and new highly
effective crops (corn, millet, soya, sugar beet, spring rape, etc.);
− improving to some extent conditions for growing stubble and postcut crops;
− establishing horticultural plantings with a new set of species and variety composition;
− shifting the sowing time of spring crops to earlier periods. This will help more
effectively use soil moisture supply after spring snow-melting, will result in earlier grain
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maturity and will make it possible to grow stubble crops at a greater scale. However, May frost
risk needs to be taken into account, therefore, the cultivated crops should be frost-resistant;
− extending the zone of cultivating warm-weather crops northwards (100–120 km).
Due to increasing aridity, the following is needed:
− intensifying activities aimed at breeding new varieties and expanding the use of
drought-resistance crops;
− expanding regions of irrigation and sprinkler irrigation farming;
− further developing the system of insurance against drought consequences;
− extending the corn and millet growing areas.
The Republic of Belarus is already implementing specific measures for adaptation of the
agricultural sector to the climate change. Grain maize grown areas have been substantially
expanded in the country over the recent years. Increase in the yield capacity of grain maize and
silage maize is directly dependent on effective accumulated temperatures during the period of its
vegetation and maturing. The agricultural enterprises of Brest and Gomel Regions have been
growing winter barley the yield capacity of which is slightly lower compared to other crops. Its
advantage, however, resides in the fact that harvesting begins 2–3 earlier than that of other
crops.This is also conditioned by the increased effective accumulated temperatures in June-July.
Oil seed rape growing areas increased up to 500 ths ha. Soybean crop is grown in southern
regions (up to 5 ths ha); growing areas under sunflower, millet, canning-pea, sweet corn and
green bean have increased.Growing onion as an annual crop and garlic has been commercialized
over the last seven years. Cultivation of warm-weather potato varieties has been started.
Activities to establish industrial vineyards and hopyards are underway.
In conclusion it should be noted that due to uncertainty of available knowledge about the
climate change causes and wide scatter of scenario assessments of the climate change in the
future, apart from elaboration of adaptation measures in various economy sectors based on the
climate warming scenario, there is a need to consider other climate change scenarios (cooling,
persistence of current climatic conditions), i.e. to carry out scientifically based elaboration of
multivariant adaptation measures in climate-dependent economy sectors to mitigate risks in case
of development of an alternative climate change scenario.
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6.2
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Measures in Forestry Sector
6.2.1 Climate Change Impact on Forestry and Biodiversity
The climate impact on forest ecosystems includes as follows [4]:
− change in current stand increment due to the increased effective temperatures,
vegetation period duration, increased demand for respiratory oxygen consumption during the
vegetation period due to increase in average night temperatures;
− change in period of ripening fruits and seeds of woody plants due to earlier onset of
vegetation;
− 10−15-day shift in the beginning of silvicultural season;
− increased duration of a fire season, increased areas of potentially fire-proneforests, higher risk of
fire hazard in forests and on peat-bogs;
− change in the stand structure due to the shift in areas of principal forest-forming species: spruce,
hornbeam andspeckled alder;
− higher probability of mass reproduction of forest pests both primary (gypsy moth, nun moth,
sawflies, owl-moths, tussock moths, leaf rollers, etc.) and secondary (primarily, eight-dentated
bark beetle and its accompanying pests);
− deterioration/improvement in performance of hydro-forest reclamation systemsandoccurrence of
negative side effectsrelated to their operation;
− higher probability of occurrence and harmfulness of late spring frosts due to earlier vegetation;
− active wetland overgrowing as a result of overall lowering of ground water level and increased
rate of evaporation from the surface of wetlands and their water-shed areas;
− increased forest community transpiration;
− change in soil conditions of stand growing due to total lowering of ground water level;
− loss of biological diversity of the forest boreal flora and fauna;
− deterioration of conditions of assimilation as a result of reduced transparency of the atmosphere;
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− deterioration of conditions of water supply as a result of overall lowering of ground water level
across large areas due to the action of a complex of anthropogenic and climatically determined
factors;
− expansion of forest-steppe and steppe floristic complexes to the forest ecosystems;
− total accelerated rate of circulation of elements in forest ecosystems, in particular, accelerated
rates of the forest litter and floor decomposition;
− biodiversity enrichment based on the species of the thermo- and xerophilic Euro-Asia Minor and
Eurosibirian-Aralo-Caspian biotic complexes;
− growth in plant productivity due to the reduced CO2 limitation level as a result of its
increased concentration in the atmosphere and productivity fall due to the increased ozone
content;
− deterioration of conditions of overwintering of the forest vegetation due to
unavailability or reduced availability of the snow cover;
− deterioration of conditions during the winter season for the harvesting equipment to have access
to boggy felling areas due to the increased temperature, reduced period of snow cover
availability and forestry road freezing.
Accelerated rate of circulation of elements in forest ecosystems, in particular,
accelerated rates of the forest litter and floor decomposition. This theoretically contributed to
some increase in the stand productivity. Mass propagation of forest pests, higher aridity and also
the change in concentrations of aerosols and ozone may significantly reduce the plant
productivity. According to simulation-based assessments of the Russia’s researchers,
anthropogenic increase in the ozone ground level concentration alone resulted in the reduced
increment of the biomass of broad-leaved trees; in the first half of 90s of XX century, it was
estimated to be as high as 15% in some countries of the Western and Central Europe, while in
Belarus this reduction was estimated to be 7–9%.
The changes of climatic conditions directly or indirectly (through the change in the level
of ground water, fires, propagation of forest pests and outbreaks of diseases) effect the state of
the forest vegetation and result in the change of the stand composition and structure.
Climate effects specifically manifest themselves in the change of the spruce distribution
area. The modern southern line of the continuous spruce distribution is defined by a number of
days (over 120), with relative air humidity exceeding 80% and accumulated temperature above
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10°С.
Further rapid increase in average monthly temperatures during a warm season of the
year is likely to result in occurrence of droughts during the vegetation period with simultaneous
lowering of ground water level. As a result of change of temperature and soil conditions of the
stand growth, the spruce area may reduce further.
Forecasts of the change in productivity of principal tree species show that the change in
productivity will be characterized by diverse trends: increase in productivity north-eastward and
reduction in productivity in the southwestern part of the country. The decline in the pine forest
increment by 4–6% may be expected as early as by 2025 and 8–10% decline – by 2050.Besides,
the increase in the vegetation period duration due to early onset of the vegetation is not sufficient
to compensate dry spells in the middle of the vegetation period. On the other hand, the
productivity may increase by 4–6% in the northern regions of Belarus. The reduced increment
zone may shift northward of Minsk by 2050.
The change in the communities’ composition and productivity may seriously adversely
affect the country’s economy and pose a serious threat to biodiversity.
6.2.2 Adaptation Measures in Forestry
Subject to the State Scientific and Technical Program “Forest Management and
Sustainable Forestry”, a program of adaptation of the forestry to the forecast climate change has
been developed and the measures for adaptation of the forestry are listed below:
− elaborating and implementing the forest industry strategy and targeted program of
adaptation to new climatic conditions;
− forest-growing taking account of the shift of climatic zones and change in soil
moisture supply regime;
− shifting to increased felling age;
− protecting forests from insect pests, developing prevention measures to control
propagation of nonnative invasive insect pests in the country;
− rehabilitating disturbed wetlands by rewetting to reactivate peat formation
processes and rehabilitating other GHG natural sinks;
− improving the forest/peatland fire protection system;
− conducting R&D to assess the climate change impact on the forest vegetation
forestry and elaborating measures for adaptation of the forest industry to this
climate change.
Given the measures for adaptation of the forestry to the climate change throughout the
country, the area under coniferous stands may increase by 3.1% by2005 and by 12.4% by 2050
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compared to the reference period. It is noteworthy that specifically spruce forests will contribute
to the area expansion in the northern and central parts of Belarus, while pine forests will be
mainly responsible for this process in Polesie. Oakforest area may increase several-fold, i.e. by
7.7% in 2025 and by 11.6% in 2050. This primarily should take place through conversion of a
part of small-leaved forests and also spruce foreststomixed spruce and broad-leaved forests. The
area under ash forests may increase five-fold (from 0.4% to 2.1%) by 2050. The adaptation
program also provides for the reduction in the area of the secondary small-leaved communities
of birch, ash and speckled alder forestsby 9.5, 0.4 and 0.4% respectively.
One of the measures for the climate change adaptation in Belarus may include regulation
and optimization in terms of uniformity of tree species composition by replacing spruce stands in
the most vulnerable regions with more resistant stands and by increasing their share in the most
prospective northern regions of the country (larchandoak and also pine, birch and alder).
The measures aimed at increasing the productivity and measures for adaptation of the
forestry to the climate change may include as follows [5, 6]:
− sustainable use of the forest fund, maximum timber use, including green waste;
− reduction in forest cultivation period through timely reforestationusing
commercially valuable species and compulsory conservation of the establishing
undergrowth in the process of forest management;
− accelerated stand growth by properly selecting and locating tree specieswith
account for forest sites and natural properties of the to-be-grown tree species. As a
rule, the preference should be given to multispecies stands in the process of stand
formation;
− improvement of forest sites (introducing soil-improving tree and shrub species,
including undergrowth, mixing forest litter with a soil mineral layer, liming acid
forest soils, applying peat to dry nutrient-poor soils, sowing lupin, etc.);
− introduction of fast-growing tree species, selection and introduction of the most
productive native principal valuable species (oak, pine, spruce, aspen, birch), with
achievements of the modern selection of modern science bring used to the
maximum;
− thinning (systematically removing unpromising trees from the stand and leaving
the best trees growing).
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− efficient felling methods and most advanced harvesting processes allowing the
undergrowth and forest site to be preserved;
− protection of forests from fires and from pest insects and fungal diseases.
The forest fire resistance may be improved by:
−
regulating the composition of coniferous stands in the process of
thinning, while maintaining an admixture of hardwood species and also the
quantity, composition and structure of the undergrowth and underwood;
−
forming fire-resistant areas by growing stands of the mixed
coniferous artificial stands;
−
timely thinning;
−
removal of rubbish from the felling area and elimination of debris-
strewn forest sites beyond the limits of felling areas;
−
establishing fireproof forest margins to separate fire-hazardous
forest areas and to form units of various sizes isolated from each other.
To reduce the fire risk on peatlands, the activities aimed at maintaining the existing and
rehabilitating out-of-operation reclamation systems and also at restoring the water regime on
peatlands unfit for farming and forest management may become effective measures.
A package of adaptation measures has been elaborated based on the forecast of climate
change in Belarus until 2050, forest composition and structure, minor forest production
resources, composition and harmfulness of principal forest pest insects, forest-fire situation and
reforestation and forest breeding volume.
Implementation of these measures will help reduce forestry losses by 20-50% from
adverse weather conditions, increase future forest productivity by not less than 10% and improve
conditions for conservation of the biodiversity of the forest flora and fauna.
Since 2010, the Strategy provisions have been implemented to develop new forestry
management (forest tenure) projects, thinning, reforestation and forest breeding. Implementation
of the entire package of measures stipulated by the Strategy will substantially improve resistance
of forest ecosystems to the climate variability by 2040-2050, prevent mass forest mortality and
bolster the Belarusian forestry sector’s position in external markets.
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6.3
Assessment of Vulnerability of Water Resources and Identification of Adaptation
Options
6.3.1 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources
The runoff of large rivers has changed insignificantly, however, changes in the maximum
runoff fall outside the limits of accuracy of calculations: decrease in the runoff is characteristic
of all rivers.
The Pripyat river’s minimum runoff significantly increased, this increase is less
pronounced on the Dnieper river, while the maximum runoff on other rivers is less significant.
Therefore, theintra-annual runoff transformation has occurred which resides in leveling of the
runoff part in terms of specific hydrologic cycles. The winter runoff of rivers will increase, while
the spring runoff will decrease.
The increase of renewable water resources is expected in the north of the country which
will result in increase of the water supply per capita. Quite a different situation may be observed
in the southern part of the country, however, rather uniform distribution of water resources
throughout the territory will in general match with the water requirements of the country’s
regions.
The ice cover period will reduce, the time and processes of freezing and breakup on
rivers and water bodies will significantly change and the inland navigation period will become
much more extended.
Increase in the winter and summer river runoffunder conditions of the reduced depth and
time of soil freezing will result in the ground water rise. Specific areas of the country
characterized by excessive moistening, a shallow groundwater tableandlow drainage capacity
may encounter inundation problems which will lead to deformation and weakening of the
building and structure foundations. The latter is particularly dangerous for monuments and
architectural ensembles.
The climate-driven water resources dynamics cannot be viewed without accounting for
anthropogenic changes. Implementation of drainage reclamation in the country has effected
physiographic and hydrological conditions of the areas. As a result of the reclamation, drainage
density has increased several-fold which creates more favorable conditions for the runoff. The
annual runoff has increased on more than half of the water-shed areas under study. The drainage
most significantly effected water resources of small water-sheds having an area of up to 300
km2. Due to reduced evapotranspiration and drawdown over the first years after drainage
reclamation, the annual runoff increased by 20–30% and low-water – by 50–70%, and in some
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cases even greater. The reclamation led to lowering of ground water level.
The greatest risk the climate change poses is related to floods. Analysis of the data on
floods in 1845 and 1931 shows that probability of forming even more catastrophic floods and
floodings in the future in Belarus is high.Such a situation is likely to occur in case of the
increased anthropogenic load on the water-shed and is conditioned by significant changes of the
flow formation conditions.
The flood-inflicted damage in the country has not been accurately recorded. It was
estimated indirectly through insurance coverage paid to industrial enterprises and agricultural
producers, compensation of loss subject to acts of flood control commissions, expert
assessments, etc. Such an accounting system frequently resulted in underestimation of the floodinflicted damage. In this connection, Belarus has undertaken efforts to improve the system by
developing special methodologies oriented at analyzing the data on possible flood-inflicted
damage with account of hydrological parameters of floods and floodings and conditions of
economic activity on the territories prone to inundation by floods. For example, the methodology
of calculation of damage inflicted to the agricultural sector is based on the principle of the
reduced yield under long-duration floodingsrelated to the time-lag between the actual and
optimal sowing season, summer and autumn floods – full or partial loss of agricultural produces
depending on the flood duration. The methodology accounted both direct losses caused by the
inundation as such and indirect losses related to various factors (underproduction, disruption of
communication lines, etc.).
The loss data obtained using the calculation methodologies characterized the value of the
annual average damage under natural state of watercourses [7].
Floods inflict both direct and indirect damage. Direct damage includes death,
hypothermia and injuries of the people, damage and destruction of residential and production
buildings, roads, power transmission and communication lines, livestock death and crop failure,
liquidation and spoilage of raw materials, fuel, food products, fodder and fertilizes, costs related
to a temporary evacuation of the people and loss of the soil fertile layer. In this case, the death of
the people may be caused by drowning, severe injuries and hypothermia. Hypothermia also may
cause many diseases, the injuries may be inflicted by heavy floating objects or by colliding
people with obstacles while moving in the torrent.
The types of indirect flood damage include as follows: costs for procurement and delivery
of food products, fodder and necessary supplies to disaster areas; reduction in output due to
inundation of production facilities; deterioration of living conditions of the affected
communities; and underuse of areas in the flood zone.
Floods in Polesie are most disastrous. This is related to a flat lowland relief and also to
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small depth of incision of rivers and, hence, a gentle slope and low conveying capacity. Let us
review the Polesie region in more detail [7].
The most significant spring floods in terms of adverse effects were recorded in 1999 on
the Pripyat river and in 2004 on the Western Dvina river and in the lower reaches of the Sozh
river. In 1999, the highest flood levels formed on the right-bank tributaries of the Pripyat river –
the Goryn and Ubort rivers where the level was exceeded by 1.23–2.83 m. During the period of
formation of the flood water maximums, large amount of precipitation fell out in the basin (110–
255% of the norm) that resulted in a substantial increase in the water level.The 1999 flood peaks
were close to those of the 1979 flood in terms of its peak height, and on the Shat river, in the
lower reaches of the Pripyat and Yaselda rivers they exceeded long-term values by 3–14 cm. The
floodplain flooding depth reached 1.0–3.3 m on the majority of rivers. The flood inflicted
substantial material damage to the national economy. For example, as a result of 1999 flood, 370
settlements were inundated in 49 districts. The total area flooded amounted to 255,653 ha, of this
area, the farmland accounted for nearly 185 ths ha. 2,224 residents were evacuated from 929
residential houses. The flood disrupted communication with 558 residential houses in 18
settlements. 2.9 km of power lines, 82.25 km of motor roads, 2.65 km of dams and 13 bridges
were damaged. Stolinsky, Drogichensky, Luninetsky, Elsky, Zhitkovishsky and Lelchitsky
Districts were inundated most. Flood-related death of people in Belarus was not recorded.
Floods as some other natural emergencies may be predicted to some extent that, thereby
allowing mass civilian casualties to be prevented and damage to be reduced.
Scientifically
substantiated
conclusions
of
hydrologists,
hydrotechnicians,
hydrometeorologists and other specialists lay the foundation for planning and forecasting
damage mitigative measures. However, a number of factors allowing the flood onset to be
predicted to some extent need to be taken into consideration in the inundation-prone settlements.
This includes long-term observations of floods occurred in a specific locality and their impact
and visual observations of the water level rise in water reservoirs. The snow melting rate, the
rainfall amount and availability of ice clogging during breakup on rivers – all this also helps
identify the probability of inundation. As is known, not only snow cover depth in the country
itself, but that in the neighboring countries effects floods in Belarus. The Belarusian
Hydrometeorological Service comprises a properly organized and extensive network of
meteorological stations and meteorological observation posts, it operates advanced information
technologies and receives operational information from radars and earth satellites and long-term
observation data. Hydrometeorological Service’s specialists receive information not only from
the country’s meteorological monitoring system, but also from other European countries and in
case the risk of flood occurrence is identified, the information about this is immediately
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disseminated. The states neighbouring Belarus annually provide the information about the
expected spillover of flood water to the territory of Belarus. During the spring flood, the
Republican Hydrometeorological Center operationally makes hydrological forecasts of forming
high water levels in rivers. Hydrological forecasts help timely take all necessary flood preventive
measures.
To mitigate the adverse effect of the change of water resources, there is a need to
elaborate flood protection measures, primarily in Polesie, with consideration for specifics of the
river runoff formation in Ukraine which are to be supplemented by a reliable
hydrometeorological monitoring and extensive use of radar and satellite information for
assessing snow cover characteristics and planning water management measures.
Regular forest reclamation activities in the river basins are the most effective measure to
control erosion-inducing water flows.
It is reasonable to consider the issues of building underground water reservoirs in specific
regions of the country aimed to regulate water regime subject to requirements of water
consumers, i.e. to address the water supply problem residing in increase of the dependable water
content of a water source.
6.3.2 Adaptation Measures in Water Sector
Due to the climate warming, the following adaptation measures need to be implemented:
− effectively using continuously reducing quality water resources;
− extensively introducing water-saving technologies in various sectors of the
country’s economy;
− converting hydro-reclamation systems into more technically advanced systems
characterized by optimal water consumption for production purposes;
− switching to a waste-free system of using water resources;
− artificially replenishing groundwater resources as an option.
To mitigate the adverse effect of the change of water resources, there is a need to
elaborate flood protection measures, primarily in Polesie, with consideration for specifics of the
river runoff formation in Ukraine which are to be supplemented by a reliable
hydrometeorological monitoring and extensive use of radar and satellite information for
assessing snow cover characteristics and planning water management measures.
Regular forest reclamation activities in the river basins are the most effective measure to
control erosion-inducing water flows.
It is reasonable to consider the issues of building underground water reservoirs in specific
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regions of the country aimed to regulate water regime subject to requirements of water
consumers, i.e. to address the water supply problem residing in increase of the dependable water
content of a water source.
Establishment of a reliable hydrometeorological monitoring and extensive use of radar
and satellite information for assessing snow cover characteristics and planning water
management, agricultural and forest-protection measures; substantiation of expediency and
feasibility of building underground water reservoirs in specific regions of the country aimed to
regulate water regime subject to requirements of water consumers, i.e. to address the water
supply problem residing in increase of the dependable water content of a water source.
In the process of the long-term planning of the economic activity it is required to take
into consideration vulnerability of the surface water and specific limitations of adaptation
measures without relating to specific dates of the onset of changes. The adaptation measures for
the economic activity should include primarily water saving, extensive use of low-water
technologies and more extensive use of the farmland irrigation. There is a need to change over to
the basin management of the water resources use and protection.
6.4
Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Human Health
In the process of studying the climate change effect on social spheres, considerable
attention should be paid to the health impact assessment. Comfortable conditions of work,
recreation and living significantly effect the human health.
The global warming is likely to result in creation of comfortable conditions for specific
pests and diseases which will adversely effect the public health.
Natural calamities also lead to indirect effects, namely, the increased number of
mosquitoes due to flooding of areas, activation of ticks and other infection carriers, the increased
period of their potential contagious danger and disruption of operation of water supply and
sanitation facilities. The above factors pose the risk of increased incidence of intestinal infectious
diseases. The specialists believe that climate warming will contribute to spread of infections
transmitted through infected water and insects. Infectious agents, when outside the human body,
cannot exist in a cold climate, however the situation radically changes in the high temperature
environment. Infectious diseases may be divided into three major groups: 1) diseases transmitted
primarily through water and food products, 2) mosquito-borne diseases and 3) tick-borne
diseases.
The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases is mainly dependent on water quality (both
in water supply sources in the plumbing system) and also on the degree of contamination of food
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products.
The ambient temperature is the key factor directly effecting the human organism. The
temperature defines therespiration depth and rate,blood circulation rate, hemogenesis character
andoxygen supply to cells and tissues.
The climate warming leads to the increased number of days with abnormally high
temperature. Even short-term excessive temperature may cause excessive mortality due to
exacerbation of various diseases (ischemic heart disease, diabetes, diseases of the respiratory
system), accidents, suicides and murders. The climate warming is most dangerous for the elderly
people, disabled and low-income categories of the population. The days of excessive temperature
are also characterized by higher atmospheric air pollution levels.
The human body state is also affected by air humidity. The conditions are comfortable at
average air humidity (50%) and without its abrupt fluctuations.
Belarus is characterized by high humidity throughout the year, i.e. under conditions of
excessive moistening in the country, the most favorable season for people interms of relative air
humidity is the spring and summer season (May-August).
Variation in the seasonal intensity of weather is a key factor to which the human
organism is exposed within the integrated climate impact. Abrupt atmospheric pressure drops
result in the disorder of respiratory process, blood and tissue oxygen depletion which enhances
risks of cardiovascular diseases. The response to meteorologicalevents aggravates the course of
chronic diseases and causes undesirable changes of the state of health of as human being and
his/her mood.
To address the issue of adaptation of the human organism to the climate change, the use
of local climate specifics (solar radiation, air properties, landscape, etc.) should be intensified at
the state level which may help reduce or increase the load related to the human organism
adaptive response, thereby improving and adjusting the functioning of its protective mechanisms.
Belarus possesses natural resources suitable for promotion of the agroecotourism which is
currently becoming more relevant and demanded.
The ozone layer depletion by 1% which is also induced by the climate warming may
cause the growth in incidence rate of melanoma by 2%, non-melanoma skin cancer by 3%, and
cataract by 0.6–0.8%.
The frequency of occurrence of maximum summer temperatures has increased nearly 2fold. The increased number of days and periods with high temperatures creates an additional load
on a human body specifically for the people with cardiovascular diseases and reduces
performance. Protective measures should be provided specifically in the premises (air
conditioners, fans and also architectural protective solutions, if required).
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During the warming period in question, the number of thaw days and continuous duration
of thaw periods have increased. While previously the frequency of occurrence of thaw periods
with duration over 10 days made up 9% of the number of such periods, in the recent years –
about 14%. Thaw intensity has also increased – maximum and daily mean temperatures during
thaws have also risen. The frequency of occurrence of thaws with the maximum temperature
over 4°C has increased from about 13 to about 21% and with the daily mean temperature – 1.5fold.
Apart from direct effect of weather factors, the climate exerts an indirect impact since
climatic conditions define to a great extent the pattern of the food consumed, sanitary methods, a
structural design of residential/administrative buildings and industrial enterprises, effect the
social and family structure and also survival of insects and animals – carriers of pathogenic
microorganisms in their habitat.
Of special concern are the diseases being not endemic to Belarus. This includes infectious
diseases which have been diagnosed over the last 40 years. Quite recently, the spread of tropic
viruses the emergence of which, as researchers believe, is related to the changes taking place in
the environment has been reported: malaria and “West Nile virus”, outbreak of Ebola virus,
jungle fever, epidemic of typhoid fever or cholera outbreak.
The most significant climate change-induced effects are likely to emerge in the highly
urbanized regions. Such effects may manifest themselves in the disruption of water supply,
increased thermal loads and favorable conditions for spread of various infections [4].
Assessments of the pathogenicity index change related to temperature, air humidity, wind
speed, interdiurnal atmospheric pressure variability and also the annual cycle of the integrated
pathogenicity index over the last 40 years have demonstrated a diverse character of trend
changes of the above pathogenicity indices. Pathogenicity indices of air humidity and
interdiurnal atmospheric pressure variability are growing which adversely effects the public
health, while the wind speed reduces and temperature increases, thereby defining positive
dynamics of the pathogenicity index of the wind speed and temperature.
The climate warming increases the stay of people in recreational zones (forests and banks
of rivers/lakes/reservoirs), hence, the anthropogenic load on these ecosystems are likely to
increase and result in water quality impairment and aggravation of the epidemiological situation.
In conclusion it should be emphasized that ecosystems (aquatic, forest and agricultural)
should not be viewed in isolation from each other. The human health is defined to a great extent
by the state of environment, so it is relevant to assess the climate change impact on the
ecosystems, economy and public health in the integrated manner. This would help select the
most promising adaptation measures not only at the national level, but also at the interstate
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(regional) level.
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7 FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER, INCLUDING
INFORMATION ACCORDING TO ARTICLES 10 AND 11 OF KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Republic of Belarus is a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, but it is not
included in Annex II, therefore, it has no financial commitments and has not provided financial
resources subject to Article 4, Clauses 3, 4 and 5 of the Convention and it also has not provided
financial resources to the developing countries subject to Article 11 of the Kyoto Protocol,
including “new and additional resources”. The Republic of Belarus has not made contributions to
the Global Environment Facility, multilateral institutions and programs or bilateral and regional
financial contributions related to the Convention implementation.
The Republic of Belarus pays considerable attention to promoting cooperation with the
international organizations in the climate area and also with the developed and developing
countries. Such components of this process as building up institutional structure and capacity and
transferring technologies to the developing countries are of critical importance.
It must be emphasized once more that the Republic of Belarus has established and is
developing the legislative and regulatory framework and institutional framework for
implementation of the UN FCCC and KP as follows:
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection is a body coordinating the
overall activities within the framework of the UN FCCC and KP.
The RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology” is responsible for scientific and technical support of the
UN FCCC and Kyoto Protocol and for the climate research.
The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System has been developed and is in place.
The procedure for maintaining the State Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by
Sources and Removal by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases has been approved.
The National Center of the Republic of Belarus for Taking GHG Inventory and
Maintaining Greenhouse Gases Inventory has been established.
Necessary conditions for the functioning of the National Registry of Carbon Units of the
Republic of Belarus have been created and the procedure for forming and maintaining it has been
approved.
The procedure for the submitting, reviewing and monitoring of the joint implementation
projects and voluntary GHG emission reduction projects has been approved.
The Belarusian scientific organizations are involved in the research on climate and the
system for providing climate change information to the national state administrative bodies,
enterprises and institutions and also to the public is in place.
Currently, Belarus cooperates in the climate change sphere with the Intergovernmental
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Panel on Climate Change in the area of preparation and submission of GHG Inventories and
National Communications to the UN FCCC Secretariat, reviewing Inventories and National
Communications by international experts in the process of centralized reviews, including visits
of international experts to the country; with government institutions of other countries,
specifically with Ministries of Environmental Protection, agencies and institutes taking and
preparing GHG inventories and maintain Registries of Carbon Units; with foreign companies
and enterprises in the area of promoting carbon financing, preparing joint implementation
projects and voluntary GHG emission reduction projects, etc.
The Republic of Belarus, being an economy in transition, like other countries in which
the transition to the market-oriented economy is underway, may count for assistance of the
Parties to Annex 1 which may provide it through multilateral institutions, inclusive of the Global
Environment Facility, through bilateral institutions and by raising funds in the private sector or
through other procedures, the assistance in the sphere of capacity building, financial and
technical assistance and assistance in the technology transfer to assist these countries in
elaborating and implementing their national low-carbon development strategies and action plans
in accordance with their national priorities and emissions reduction targets (Decision 2/СР.17
“Results of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Actions under
the Convention).
Subject to Decision 4/СР.17 “Technology Executive Committee – Conditions and
Procedures”, the exchange of information and knowledge is also one of the components of the
technology transfer and capacity building.
Therefore, Belarus entitled to the international technical assistance, nevertheless provides
assistance itself in the sphere of technologies transfer to the developing countries and building
their capacity by training students from such countries in the Belarusian institutions of higher
education.
Thus, 1,894 foreign students attending courses related to the issues of environment and
climate protection were trained in the Belarusian universities as of 01.08.2013. Among them, the
citizens from 26 countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Vietnam, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Yemen,
China, Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mali, Morocco, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Syria,
Sudan, Turkey, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Turkmenistan and Russia). For the avoidance of
repetitions, more detailed information is provided in Section 9, Subsection 9.2.
The Republic of Belarus provided nonrefundable assistance in 2010-2014 to such
countries as Russia, Turkey and Serbia to liquidate fire and flood-inflicted consequences.
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Research and systematic observation
8 RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
8.1 General Policy on Research and Systematic Observation of Climate Change and
Funding
8.1.1 National Policy in regard to research and systematic observation
Progress in research of climate change and its prediction of climate impact assessment,
the application of knowledge about the climate when making economic decisions is entirely
dependent on the availability and quality of climate data. Time series data with sufficient spatial
resolution and coverageare neededin order to plan and manage agricultural production, water and
forest resources and other sectors sensitive to climate impacts. Development of economy of the
Republic of Belarus requires detailed study of climatic resources in order to optimize agricultural
production, broaden climate record as well as its usage in energy sector, construction, and,
ultimately, the development of appropriate response strategies for industrial and agricultural
production to climate change.
Legal basis of hydro-meteorological activities are regulated by the Act On HydroMeteorological Activity (National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus No 170,
2/1344 as of 2007). The current Act aims to provide government agencies, other organizations
and individuals with actual and forecasted hydro-meteorological information.
By the Resolution of the Council of Ministers No 75 dated January 23, 2007 the study of
regional climate change was included in the list of activities of national importance in the field of
hydro-meteorological activities.
By the Council of Ministers Resolution No 1301 dated October 4, 2006 the Statement on
the National Climate Inventory was developed and approved. This Statement determines the
composition of the state of climate inventory data, the order of reference, as well as the
procedure for providing the climatic inventory data to state government agencies, different
organizations and individuals. National climate inventory is a systematic set of data, based on
hydro-meteorological information about the combination of atmospheric conditions, typical for a
certain area because of its geographical position, that vary during the year, ranging within certain
limits from year to year, but slightly varying from one multi-year period to another. National
Climate Inventory includes long-term averages of meteorological parameters (air temperature,
barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, etc.) for a certain period of
observation: day, month, year (climatic norm); extreme values of meteorological parameters for
a certain period of observation: day, month, year; medium and closing dates of occurrence of
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meteorological phenomena; repeatability of meteorological phenomena or values of
meteorological parameters of the National Climate Inventory data are used for:
•
Accounting the knowledge of climatic characteristics while planning activities of
different sectors
of national economy as well as rational distribution of
productive forces;
•
Agroclimatic zoning, locating the crops, planning the cultural operations;
•
Industrial, transport, energy, water and civil construction design, planning and
building of human settlements;
•
Development of state standards for technical products, work clothing, fuel and
other state and department standards;
•
Design of health facilities, bioclimatic justification of creating the recreation and
tourism areas;
•
Development of measures on air protection against pollution and on improvement
of environment;
•
Climate change assessment, including the change under the influence of
anthropogenic factors;
•
Maintenance of other state natural resource inventories;
•
Other needs, prescribed by law.
Due to the fact that the first period of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
to the UN FCCC (2008-2012) is completed, it was necessary for the Republic of Belarus to
develop the policy on mitigating the effects of climate change on the second commitment period
of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2017 and till 2020). At the same time, one must also consider future
commitments of the Republic of Belarus under the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent climate
agreements. In this regard, the Republic of Belarus has developed the State Program of Measures
to Mitigate the Consequences of Climate Change for 2013-2020 (Approved by the Council of
Ministers Regulation No 510 dated 21.06.2013, as amended by Decree of the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No 444 dated 08.05.2014) which contains a number of
activities in the following main sections:
- "Improving the observations of climate change, climate change mitigation and
adaptation to climate change";
- "Scientific, personnel and information support the development and implementation of
measures to mitigate climate change";
-
"International cooperation in the development and implementation of adaptation
measures to climate change and mitigate the human impact on climate."
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It should be mentioned that there is no separate line for funding on climate research and
at the same time some funds (though insufficient) are provided in the Republic of Belarus in
order to prepare the State Inventory on anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption by
the greenhouse gases absorbents as well as the State Inventory of the Renewable Energy
Sources, part of funds from the state budget are provided by the National Academy of Sciences
of the Republic of Belarus (NAS of Belarus), BSU in order to perform scientific researches
including those directly or indirectly related to climate change. Hydrometeorology organizations
and their structural departments (stations and posts) of the Republic of Belarus are financed from
the state budget. Major part of works and research in the sphere of climate are funded through
national programs (state budget), and international projects.
There is a range of programs in the country which are aimed at the problems solutions,
connected with the climate change.
The above mentioned State Program of Measures to Mitigate the Consequences of
Climate Change is developed for 2013-2020. The total amount of funding for the program equals
to 89 364, 5 billion Belarusian rubles.
Sector Development Program of the State Hydrometeorological Service for 2011-2015.
(sections relating to the development and improvement of the monitoring system, satellite data
usage, weather forecasts improvement, participation in meetings, conferences, seminars). The
amount of funding for the years 2011-2014 amounted to 66.9 billion Belarusian rubles.
Currently Republic of Belarus needs to increase the investment and institutional
attraction because the solution of the problems, connected with monitoring and research of the
climate demands great financial investments, directed to the improvement of the existing
monitoring systems, implementation of the new monitoring technologies and equipment which
would conform to the international requirements and standards as well as to the performance of
the scientific research in this field.
8.1.2 International Cooperation
Weather and climate do not have national boundaries. Therefore, international
cooperation at the global level is essential for the development of meteorology and operational
hydrology.
Observation of weather and climate networks, and international cooperation in
meteorology began to develop in the XIX century and currently operates on a global level.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinates this work. The Republic of Belarus is a
member of this organization since 1948.
Currently the main directions of cooperation between Belarus and the WMO are the
performance of meteorological observations according to internationally agreed standards, rapid
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information exchange, Belarus climate monitoring, improvement of meteorological information
practical use hydrological monitoring and evaluation of the quantity and quality of water
resources.
Implementation of the principles laid down by the WMO, allows the National
Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus at no extra charge to regularly receive a
large amount of hydro-meteorological information from the whole European continent and
waters of the North Atlantic, required to produce forecasts of meteorological conditions on the
territory of Belarus. In order to make forecasts, a large amount of information from the WMO
regional centers as well as data from different observing systems and numerical weather
prediction models are used. This allows the specialists from the State Institution "Republican
Hydrometeorological Center" (SI “RHMC”) to provide weather forecasts with a high level of
probability on the territory of the Republic of Belarus.
Due to the participation in the WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme (VCP WMO)
Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus actively implements new technologies
in the measurement system; it is also equipped with a new means of observation, communication
and data processing. Belarusian specialists have an annual training at the Regional
Meteorological Training Centre in the Russian Federation. It is organized within the framework
of VCP and with the financial support of WMO. In addition, employees of the
Hydrometeorological Service, with the support of WMO, are regularly sent on training courses
abroad, where they participate in seminars, technical conferences, training workshops. Managers
and specialists of the National Hydrometeorological Service units are involved in the work of the
WMO Commission: on Basic Systems, Instruments and Methods of Observation for
Atmospheric Sciences, Aeronautical Meteorology, Agricultural Meteorology, Hydrology and
Climatology. Participation in the work of these committees helps to maintain the level of the
organizational,
methodological,
technical
and
human
resource
activities
of
the
Hydrometeorological Service of Belarus. Belarus is also a member of the Regional Association
VI (Europe) WMO.
In addition to activities carried out by the WMO experts of the SI “RHMC” take part in
conferences and seminars in the framework of international projects (BALTEX, BALTRAD).
Refresher courses at the European satellite information (EUMETSAT), the National School of
Meteorology Meteo-France significantly improve the qualification of specialists.
SI “RHMC” constantly receives scientific-methodological, technical and reference books
in paper (magazines, books, brochures, informational messages) and electronic format (CD
ROM). In 2013 the training of specialists with specialty in hydrometeorology began for the
various areas of hydro-meteorological activities in the regional center of the WMO - Russian
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State Hydrometeorological University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia). Approximate amount of
funding (through WMO) is 17 000 US dollars.
As part of the WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme a computerized workstation for
the forecasting hydrologist (costing $ 10 000) was installed at the SI “RHMC” in 2009 which is a
link of the technological complex GIS Meteo. In 2010 the equipment for the reception of satellite
information EUMETSAT station was installed (valued 8200 US dollars) as well as software on
the satellite information processing “Meteogamma” with the value of 10 000 US dollars. In
2012-2013 the project "Supply of the combined technical hardware and software technologies
MITRA - GIS Meteo" at the National Hydrometeocenter” within the VCP WMO was
implemented. The value of the equipment equalled to 25 812 US dollars.
Only in 2013 - 2014 the staff of the National Hydrometeorological attended a number of
conferences, meetings and seminars with organizational and financial support of WMO:
-
Seminar of the WMO Regional Association VI to implement the Integrated Global
Observing System (Madrid, Kingdom of Spain);
-
First session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Services for the World
Meteorological Organization (Geneva, Swiss Confederation);
-
Sixteenth session of the Regional Association VI World Meteorological Organization
(Helsinki, Finland);
-
Fifth session of the North-Eurasian Climate Forum Seasonal Prediction (Moscow,
Russian Federation);
-
Sixteenth session of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAM-16)
(Antalya, Turkey);
-
Training workshop on "Practical application of data EUMESAT» (Riga, Latvia);
-
Sixteenth session of the Commission on Applied Climatology (CCL) (Heidelberg,
Federal Republic of Germany).
Additionally, participation of the staff of the Department of Hydrometeorological
Activities of the Ministry of Natural Resources in the 38th Session of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the 10th session of the IPCC Working Group II
(Yokohama, Japan); international conference of experts in the field of research and innovation
policies as well as scientists named "Cooperation between the EU and EaP countries in the field
of science, technology and innovation in order to solve social problems related to climate,
natural resources and environment (Yerevan, Armenia); 40th session of the subsidiary bodies of
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol (UN FCCC and KP)
(Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany); seminar of the regional program project "Climate East"
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in the framework of the European Union, "EU-Eastern Partnership" on the international
negotiation process on climate change (Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany).
According to the decision of the 25th session of the Interstate Council of
Hydrometeorology of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter - CIS), held on
October 16-17, 2013 (Yerevan, Armenia), Belarus was suggested to explore the creation of the
conditions in the Republic of Belarus for Eurasian Regional Office of the World Meteorological
Organization for the CIS Member States. This office is expected to create for the closer contact
with the WMO Secretariat with national hydrometeorological services of the CIS on the
implementation of the WMO Strategic Plan and the implementation of priority international
programs, as well as providing support and assistance in the development and implementation of
the regional programs.
The Policy and the institutional mechanisms for the observation and research of climate
change in the country should be integrated into international cooperation on climate change.
Currently, it is carried out with international organizations and the Federal organizational
structures such as United Nations Development Program in Belarus, the United Nations
Environment Program, the UN Economic Commission of Europe, the Organization of Economic
Cooperation and Development, the Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the World Climate Research Program, the
Interstate Environmental Council of the CIS, the Union State Committee on Hydrometeorology
and Monitoring of environmental pollution, the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO).
Some steps towards the development of climate research and their applications in various
industries are made in CIS countries. The hydrometeorological security concept of the
Commonwealth of Independent States is worked out. The concept is approved by the Council of
Heads of Governments of the CIS
№ 1129 on April 16, 2004. The concept formulated key
goals, objectives and principles of hydrometeorological safety. The hydrometeorological security
is a part of national security and the responsibility of the State. One of the main tasks of ensuring
hydrometeorological safety is timely receipt of reliable and comprehensive information,
forecasts and warnings of weather phenomena hazardous associated with climate change, to
ensure timely organization of the life safety and property protection of the population and
prevent possible harm to the economy.
Created Union State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of environmental
pollution performs coordinating activities in the area of climate data management, development
of forecasts of different lead time, the use of hydro-meteorological information and knowledge
in various sectors of the economy of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation.
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Belarus takes part in different international projects.
Since 2009 the SI “RHMC” participates in the international technical assistance
«BALTRAD - improving the network of weather radar stations in the Baltic Sea Region".
«BALTRAD» - is a three-year project of the European Union, which aims at creating the Baltic
Sea Region network radio-meteorological radars operating in real time. The project partners are
the National Meteorological Service of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland and
Belarus. At the moment, a unified network of radio-meteorological stations in the Baltic Sea
region, including the territory of the Republic of Belarus. Information units of exchange radar
data (radio-meteorological information) with project partners are organized in the SI “RHMC”
and the national airport Minsk. These units are tested. Mutual exchange radio-meteorological
information with project partners is organized in the required format and real time.
Now, the work is continued in the framework of the project «BALTRAD +» (20122014). The main objective of this project is improving the mechanism of radio-meteorological
information to consumers and providing actual, forecast, as well as emergency information on
dangerous weather phenomena, resulting in the project «BALTRAD +». Norway, Germany and
Lithuania are joined «BALTRAD +» at this stage. The main task is to make «BALTRAD +» a
constant and operational element, integrating it into the formal chains of producing
meteorological services in the Baltic Sea region.
An important feature of the project is the creation of functional for the primary treatment
of radio-meteorological data (radar reflectivity, the height of the upper / lower limit of radio and
so forth), using a uniform and consistent methodology across the Baltic Sea Region; giving each
country in the region to process its own data and other weather radars network according to their
own needs.
These techniques can be implemented into a united network of radio-meteorological
locators to improve the preparation and process of the raw data radio-meteorological or clarify
radar detection criteria of meteorological phenomena, as well as an aid-radio-meteorology and
end users.
The result of the project is a new element of regional infrastructure of the Baltic Sea, a
network of SCLC and the creation of common standards for the exchange and processing of data
radio-meteorological satisfying both the National Weather Service, and regional interests. The
technology developed for the Baltic region, can also be used outside the region - at the rest part
of Europe, as a part of the Information System of the World Meteorological Organization.
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Picture 8.1 – Radio-meteorological project information BALTRAD + as at 10/28/2013. 00:4500.00
Since 1993 Belarus is a member of the international project BALTEX. BALTEX - (Baltic
Sea Experiment) is the International Scientific European project designed to study and forecast
the weather, climate and global changes in the environment. The main practical goal of the
project is to use the materials of factual observations and actively promote modeling o fall the
processes that determine the water cycle and energy within and between components of the
climate system in the Baltic Sea basin.
BALTEX project started in 1992 as an experimental (pilot) project designed to improve
the understanding of natural processes and mechanisms. BALTEX is a subproject of a larger
international project called "Global Experiment for the Study of Energy and Water Cycle»
(Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment - GEWEX), which in turn leads the work of the
World Climate Research Program (World Climate Research Program - WCRP ). Scientific
interest in the project BALTEX is focused on the study of functioning of the hydrological cycle
and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, since these processes
control and regulate the climate at a fundamental level. The object of study is the Baltic Sea and
a large catchment area region is a unique European pool of interest for modeling of natural
processes and the development of new advanced scientific concepts.
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BALTEX is one of the biggest scientific projects in Europe. It connects scientists and
experts from Germany (which is the organizer and founder of the project), Sweden, Finland,
Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Belarus. The structure of BALTEX is organized in
such a way to coordinate and effectively support the work of the international project in
accordance with general GEWEX, WCRP and WMO, as well as coordinate the interaction of all
participants in the project.
It should be noted that the subproject on the assessment of climate change in the Baltic
Sea (Baltic Assessment of Climate Change) is of great scientific importance and its purpose is to
collect and evaluate information on past, present and future climate change as well as its impact
on ecosystems in the Baltic Sea. Within this sub-project the issues of current climate change and
the planning of future anthropogenic climate change.
In 2013 the project BALTEX was completed. It was replaced by a new, updated project
called “Baltic Earth”. The succeeding project inherited all the major traditions BALTEX, but, at
the same time, being developed in line with current trends occurring in the environment and
society changed its concept and set new research goals. The updated project BALTIC EARTH
aims to achieve an improved understanding of the general system of the Baltic region. This
means that the main objects of study remained as those of BALTEX, but at the same time, the
task set was to get an improved study of the Earth system, covering the processes occurring in
the atmosphere, on land and at sea, as well as to take into account human influence on climate.
New scientific objectives are formulated in the form of "scientific challenges", which cover the
most important aspects of the occurring natural processes:
− dynamics of salinity of the Baltic Sea;
− biogeochemical cycle in the water-land;
− natural disasters and hazards;
− study of the dynamics of sea level using remote monitoring systems,
− the influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment pool.
Project No 00079039 "Water Resources Management of Neman River Basin Based on
Adapting to Climate Change". The overall objective of this project is to improve integrated river
basin management and transboundary cooperation in the face of climate change in the basin of
the Neman River. The project was implemented in 2012-2013 by the UNECE Convention on the
Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention)
and the UNDP office in Belarus, with financial support from Finland and Sweden, through the
initiative of OSB (ENVSEC). The project aims to strengthen the capacity of adaptation to
climate change in countries (Belarus, Lithuania, Russia), which share water resources in the
basin of the Neman, by supporting the dialogue and cooperation on measures necessary for the
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development of adaptation strategies in a transboundary context. In the framework of the project
the following was implemented:
− generalization of the overall assessment of the current state of surface water quality in the
basin of the Neman at an agreed (Belarus-Lithuania) assessment;
− a forecast change of the surface water quality in the basin of the Neman on the territory
of Belarus with regard to climate change;
− drafted preliminary recommendations to improve the management of water resources in
the basin of the Neman (the territory of the Republic of Belarus), taking into account
adaptation to climate change.
The study of Antarctica. Acknowledging the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall
eternally continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or
object of international discord, Belarus acceded to the Antarctic Treaty (Law of the Republic of
Belarus as of 19 July 2006 “On Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Antarctic Treaty”).
National Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus is also the primary
developer and executor of the State program "Monitoring of the polar regions of the Earth and
support of the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015",
approved by the Council of Ministers № 1104 dated 31 August 2006, as well as the co-executor
of the State program "Monitoring of the polar regions of the Earth and support of the Arctic and
Antarctic expeditions in 2011-2015", approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers №
587dated May 10, 2011.
As part of this Program the system of hydro-meteorological observations and
measurements, as well as observations of the state of the environment at the base area of the
Belarusian Antarctic station (set of observations on the state of the environment) was
established. Hydrometeorological observations and works in the base area of the Belarusian
Antarctic station will be designed to provide the scientific and economic interests of the
Republic of Belarus in the under-investigated areas of the Earth and will include both research
(tasks) and sections related to forwarding service jobs of national polar expeditions and will later
be used to study climate change.
Already at present time as a result of the participants’ observations of polar expeditions
in the area of Mount Evening the first scientific data on meteorological parameters of basic
elements (maximum and minimum air and soil temperature, precipitation, wind speed and
direction, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, solar radiation, albedo surface) was obtained. The
main components of the radiation balance were also measured by means of an automated system
of solar radiation observations ASAN "Peleng SF-16" (produced by JSC "Peleng" Republic of
Belarus).
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Within the framework of the Sixth Belarusian seasonal Antarctic Expedition (2nd BAE)
in Antarctica, held as part of the Belarusian polar explorers of the 59th Russian Antarctic
expedition at the Antarctic station "Progress" (RAE "Progress") since December 18, 2013 till
April 6, 2014 as part of the research activities on hydrometeorological support the activities of
the Belarusian Antarctic expedition and climate research the main components of the radiation
balance by means of the automated system of solar radiation observations ASAN "Peleng SF-16"
(produced by JSC "Peleng" Republic of Belarus) were also measured, and in the framework of
the joint Russian-Belarusian program of radiometric investigations of atmospheric aerosol and
reflection spectra of the underlying surface monitoring,complex investigation of ozone layer and
ultraviolet radiation (UV) in Antarctica was implementedby means of new hardware developed
by Belarusian specialists.
In this regard, it should be reasonable to provide a system of continuous monitoring of
the natural environment in the area of Mount Evening, which will provide:
− regular surface meteorological observations on the state of the environment on the
mainland and the accumulation of meteorological information on the digital media;
− meteorological services and provision of hydrometeorological safety of life in Antarctica;
− restoration of interrupted observations series for modeling of climate processes;
− implementation of observations of solar and heat radiation (radiation balance
components) that directly affect the climate parameters.
Another important area of international cooperation of the Republic of Belarus is the
participation in the work of ICAO; our country has become its member since June 4, 1993.
Cooperation is carried out by order of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus № 2022X11 "On accession to the Convention on International Civil Aviation" (Chicago, 7 December
1944) dated December 9, 1992.
ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for the development of
international standards, recommended practices and rules in the technical, economic and legal
areas of international civil aviation.
Today the Department of Aviation of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of
the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter - the Department of Aviation) in ICAO represents the
Republic of Belarus as the national aviation administration. Department of Aviation receives
regulatory documents for safety, air traffic management, security, maintenance of passengers,
baggage and cargo, the formation of terrestrial infrastructure of civil aviation and other areas of
aviation activity from ICAO.
The main efforts of ICAO are aimed at ensuring that the national aviation regulations and
air traffic services procedures correspond to the modern requirements and are consistent with the
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most common standards. Different seminar programs workshops and working groups are being
organized under ICAO which are designed to increase awareness of the new systems and
procedures and to facilitate their implementation.
Final decisions on the implementation of ICAO standards and guidelines of global air
traffic are entirely dependent on the efficiency and quality of the specialists of the Department of
Aviation, as the Republic of Belarus has the right to vote in the final decision on all matters of
program activities of ICAO.
Since 2006, due to the lack of funds and the reduction of aviation specialists staff of the
Department of Aviation, the mission of the Republic of Belarus within the permanent bodies of
ICAO is performed in the way of empowering the representatives of aviation organizations for
such activities.
Negotiation and adoption of guidelines for the development of civil aviation is also
carried out under the auspices of the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC). IAC meets the
specialized coordination commission, which analyzes the changes and trends in the development
of civil aviation proposed by ICAO as well as its technical modernization. During the meetings
common agreed solutions, which are submitted for the approval by the Council on aviation and
airspace utilization States (members of the Agreement on Civil Aviation), are developed.
At the meeting of the Management Group of the Committee for the Protection of the
environment from the impact of ICAO aviation which was held in St. Petersburg from 9 to 13
July 2013, important agreements on one of the main problems of the development of
international standards for the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) - rates (indices), which
characterize the carbon dioxide emissions for the entire flight cycle of an aircraft, were reached.
The final version of the future certified rates of carbon dioxide emissions were approved at the
meeting. The next important step in the development of standards for CO2 emissions will be the
development of new certified procedures, the definition of the limits of applicability of the
standard and maximum permissible levels of rates [6].
Department of Aviation of the Republic of Belarus performs activities in accordance with
the sectoral program for the protection of the environment for 2011-2015, approved by the
Resolution Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus № 101 as of
27.12.2010.
The Republic of Belarus also cooperates with other countries in terms of assistance in
emergency situations that could have an impact on the climate. According to the Ministry of
Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus according to the decree of the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Belarus №1161 dated 04.08.2010 assistance to the Russian
Federation in fighting forest and peat fires in Ryazan region was performed. Within the period of
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2011-2014 Belarusian helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations were used in Turkey
and Greece in order to extinguish fires in ecosystems. In 2014, two helicopters with rescuers
were sent to Serbia to provide assistance in liquidation of flood consequences.
8.2 Research
8.2.1 Research in Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most important challenges of the XXI century,
encompassing environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainable development of any
country, including the Republic of Belarus. In this regard, the role of scientific research aimed at
providing public administrations and companies with the justificated information about the
observed and expected climate change and its possible consequences has been increased.
The following organizations perform climate change research and the development of
measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and adaptation sectors of the economy to the
changes in Belarus:
− State Institution "Republican Hydrometeorological Center" - monitoring, climate
observation, management of climate inventory, climate change studies;
− SSI "Institute for Nature NAS Belarus" - research and assessment of climate change and
its impact on the economy and public health;
− RUE "Bel SRC "Ecology"- scientific and technical support to the UN FCCC and the
Kyoto Protocol, including preparation and organization of greenhouse gas emissions
inventory, national communications, the development of the main activities and programs
in the field of climate change, measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adaptation
measures to climate change, etc.
− Establishments of the Ministry of Education: Belarusian State University, Brest
Technical University, Gorki Agricultural Academy, International Sakharov State
University, Belarusian State University, and others perform various studies in the field of
climate change and ecology, the study of agroclimatic resources, preparation and
publication textbooks in the field of meteorology and climate.
Annually the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus together with the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection issues an environmental bulletin "State of the
Environment in Belarus", which contains systematized information on the status and trends of
environmental components of Belarus, including trends and climate change. Environmental
Bulletin is intended for professionals working in the field of environment, teachers and students
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of various educational institutions, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in
environmental issues.
SI
"RHMC"
prepares
an
annual
"Survey
of
climatic
characteristics
and
hydrometeorological hazards on the territory of the Republic of Belarus." It fits climatic
characteristic of the past year, which contains analyzed climatic features of the year and shows
the most significant anomalies of temperature and precipitation, their frequency of occurrence in
the period of instrumental observations in Belarus as well as the reflected climate change taking
place in the country. The survey also contains information about severe weather circumstances,
observed in the territory of the Republic of Belarus during the past year registered by the
hydrometeorological stations and posts, as well as phenomena, not recorded by the observation
network, but the cause of the damage and visual estimates of which have reached the criteria of
severe weather circumstances. The Survey describes the synoptic conditions and meteorological
parameters during which these severe consequences appeared. Each case of SW is calculated and
indicated in property damage.
The occurring global climate change requires the development of strategies for adapting
the economies of all countries to these changes, taking into account their regional characteristics,
that is why, an important role plays the international cooperation of the Republic of Belarus in
this area, in particular, with the Russian Federation. During 2000-2011 the Republic of Belarus
participated in joint programs of the Union State "Improvement and development of a common
technology for obtaining, collecting, analyzing and forecasting, storage and distribution of
hydrometeorological information and data on pollution of the natural environment of 20032006" and in "Improving the system of population and industries of the Russian Federation and
Belarus on existing and projected climatic conditions, state and pollution of the natural
environment of 2007-2011".
Execution of joint programs of the Union State has allowed to give an estimate of the
expected changes, primarily temperature and precipitation, to create a unified system for
monitoring climate change in the territory of Belarus and Russia, as well as to ensure the
development of a methodology to address these changes in the regulations on the applied
climatology (building climatology, agroclimatology, etc.).
Works
on
the
following
projects
were
implemented
during
2003-2006:
“Research and evaluation of global and regional climate”. As a result of studies methodological
guidelines for the calculation of climatic resources and climate risks, studies of the effects of
climate change on construction, energy, transport and health were created. During the
temperature study (the amplitude of the diurnal temperature) temperature differences in urban
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and rural areas were set, which are the consequence not only of the general climate change, but
also of the anthropogenic factors influence.
“Monitoring of climate change”. On the basis of studies of changes in air temperature and
precipitation over the past 15 years, taking into account new technologies of the climate change
forecasts, scenarios of the climate change in Belarus for the period till 2050 were developed. The
evaluation of changes of agroclimatic resources of Belarus with the release of the new frontiers
of agro-climatic regions (as a result of warming) was given.
“Development of a methodology to incorporate the climate change in the Applied
Climatology (building climatology, agroclimatology etc.)”. Until recently the change of climatic
characteristics required the clarification of the Building Code of Belarus and the Building
Regulations of the Russian Federation and CIS countries by the climatologists ("Building
Climatology"). On the basis of this methodology Amendment №1 to the NSC "Building
Climatology" was prepared, which reflects changes in the temperature characteristics of cold and
warm periods, including the period of warming.
Using the developed methodology for climate change incorporation recommendations for
preparation and development of the scientific manual on agro-climatic resources in a changing
climate were developed.
−“Preparation of climate handbooks, atlases, summarizing other materials using modern
technologies, specialized software climate information”. As part of this project methodology for
testing the uniformity of monthly, seasonal and annual indicating rows was developed which
allowed to highlight the trends in the series of meteorological parameters, explore the natural
variability of the climate characteristics. Verification of the uniformity of rows is required when
creating a reference and regulatory publications, creating a climate databases. Systematic
specialized climatic indices (on construction, fuel and energy complex, overland transport and
health) were prepared that are used for providing consumers with specialized information, as
well as the advertising of hydrometeorological products.
In 2007-2011 the works on the following projects were performed:
“Assessment of the observed trends of climate change at the regional level and newsletters about
its condition and changes in the Union State". A number of research studies were made in which
the observed trends of climate change and a quantitative evaluation of the contribution of
aerosols in the current climate change were assessed. The fact of the warming trend shift since
the second half of the 90s of the last century from the predominantly winter to the summer
warming was confirmed. The results obtained are used in the preparation of research information
about the state and the climate. Newsletters and surveys of this kind are used for the interests of
decision-makers in order for them to be better informed, as well as a wide range of industry
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employees, researchers and the public. SI “RHMC” participates in the preparation of the
consolidated annual report and the state of climate change on the territory of CIS member states,
which is posted on SEAKTS (North-Eurasian Climate Centre) website. The evaluation of the
climatic characteristics of Belarus for the period from 1991 till 2010 was performed and the
overview of the climate state and trends for the period of 1991-2010 was made; it summarizes
data on the climate state and trends in the territory of the Republic of Belarus for the last 20-year
period. A comprehensive analysis of climate change for the period 1991-2010 of the Republic of
Belarus is used for climate information services, where necessaryclimatic features of the recent
period must be taken into account.
-
“Study and scenario estimates of expected changes in the regional climate on the
territories of Belarus and Russia”. Within the project framework studies on theevaluation of the
validity of climate trends in Belarus as well as the research on vital climate change in different
regions of the Republic of Belarus were performed according to the laws of formation of the
major climatic anomalies in the Republic of Belarus. The results of the work are needed to carry
out adequate reliable estimates of climate change.
-
“Assessment of the effects of climate change and its impact on the basic spheres
of socio-economic activities and recommendations preparation for the adaptation of the basic
sectors of the economy of Belarus and Russia to possible climate changes”. Within the project
framework the study of climatic and agro-climatic indicators in the context of climate change for
agriculture was made. Scientific and application guide as well as the poster "Agro-climatic
resources of the Republic of Belarus in a changing climate" were prepared. The results of the
prepared publications and issues are used to provide the agriculture with agro-climatic
information for current and future planning, agro-technical and other agricultural activities;
agroclimatic zoning when placing crops; development of methods for agrometeorological
forecasting; assessment of climate change. The territory of the Republic of Belarus is evaluated
on the exposure to atmospheric destruction of buildings in the face of climate change.
Currently, changing climatic characteristics demanded specifications of the basic climatic
factors affecting the durability of buildings. Basic climatic factors were specified (precipitation
temperature, wind speed and direction and a combination thereof) affecting the durability of
buildings, which may find application in the construction industry. Also in the framework of
international cooperation the State Hydrometeorological Service prepares an annual WMO
information containing a brief description of the climate of the past year and information on
hazardous weather phenomena observed in the Republic of Belarus. In 2012, information for
WMO on temperature and precipitation stations having more than a hundred years of
observations was prepared. In 2013 the data on daily rainfall in the Global Precipitation
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Climatology Centre (GPCC, Offenbach city, Germany) was provided in order to support the
expansion of its activities. A series of data were provided for the publication «World Weather
Records» (Global weather data) to the German Weather Service in Hamburg for global climate
monitoring and evaluation as well as for the World Data Center for Meteorology.The data are
being constantly added. Annually, climatic data characteristics are providedto the North Eurasian
Climate Centre (SEAKTS, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow) in order to prepareaconsolidated annual report on the state of
MSG and climate change in the territories of the CIS member states.
A number of scientific studies on climate change should be highlighted, which were
performed by leading educational institutions of the country (Belarusian State University, Brest
Technical University, Goretsky Agricultural Academy and others.):
- “Geoecological estimation of climate comfort of Belarusian cities”. This paper is devoted
to an important assessment of climatic conditions comfort of large cities in Belarus, and their
possible changes. Investigation of climate comfort of cities stays on the agenda and has
fundamental and practical importance.
- “Moisture reserves in mineral soilsof Belarus: assessment and forecast”. The zoning
ofBelarus is made based onthe changing dynamics ofstocksof productive moisturein mineral
soils. Theforecasts ofchanges inmoisture reservesfor variousclimate change scenarios are made.
- “Recommendations on hydrometeorological safety cultivation of potatoes and sugar beet
in a changing climate." Recommendationsfor adaptationof growing potatoesand sugar beetsto the
climate change were developed.
In 2006 -2011 RUE "Bel SRC "Ecology" together with SSI "Institute for Nature NAS
Belarus" carried out a number of research works under the obligations of the Republic of Belarus
under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, namely:
− “Analysis and assessment of current climate changes in the Republic of Belarus”;
− “Vulnerability assessment of various sectors of the economy to changing climatic
conditions”;
− “Assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture, forestry, water bodies and
social spheres”.
Analysis of the coefficients used for the calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions in
six sectors of the national economy, "Energy", "Industrial Processes", "Use of solvents and other
products", "Agriculture", "Land use, land use change and forestry", "Waste" was performed. As
a result of this analysis, in 2008 the sector "LULUCF" and "waste" were chosen as priorities for
the development of national factors;
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Much attention is paid to the impact of climate change on various sectors of the economy
and adaptation to these changes. Within the framework of the State program on mitigating the
consequences of climate change the following is planned for the period 2013-2020:
− performance of scientific work "Assessing the impact of climate change on agroclimatic resources of the territory of Belarus", which will result in the prepared scientific applied
agroclimatic reference for the assessment of basic conditions of growth of agricultural cultures
over a period of warming;
−development of technologies of cultivation of drought-resistant and heat-loving crops;
−adaptation of species diversity of food crops to changing climatic conditions and the
related optimization of the structure of sown areas.
Over the years, Belarusian scientists conducted the research of bogs and peat deposits in
the context of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration. Significant contribution to the
study of the role of wetland ecosystems and peat soils was made by Academician N.N.
Bambalov. His monograph "The balance of organic matter in peat soils and methods of its study"
(1984) and "The role of wetlands in the biosphere" (2007) can truly serve as the first textbook for
scientists and experts in the field of bogs research [15, 16].
On the basis of the research of marsh systems conducted by SSI "Institute for Nature of
the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus" Technical Code of Common Practice
"Environmental Protection and Nature. Climate. Greenhouse gas emissions. Rules of calculation
of emissions and removals from natural wetland ecosystems, drained peat soils, developed and
developing peat deposits" were developed (TAP 17.09-02-2011 (02120)). This legal document
was approved and put into effect by the Resolution of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus № 13-T dated September 5, 2011.
The Code establishes the rules for calculating emissions and removals of greenhouse
gases by natural wetland ecosystems, the rules for calculating greenhouse gas emissions drained
peat soils used for crops, worked out and developed by peat deposits, depending on the type of
peat deposits, and on the basis of the state statistical records of their areas under inventory of
greenhouse gases and science-based standards for specific indicators of greenhouse gas
emissions per unit area of the territory.
Modern science has methods that allowto perform direct instrumental measurements of
the emission and absorption of greenhouse gases by various terrestrial ecosystems, including
swamps and peat swamps. Moreover, it should be noted that the research on the evaluation of
greenhouse gas fluxes from natural wetlands and peatlands drained through direct instrumental
measurements are already being conducted on Belarusian peatlands.
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For the first time in Belarus flux measurements of three main greenhouse gases (CO2,
CH4 and N2O) from peat bogs and swamps using instrumental methods were carried out in the
framework of the international project "Restoration of peatlands in Belarus and the application of
the concept of sustainable management - reducing the impact on the climate effect on the
economy and biodiversity". Funding for the development works was provided in the framework
of the International Climate Initiative (ICI) of the Federal Ministry of Nature Protection of
Germany.
The scientific activity of the project on the studies of greenhouse gas fluxes from
peatlands was performed by the group of Belarusian and German scientists created under the
public organization APB "Birdlife Belarus" as well as the Scientific and Practical Center of NAS
of Belarus for Bioresources, in collaboration with the leading experts in this area from the Centre
on Agro landscape Studies named after Leibniz (Germany) and the University of Greifswald
(Germany).
Flow measurements were performed using a modern modification of the method of
closed emission chambers.
The method of closed emission chambers was used to study greenhouse gas balances of
swamps and other projects. In particular, the international technical assistance project of UNDPGEF project "Development of integrated approaches to the management of wetlands, taking into
account the principle of multi-landscape planning in order to obtain multilateral environmental
benefits" and international technical assistance project "Implementation of a new management
concept for re-waterlogged peatland sustainable energy production from biomass (energy of
marshes)". Over the past 5 years during all the research projects 30 habitats that are most
common and specificfor marshes and drained peatlands of Belarus have been studied. It is
planned that by the end of 2015, calculations and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions for the
above habitats mires and peatlands will be completed and published in international and
Belarusian scientific peer-reviewed journals.
Accumulated for the recent years scientific experience and materials in the field
greenhouse gas emissions from peat bogs and swamps indicates that Belarus has the potential for
the development in this area of national methodology of higher levels of methodological
assessment on greenhouse gas emissions (Tier 2 and 3 ) [17-19].
In 2013, the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus prepared an analytical report
"Climate change and its impact on various sectors of the economy", which is the decision of the
Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus recommended to be sent to the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus,
Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Forestry of the
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Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus, regional executive
committees.
Ongoing studies possess practical value. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and
Food of the Republic of Belarus, the country is implementing definite measures for adapting
agriculture to climate change. In recent years the acreage under maize grain has greatly been
increased. Growth and grain yield of corn and green mass is directly dependent on the amount of
effective temperatures during the growing season and its maturation.
Currently, the country has almost reached the level of complete self-sufficiency in the
production of corn. For this purpose two factory for calibration of corn seeds were built in Mozyr
and Ivantsevichy. Winter barley production, which yields is not inferior to other cultures has
recently been introduced at the farms of Brest and Gomel region; its advantage is thatitscropping
starts 2-3 weeks earlier than with other crops. This happens also due to the increase of effective
temperature amounts in June - July. The acreage for rape seeds has been increased. In southern
regions the cropping of soybean is done annually (up to 5 ha of the territory), the croppings of
sunflowers, green peas, sweet corn, green beans have been increased. Commercial cultivation of
onions in annual crops have been mastered over the past seven years. The cultivation of
thermophilic early potato varieties have also been mastered. The work continues on the creation
of industrial plantations of grapes.
8.2.2 Forecasting and modeling of climate change in the Republic of Belarus
Adaptation to climate change, while maintaining the goal of achieving sustainable
development requires accurate and reliable prediction of changes in regional weather and
climatic conditions, and especially natural disasters. However, in today's climate models there
are still serious shortcomings in the reproduction of regional climate variability and,
consequently, in the development of the required information on regional changes in the level of
precision needed to the society.
In this context, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) has proposed to
develop a strategy to accelerate improvement and practical application of climate forecasts
needed in the light of global climate change, especially those that occur at the regional level. The
main emphasis in this case needs to be done on the reproduction and prediction of the physical
component of the climate system. Since the success of climate modeling and prediction are
heavily dependent on progress in the field of weather forecasting, as the accounting processes
and biogeochemical cycles in long-term predictions of climate change require improved
perceptions of the physical system. Climate modeling should be ready to move towards
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fundamentally new approaches and rely on the continuous creation of predictive technologies for
the continuum of "weather-climate".
Specialists, working with WCRP, identified four main working goals:
1) development of models which realistically display all aspects of the climate system;
2) comparison of these models with observations to assess their adequacy, accuracy, and
the existing shortcomings;
3) increase in the computing power by 3-4 orders of magnitude compared with the
leading edge of today's opportunities;
4) opening of the World Climate project or program to achieve these objectives, and to
which all countries would provide experts and funding.
Implementation of these four tasks exceeds the capabilities and resources of any single
country and that is why the project calls for the worldwide cooperation and coordination in the
field of modeling for climate prediction. International experts and climatologists proposed the
initiative to create a project on climate forecasts, led by the WCRP and national forecasting
centers including weather and climate, as well as a broad community of scientists. The aim of the
project will be the preparation of the global climate information for the scientific substantiation
of the discussions taking in the world covering the ways to mitigate climate impacts, as well as
the support for regional adaptation to climate change and the adoption of other solutions that
meet the major challenges of the XXI century. [7]
8.2.3 Projections (scenarios) of climate change in the XXI century in Belarus
Current physical representations of the climate nature allow you to simulate the climate
system response to the impact of natural and anthropogenic origin. Still underestimation of the
role of natural factors in models of climate change, such as volcanic eruptions, changes in the
content of nitrogen in the stratosphere and troposphere, sulfate and other aerosols is noted;
complexity of accounting for these factors and the variety of feedbacks between them is
mentioned. New observations indicate different cases where atmospheric general circulation
model (AGCM) is not able to adequately reproduce the observed climate change. Because of
this, in project [8] it is proposed to consider the simulation results provided by AGCMs not as
forward-looking but as heuristic, used only to assess the sensitivity of the climate system to the
effects of certain disturbing factors.
However, since the models are developed on the basis of the current level of knowledge
about the behavior of natural systems, there is no reason to completely abandon the use of
AGCMs for predictive assessments in cases where the predictions, which were taken to explain
the regularities, are consistent with the available experimental data. By virtue of this model GCA
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may be useful to assess the changes that occur in the climate system in determining the external
scenarios of anthropogenic impacts on the system.
At the same time we should not exaggerate today's advances in climate modeling,
because the models do not provide a complete description of physically important processes in
the climate system and they do not take into account the impact on the atmosphere of some
"small" climatic factors. It is known that the climate has a large natural variability, ie. the
variability that is not caused by anthropogenic impacts and can be unpredictable over the next
several years. This is a serious obstacle in terms of climate change causes detection and
identification in the coming decades.
In addition to trend components in the climate change attributed to the effects of the
growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, extrapolated by the end of the century, there are
cyclical fluctuations in the climate change. Thus, a change in temperature of the northern
hemisphere and the change of the global temperature is noticeable in quasi-sixty years cycle.
Maximum values of this cycle occured in 30-40-ies of the last century and the end of the
twentieth century - the beginning of the twenty-first century. In recent years, the rate of
temperature rise in the northern hemisphere and globally slowed slightly. This may provide some
grounds to believe that in the coming years, the rate of temperature rise at least slows down, and,
perhaps, stops. The process of reducing the amount of temperature trends will continue until the
30-ies. While slowing the rate of temperature rise in Belarus becomes noticeable in the winter
and spring. Taking into consideration that the amplitude of the said cycle of temperature change
is approximately 25-30% of the total long-term temperature variation, the value of the positive
temperature trend can be reduced by a specified amount. Most clearly similar cyclical
fluctuations are observed in the temperature of Belarusian summer.
The forecasts which are relevant to the scenarios are called projections. Scenario
forecasts (projections) are conditional, it is unknown which scenario will choose humanity at its
development.
In recent years, the most detailed study and modeling of climate in Russia and CIS
countries, including Belarus, was performed by the group of scientists: V.P. Meleshko, V.M.
Katsovyj, V.A. Govorkova et al. who worked at Main Geophysical Observatory named after
Voeikov [8, 9]. Table 8.1 [9] shows the changes in average surface air temperature and the
corresponding standard deviation (ºC) for different periods of the XXI century and the different
scenarios, and Table 7.2 - changes in seasonal temperatures for the same periods and groups of
scenarios.
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Table 8.1 - Changes in the average surface air temperature and the corresponding standard
deviations (° C) at the beginning (2011-2030.), middle (2041-2060) and the end (2080-2099) of
the 21 th century - the scenario B1 (14 models), A1B (15 models) and A2 (16 models)
Period
2011–2030
2041–2060
2080–2099
В1
А1В
А2
В1
А1В
А2
В1
А1В
А2
1,1±0,5
1,1±0,7
0,9±0,5
2,0±0,8
2,4±0,8
2,1±0,6
2,6±1,0
3,8±1,1
4,4±1,0
Table 8.2 - Changes in seasonal surface air temperature and the corresponding standard
deviations (° C) at the beginning (2011-2030), middle (2041-2060) and the end (2080-2099) of
the 21st century - scenario A1B (15 models)
Period
2011–2030
2041–2060
2080–2099
winter spring summer autumn winter spring summer autumn winter spring summer autumn
1,3±0,9 1,0±09 1,0±0,6 0,9±0,5 3,1±1,0 2,3±0,9 2,2±1,0 2,2±0,7 4,7±1,6 3,5±1,1 3,4±1,2 3,4±1,1
As seen in Table 8.2, in the first period (2011-2030) thetemperature increases on average
by 1 ° C; for a second period (2041-2060) - for two small some odd degrees, and by the end of
the XXI century the temperature rise differs strongly from 2,6º to 4,4ºC. Actually, the same
values of average annual temperature growth were obtained earlier using a simpler approach
[10].
In winter, the temperature rise is slightly higher than during other seasons of the year,
especially at the end of the XXI century; during the autumn the temperature rise is minimum
compared with other seasons of the year. The temperature rise in adjacent periods differs in
average by 1 ° C.
Diagnosis and prognosis of extreme temperatures (maximum, minimum, the amplitude of
the diurnal and annual progress) is of particular interest. Changes in extreme temperatures were
calculated over an ensemble of nine AGCMs, which measure the success of the index calculation
extremeness of the current climate [10]. By the middle of the XXI century the increase of the
lowest daily minimums of surface air temperature (annual minimum temperature) throughout the
year is expected.
In middle and high latitudes the greatest contribution to the rise of temperature in winter
is made by the displacement probability distributions toward higher values of lower percentiles
(close to the annual minimum). Additionally the increase of the asymmetry of the temperature
distribution is expected, reducing the interquartile range and variability of winter temperature
distributions and extreme thermal regime in winter. Areas of the most significant changes are in
satisfactory agreement with areas where the projected significant reduction in the lifetime of the
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snow cover is predicted. Such areas should include the territory of Belarus, where the amplitude
of the annual extreme daily temperatures will decline by mid-century, as it will reduce the
number of days with minimum daily temperature below 0 ° C for 20-30 days.
Analysis of daily minimum and maximum temperatures in Belarus for the period from
1960 till 1997 showed a decrease in the amplitude of the diurnal variation of temperature in the
last two decades due to the growth of night (minimum) temperatures [11]. The amplitude of the
diurnal temperature falls particularly strong in major cities than in rural areas, due to aerosol
pollution of cities [11, 12].
The latter leads to a decrease of daily (maximum) temperature. The major feature, which
consists of a more rapid increase of nighttime temperatures compared with daytime
temperatures, is also stored in the summer months, although the rate of growth in this season is
much lower.
Generally, the daily minimum temperature of the republic in the winter increases during
the period under review 30% faster than the maximum ones. In the northern, central and southern
regions of Belarus the growth rate of the minimum and maximum temperatures is 1.41; 1.33 and
1.23 accordingly [12].
These results confirm the presence of asymmetry in the diurnal temperature change in a
warming climate. A similar conclusion can be made about the annual variation. Its reduction is
associated with an increase in winter temperatures. In the last 10-15 years there has been a new
trend in a significant increase in temperature in the summer months (especially in the second half
of the summer), which may introduce adjustments to the latter conclusion.
The amplitude of the annual variation in temperature over the period from 1937 to 1997
was falling due to the growth in the first of minimum (winter) temperatures of 2.0-2.5 ° C. The
fall of the annual variation amplitude was approximately the same size, which indicates that it is
winter temperatures that had a major impact on the decrease in the amplitude of the annual
variation.
Against the background of the average largest warming the number of days with extremely high
daily air temperature and the duration of continuous episodes with extremely high temperature
(heat wave) or with the temperature exceeding a certain value has almost universally been
increased. In the current period of global warming the incidence of recurrence with temperatures
ranging from 25.1 to 30.0 ° C has increased. If earlier the recurrence of such a high temperature
in the city of Vitebsk, Minsk and Brest was equal to 0.11, 0.18 and 0.59 respectively, now it
equals to 1.24; 1.38 and 3.31 respectively[25]. More and more cases where extremely high
temperatures appear accompanied by high humidity, that is, when the climate is similar to
tropical.
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Rainfall changes. Currently, there are serious uncertainties in the accuracy of predictions
of climate change in global and regional scales, although the overall picture of climate change,
based on the existing scenarios of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, with a certain degree of
reliability are well known. However, the transition from the temperature prediction to a reliable
prediction of rainfall and, as a consequence, the hydrological regime of individual regions – lies
still in the future.
Currently, projections of regional precipitation are likely more indicative. These
predictions can be used to describe the nature of the problems which may occur when climate
changes. Even less certain are the long forewarning predictions or extreme climatic events
(droughts, floods, severe and warm winters).
Changes in the amounts of total annual precipitation and their standard deviations are
shown in Table 8.3. The table shows the growth of the amount of precipitation for all ages.
Growth of annual precipitation at the end of the century will be more than 5%. A large spread of
projections for different scenarios of the first period (2011-2039) should be noted.
Table 8.3 - Changes in annual total precipitation and its standard deviation (as a
percentage relative to the current climate) at the beginning (2011-2030.), middle (2041-2060)
and the end (2080-2099) of the XXI century - scenario B1 (14 models), A1B (15 models) and
A2 (16 models)
Period
2011–2030
2041–2060
2080–2099
В1
А1В
А2
В1
А1В
А2
В1
А1В
А2
5,5±4,4
1,7±4,9
1,6±4,4
3,2±4,1
5,3±5,6
3,9±4,6
7,8±6,0
6,2±7,9
5,3±7,5
The most significant increase in precipitation is observed in winter, spring and, to a lesser
extent, in autumn. The amount of summer precipitation decreases with time. Exceptions are the
rainfalls of the second period (2041-2060) where a slight increase in rainfall is observed (Table
8.4).
Table 8.4 - Changes in seasonal total precipitation and their its standard deviation (as
a percentage relative to the current climate) at the beginning (2011-2030.), middle (20412060) and the end (2080-2099) of the XXI century - scenario B1 (14 models), A1B (15 models)
and A2 (16 models)
Period
2011–2030
2041–2060
2080–2099
wint
sprin
summ
autum
wint
sprin
summ
autum
wint
sprin
summ
autum
2,6
3,1
-0,4
2,0
10,2
7,9
0,4
4,0
16,1
14,5
-6,0
2,5
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However, the projection of annual precipitation in some cases are less than intermodel
spread, and this suggests that the model does not even agree on a sign. The increase in the
number of heavy precipitation in the areas with the decreasing amount of rainfall averages is
reported by most AOGCMs.
Changes in the hydrological regime. Significant changes in annual runoff by the middle
of this century, based on the work [9], is not expected. It will range from -2% to +2%.
Seasonal runoff values and standard deviations (in percent relative to the current climate)
in the catchment area of the Dnepr, the Southern Bug and Dniester in this century are shown in
Table 7.5. The table shows a slight increase in runoff in winter and fall runoff in other seasons of
the year in all the considered epochs of the XXI century. This result is understandable, since the
combined effect of the increase of winter precipitation and intensification of melting snow (it is
already noticeable in the modern era) will lead to the increased runoff in winter. In other seasons,
as can be seen from the table, the flow is reduced. But in reality, the observational data flow in
recent decades says more about the growth of low flow, making projections runoff summer
unconvincing, at least for today, and probably for the first epoch of the XXI century.
Table 8.5 - Changes in seasonal runoff values and standard deviations (in percent
relative to the current climate) in the catchment area of the rivers of the CIS-E (Dniester,
Dnepr, Southern Bug) at the beginning (2011-2030), mid (2041-2060) and late (2080-2099)
XXI century - A2 scenario (10 models)
Period
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
2011–2030 гг.
0,8±6,3
-3,2±5,8
-0,6±2,5
-0,1±1,6
2041–2060 гг.
3,4±7,0
-8,2±6,9
-1,1±2,8
-0,3±2,0
2080–2099 гг.
1,2±10,0
-13,1±12,5
-1,6±4,2
-2,3±1,9
During the past two decades different statistical methods to predict the flow have been
widely used in our country [13]. In the works by A.G. Grinevich and V.N. Pluzhnikova it is
shown that a decrease in precipitation would lead to a decrease in the average rate for the
hydrological year by 4.5-8%, and a decrease in precipitation by 10% - to a decrease in runoff by
7- 16%. Increasing temperature at constant precipitation leads to a slight decrease in flow (3%).
Simultaneous consideration of temperature increase by 2 ° C and precipitation decrease by 10%
leads to a decrease in river flow by 13-14%.
We have developed a multi-factor model, which is based on a standard water balance
equation plot of land with an independent assessment of the main elements of the balance
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(precipitation, evapotranspiration and climatic runoff) [13]. In developing the model
hydrological and climatic hypothesis developed by V.S. Mezentsev was used [14].
Numerical experiment conducted for 9 different versions of measurement of temperature
and precipitation. Below there are only the results of the calculation of flow only for the most
probable variant of temperature and precipitation change: total annual precipitation increase by
10% while increasing the temperature by 2 ° C. Implementation of this option, based on the
abovementioned model calculations, is possible only in the second half of this century. Upon
implementing this variant the values of river flow will increase by 6.0%.
Currently the following scenario is being implemented: the temperature increase and a
slight drop in rainfall in the south and the increased rainfall in the north. This does not result in a
statistically significant change in the river flow, but as a result of seasonal changes in water
balance elements, as well as in the wind speed the transformation of the annual runoff
distribution is observed – the spring flood runoff will markedly be reduced and winter low water
runoff will be increased [12].
8.3 Systematic observation
8.3.1 Climate Observing System in the Republic of Belarus, the national monitoring
system and its connection to the Global Climate Observing System
Climate observations form the basis for climate studies. They are also used for the setting
of the initial conditions for its prediction. In this regard, the continuity and uniformity of climate
observations over many decades are extremely important for the assessment of climate
variability and climate change. Global measurements coordination of essential climate variables
is still not easy. They require international coordination efforts of various organizations and
programs, conducting measurements, and harmonization of requirements for observations with
users of climate information. World Climate Programme (WCP) has worked tirelessly to develop
a reliable global climate observing system. Numerous events are held for the Integrated Global
Ocean Services System (IGOSS), the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), the
Atmospheric Research Environment Programme (AREP), the Atmospheric Research (GARP),
the Agricultural Meteorology (AgMP). This activity is carried out in conjunction with the Global
Climate Observing System (GCOS). The main objectives are to ensure compliance with national
and international observational data standards in the field of climate research, analysis and
climate prediction, as well as all the climate-relevant data and other information is obtained,
maintained and distributed without any restrictions.
Belarus' participation in the Global Observing System is to ensure the stable operation of
ground observation network, observational data from satellites and their processing in order to
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prepare weather forecasts analyzes and warnings for the relevant programs of the World
Meteorological Organization and environmental programs of other international organizations.
Global Observing System also provides observational data for research purposes in
support of other programs, the World Meteorological Organization and the relevant programs of
other international organizations.
Global Observing System also provides observational data for research purposes in the
support of other programs, the World Meteorological Organization and the relevant programs of
other international organizations.
The results of all types of meteorological observations do not lose their value over time.
They are constantly used in developing methods for hydro-meteorological forecasts, drawing
generalizations (handbooks, atlases, yearbooks, monthlies), climatic description of the territory,
the calculation of statistical parameters of meteorological elements, etc. Therefore, the
observation data should be kept and allow multiple handling and meet the requirements of:
-
reliability of the results of observations, which is achieved using standard equipment,
attorneys and serviceable instruments and installations, compliance techniques of
observation, a representative conditions of the stations and posts location;
-
homogeneity (comparability) of observations that provided by the use authorized for use
when observing instruments and equipment common to all methods, constancy
physiographic features and landscaped areas.
Observation methods and technical capabilities Climate Observing defined by WMO
executives to Instruments and Methods of Observation and legislated regulatory documents
(technical codes of practice the Republic of Belarus on various types of meteorological
observations and climate data, climate inventory management).
The basis of the ground network observations constitutes of hydrometeorological stations
which are divided into meteorological, hydrological, agro-meteorological, marsh, lake and
background monitoring (Picture 8.2).
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Picture 8.2 - Diagram of a hydrometeorological stations network of the State
Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus
Meteorological stations monitors the air temperature and humidity, soil (water)
temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, horizontal visibility, shape, cloud
amount and height of the lower limit, type, quantity and intensity of precipitation, atmospheric
phenomena. Observations at the stations included in the international network, held
simultaneously in the main: 00, 06, 12, 18 hours Universal Time Coordinated (hereinafter - the
UTC) and additional 03, 09, 15, 21 h UTC synoptic.
Getting the information for solving complex problems, by providing all kinds of weather
information, is provided by a network of stationary points of meteorological observations, which
are constructed in such a way that for any part of the service area you can obtain the values of
the main meteorological measures with the required accuracy at a minimum density of the
network.
Ergonomically designed meteorological network consists of the main stations
representative for large areas relative to the background climatic factors, additional stations,
which serve to investigate local meteorological regime, as well as posts.
Main stations are arranged so as to ensure the required accuracy interpolation of the
background values of meteorological variables for each item at the territory between the stations.
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Among the major stations fiducial climatic stations are selected with long series of observations,
which are specific to the region and serve as a basis for assessing climate change.
Reliability of the observation results at meteorological stations provided by the fact that
the measurements of meteorological parameters, used measuring instruments, approved for use
on the web and attorneys of the metrological authorities.
A modern system of climate data management using new technical means and the
introduction of modern software systems for managing climate data bank (CLIWARE) for
applications and dissemination of climate information among its users was introduced in In the
SI "The Republican Hydrometeorological Center" in 2008. The system was developed by
Russian Hydro-meteo center in accordance with the requirements of WMO. This allowed to
solve issues on different sectors of the economy providing the climate information for the current
and long-term planning; scientific research; assessment of climate change on a higher level. The
system CliWare is currently implemented in work of SI "The Republican Hydrometeorological
Center", regional hydrometeorological centers. Software is used to build and effective usage of
various databases by the experts of the hydrometeorological services of Belarus and Russia, to
increase efficiency and customer service quality of the hydrometeorological information. In
general in Belarus system of collection, processing and transmission of the hydrometeorological
information to international exchange and to the consumers responds to international
requirements (Picture8.3).
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СТРУКТУРА ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СЕТИ
ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СЛУЖБЫ РБ
Республиканский
гидрометеоцентр
Москва,
Москва,
(зарубежная гидрометинформация)
гидрометинформация)
Гидрометцентр
Центр
телекоммуникаций ии
Центр телекоммуникаций
МЧС и другие республиканские
ведомства
обработки
информации
Служба
телекоммуникации
обработки
информации
и обработки
Минск
Минск
гидрометеорологической
информации
Приём информации от ИСЗ
РЦРКМ
Центр
по
Центр по
Витебск
гидрометеорологии
гидрометеорологии
Центр
по
Центр по
Гродно
гидрометеорологии
гидрометеорологии
Центр
Центр по
по
Брест
гидрометеорологии
гидрометеорологии
Центр
Центр по
по
Могилев
гидрометеорологии
гидрометеорологии
Центр
по
Центр по
Гомель
гидрометеорологии
гидрометеорологии
Витебск
Витебск
Гродно
Гродно
Брест
Брест
Могилёв
Могилёв
Гомель
Гомель
облгидромет
облгидромет
2
52
МС
МС
МС
МС
Метеорологические
станции
облгидромет
78
АЭ
АЭ
ГС
ГС
Аэрологические
станции
облгидромет
АГМС
АГМС
Гидрологические посты
7
3
56
ГС
ГС
облгидромет
АГМС
АГМС
МРЛ
МРЛ
МРЛ
МРЛ
АМСГ
АМСГ
АМСГ
АМСГ
Авиационные
Агрометеорологические Метеорологические
метеорологические
радиолокаторы
станции (посты)
станции
Picture 8.3 – The Structure of the Information Network of the State Hydrometeorological
Service of the Republic of Belarus
8.3.2 Organization of the regional climate change monitoring of the Republic of
Belarus
As on January 01, 2014, the hydrometeorological activity in the Republic of Belarus is
carried out 167 by hydrometeorological objects, including: National Hydrometeorological
Center, National Centre of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 5 Regional Centers
of
Hydrometeorology
and
Environmental
Monitoring,
2
inter-district
Centers
of
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, 32 meteorological, 2 hydrological, 9
specialized (6 agrometeorological, background lake, marsh monitoring stations), 8 aviation
meteorological stations of civilians, 97 rivers and 10 lakes hydrological stations. In order to
provide meteorological transport (air and ground) and urban infrastructure there are three
meteorological radars (Brest, Gomel, Minsk). The data of radiosonde ascents is used for weather
prediction models by upper-air stations (Brest, Gomel).
At the end of the year specifying hydrometeorological observations plans and plans for
the exchange and transfer of information for the following year are carried out yearly. These
plans are approved annually by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
and distributed to the points of hydrometeorological observations. The plans include
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observations of hydrometeorological parameters in connection with the requirements of WMO.
The storage of the observation materials after processing is carried out in accordance with the
"Regulations on the State Hydrometeorological and State Climate Inventory", approved by the
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on October, 04, 2006 № 1301 "About approval
of the State Hydrometeorological Fund and State Climate Inventory".
On the basis of Presidential Decree №168 from April 12, 2013 "About some measures to
optimize the system of state bodies and other state organizations, as well as the number of their
employees," Resolution of the Council of Ministers №544 from June 26, 2013 "On some
measures of the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus from
April 12, 2013 №168 », orders of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection of the Republic of Belarus № 329-OD from 09/26/2013 and 369-OD from10/30/2013.
"About the reorganization of certain state institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment in the field of hydro-meteorological activities" in public
establishments of the Ministry of Environment was carried out in 2013-2014 to optimize the
structure and reduction of the staff number, which touched the ground observation network.
As a result of the optimization the next points were carried out:
-
the reduction of 4 observation points (MS Luban, VC Kolodishchi, MS Chechersk, MS
Lelchitsy);
-
the reduction of 26 hydro-meteorological points;
-
the reduction in observation programs;
-
the translation of the 5-term observation without night shifts was carried out on 10 points
surface meteorological.
These reduction of the network measures worsened providing the consumers with the
necessary hydrometeorological information, area lighting at night. It should be noted that the
reduction did not affect stations and points involved in the international exchange of information.
In 2015, the system of collection and transfer of hydrometeorological information should be
improved and it is firstly necessary to intensify the process of translation surface meteorological
observation points (without night shifts) for automatic observation production, information
collection and transmission to the center of the collection to restore an 8-term regime of
observations.
Round-the-clock meteorological observations in the territory of the Republic of Belarus,
the continuous monitoring of dangerous and adverse weather phenomena and the transmission of
information are carried out by the following stations:
-
Vitebsk region – Verhnedvinsk, Vitebsk, Lyntupy, Orsha, Polotsk, Sharkovshchina;
-
Minsk region - Berezino, Borisov, Volozhin, MairinaGorka, Minsk, Slutsk,
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-
Grodno region - Volkovysk, Grodno, Lida, Novogrudok, Oshmjany, Shchuchin;
-
Mogilev - Bobruisk, Gorky, Kostyukovichi, Mogilev, Mstislavl, Slavgorod;
-
Brest - Baranovichi, Brest, Vysokoe, Pinsk, Polesskaya;
-
Gomel region - Vasilevichi, Gomel, Zhitkovichi, Zhlobin, Mozyr, Oktyabr.
Observational data of the network stations are the basis for the climate handbooks used
for various scientific and applied problems, including estimates for climate change.
The state network of meteorological observations of the Republic of Belarus is a part of
the WMO Global Observing System and is the main source of hydrometeorological information
for industries, preparation of meteorological forecasts, warnings of severe weather. The
composition of the state network of meteorological observations and the observation volume is
determined in accordance with the requirements of the Convention and the WMO Technical
Regulations.
Belarus' participation in the global observing system is to ensure the stable operation of
ground meteorological observation network, observational data from satellites and their
processing in order to exchange information and prepare analyzes of weather forecasts and
warnings of the relevant programs of the World Meteorological Organization and the
environmental programs of other international organizations.
Global Observing System also provides observational data for research purposes in
support of other programs of the World Meteorological Organization or, according to the
agreements with the Organization, of other international organizations.
The Global network stations are a part of regional and the national networks, according to
the WMO Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO Guide number 488, 2010 edition,
updated in 2012). Participation in the Global Observing System and the information exchange
enables the Republic of Belarus to use the data of global, regional and mesoscale numerical
weather prediction models.
In order of implementation of the agreements provisions concluded by the State
Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Belarus and the national hydrometeorological
services of neighboring countries, a program of operational hydrometeorological information
exchange with hydrometeorological services in Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia. Poland is
developed and implemented. The current density of meteorological observations (1 point to 3.9
thousand sq. km) meets the requirements of WMO to achieve an objective coverage of the
country hydrometeorological parameters and characteristics (except for the registration of local
phenomena and the number of heavy rainfall).
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In Belarus, 31 meteorological stations are a part of the Regional Synoptic Network VI-th
WMO Region (Europe), 10 weather stations are included in the Global Synoptic Network
(Russia).
The Global Climate Observing System WMO is a global support network consisting of
about 1000 selected the world's surface observing stations for daily monitoring of global and
large-scale climate variability. In Belarus, a meteorological station (AS Vasilevichi) is included
in the GCOS.
Each country creates a network of climate stations on its territory that are a part of a
regional support network WMO climate - (RBCN). In Belarus, 12 stations are included in the
network RBCN (VI-th region WMO). With the help of the Global Telecommunication System
on these 12 stations SE "RSMC" is transmitted to the World Data Center Monthly until the 5th Moscow Summary "Climate - Synoptic" for the international climate data exchange containing
monthly values of air temperature, precipitation, extreme values meteorological parameters over
the last month, the monthly rate of air temperature, precipitation.
Table 8.6 provides a list of meteorological state network centers of hydrometeorological
observations of the Republic of Belarus, members of the global observing system for climate.
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Table 8.6 – List of meteorological state network centers of hydrometeorological
observations of the Republic of Belarus, members of the global observing system for climate
N
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
310
311
Meteorological
observation Points
2
Verhnedvinsk
Sharkovshchina
Lyntupy
Polotsk
Dokshitsy
Lepel
Vitebsk
Senno
Borisov
Orsha
Gorky
Grodno
Lida
Minsk
Berezino
MairinaGorka
Mogilev
Klichev
Slavgorod
Kostyukovichi
Baranovichi
Slutsk
Bobruisk
Zhlobin
Brest
Pinsk
Zhitkovichy
Mozyr
Vasilevichy
Gomel
Bragin
Total
Global
Regional
Russian
GCOS
RBCN
3
+
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
31
5
+
6
7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
12
+
10
Note:
Column 3 - global needs;
Count 4 - regional needs;
Count 5 - Regional Basic Synoptic Network (Russia);
Count 6 - Global Climate Observing System (GCOS);
Count 7 - Regional Basic Climate Network (RBCN).
Upper-air stations carried out atmosphere vertical sounding with radioprobes, which give
systematic data on pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction up to a height of 30
km. Currently, there are two upper-air stations in the State Hydro-meteorological Service of the
Republic of Belarus, in Gomel and Brest. However, the presence of only two upper-air stations
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cannot fully provide coverage data of vertical sounding of the atmosphere in the Republic of
Belarus. At present, the construction of a new complex in the upper-air Uruchcha, near Minsk
has already started.
Actinometric measurements are carried out at 11 meteorological stations:
continuous recording in Minsk, term observation at Vasilevichi and Polesskaya, measurement of
daily sums of solar radiation - at 10 observation points, warm-balance at Polesskaya. A gradual
actinometric network rearmament is being produced with new devices. The total number of
actinometric points is enough for objective coverage of the country
Agro-meteorological observations are carried out at 45 observation points, including 6
specialized stations. These agro-meteorological observations are used to assess the conditions of
growth and crop yield formation in a changing climate.
There are 97 rivers and 10 lakes hydrological stations of the state network of
meteorological observations on the territory of the Republic of Belarus (Table 8.7).
Table 8.7 - Information on the current hydrological stations (HS)
On the rivers, canals
On the lakes, reservoirs
HS-1
85 (drain)
LHS -1
8
HS -2
9 (level)
LHS -2
2
HS -3
3 (level)
Total
97
Total
10
Seventy-six hydrological stations (73-river, 5-lake) are informational, 27 hydrological
stations (21-river, 6-lake) refer to the reference. In accordance with the recommended WMO
assessment required number of hydrological stations on the territory of Belarus on area of 207.6
thousand. km2 should be 111 drain posts counting 1 post on the 1875 km2. Currently, Belarus is
1 post in the 2242 km2, only 85 drain posts.
In recent years, new technologies are introduced to the meteorological observations. The
state network of meteorological observations retooled with new automatic sensors and automated
weather systems MAWS of the Finnish firm "Vaisala" and Belarusian production of "Peleng".
Modern Doppler weather radar and upper-air complexes DIGICORA are introduced; improving
existing methods of weather forecasts. In the Republic of Belarus the development program of
the State Hydro-meteorological Service was adopted for 2011-2015. It was approved by the
Minister of Natural Resources and Environment of the Republic of Belarus, aimed at the
introduction of new devices and technologies, improving numerical weather prediction and
dissemination of information to consumers. By the decision of the Board of the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection from 12/20/2014 № 120-P the development
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strategy of hydro-meteorological activity and activity in the field of environmental monitoring of
the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2030 was approved. The Strategy provides further
implementation of advanced technologies in the public observation network.
In general, there is now a network of State meteorological observations that meets the
requirements of WMO – representation, continuity, reliability, uniformity and comparability of
the results of observations and allows an objective assessment of climate change and the impact
of these changes on weather-dependent sectors of the economy.
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9 EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESSON CLIMATE
CHANGE
9.1
General Policy of Education, Trainingand Public Awareness
The state policy in the field of climate protection is regulated by a number of regulatory
legal acts of the Republic of Belarus.
Therefore, the state policy of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of education is based
on the principles, and one of them is the principle of the ecological education, which is set out in
Article I of the Law of the Republic of Belarus «On Education».
Law of the Republic of Belarus№1982-XIIdated 26.11.1992 (Ed. on 22.12.2011, as
amended on 26.10.2012) "On Environmental Protection" includes chapter 7 "Protection of the
Ozone Layer. Managing the Impacts on Climate", which sets out regulations to ensure the
protection of the ozone layer, the responsibilities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs
engaged in economic and other activities related to the emissions of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, as well as rules defining a common approach to the development of prevention
activities against harmful effects on the climate.
Article 23 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus№93-3dated 09.01.2006 (ed. on
12.12.2012) "On Hydrometeorological Activity" provides maintenance of the State Climate
Inventory. Article 27 of the Act is devoted to international cooperation in the field of hydrometeorological activities.
In 2006, the Coordination Council on Education for Sustainable Development under the
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus was created.Environmental education, training
and public awareness were separately included in the National Strategy for Socio-Economic
Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2020, subparagraph 6.2.4.
Decree of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus№16 dated 24.05.2011
approved a program of continuous education of children and youth in the Republic of Belarus for
the period of 2012-2015, which takes into account proposals of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environmental Protection (hereinafter - the Ministry of Natural Resources) to
hold annual gatherings of young ecologists, as well as contests to collect waste paper and other
raw materials and wastes or batteries for recycling.
Pursuant to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers№1145 as of 05.09.2006, (ed. on
06.26.2013) the State Commission on Climate Change was created which functioned until
recently. Its main function was to coordinate the activities between central government bodies
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and other state organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, regional
executive committees, Minsk City Executive Committee and other organizations responsible for
the fulfillment of the obligations arising from the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (hereinafter - the Framework Convention) and the Kyoto Protocol annexed to
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter - Kyoto Protocol),
aimed at stabilizing the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and the government of the
Republic of Belarus on the participation in the official bodies of the Framework Convention and
the Kyoto Protocol, as well as in the international cooperation on climate change; strategy
development for negotiations on climate change; consideration of draft regulations to implement
the provisions of the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, etc.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers №676 as of 12.07.2014 ceased the force of
Resolution of the Council of Ministers №1145 dated 05.09.2006.
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus №1117 dated
04.08.2008 (ed. on 06.04.2012)approved the National Program of measures to mitigate the
effects of climate change for 2008-2012, aimed at reducing greenhouse gases emissions and
increasing greenhouse gases absorption by sinks through drawing up the program of synergic
measures for various sectors of the national economy. Implementation of this program would
allow, among other measures implemented,to improve the collection and analysis of information
on climate change, anthropogenic causes and sources of these changes through the creation of
automated information systems.
The Law of the Republic of Belarus№1982-XII“On Environmental Protection”dated
26.11.1992 (hereinafter - the Law) includes Chapter 13 "Education, studies and research in the
field of environmental protection", which, in addition to these three positions, establishes
requirements to the level of knowledge of employees whose activities are related to natural
resource use and environmental impact.
Article 75 “Education in the field of environmental protection and management”, in
particular, states that the education of citizens in the field of environmental protection and
natural resources is provided by the inclusion of educational programs giving the basic
knowledge in the field of environmental protection and nature in the teaching program and
documentation.
The requirements for employees whose work involves the use of natural resources and
environmental impact are prescribed in Article 76 of the Law. In accordance with this article
employeeswhose work involves the use of natural resources and environmental impact are
required to have the necessary knowledge in the field of environmental protection,
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environmental management and improve it regularly. During the appointment of the officers and
specialists, their certification and recertification, the fact that they have the necessary knowledge
in the field of environmental protectionshould be taken into account.
Provisions relating to education in the field of environmental protection are contained in
Article 77 of the Law, according to which the purpose of formation of ecological culture of
citizens, educating their respect for nature education is carried out in the area of environmental
protection through the dissemination of environmental information, including information on
environmental safety, as well as the knowledge on the composition of environmental
information, the procedure of its formation, distribution and presentation to the environment
protection subjects.
Education in the field of environmental protection, including the process of informing
citizens about the legislation of the Republic of Belarus on the Environment is organized by the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus and its
territorial bodies, central government bodies, local authorities and government, public
associations, media, as well as health care institutions, museums, libraries and other cultural
institutions, environmental agencies, organizations, sport and tourism, other legal entities.
Until recently, much of the activity of the Ministry of Environment in the field of climate
protection was carried out by the Department of Hydrometeorology (from 1 January 2010 to 30
June 2013) and the Management of hydro-meteorological activities (1 July 2013 - 31 December
2014). On January 1, 2015 in connection with the optimization of the structure of the Ministry of
Environment, these functions were transferred to the Management of regulatory impacts on air
and water resources.
In Article 2 of Paragraph 1.7. of the Code of the Republic of Belarus №243-3dated
13.01.2011 “Code of Education of the Republic of Belarus” theenvironmental orientation is
declared as one of the principles of the state policy in the sphere of education. Article 18 of the
same Code stipulates that one of theeducation objectives in the educational system is the
formation of moral, aesthetic and ecological culture, and one of the main components of
education is the environmental education aimed at developing in students the value-conscious
relation to nature (paragraphs 2.3 and 5.10 respectively).
In accordance with paragraph 8 of Chapter 1 of the Decree of the Ministry of Education
of the Republic of Belarus№125 dated 14.12.2006 “On theApproval of the Concept of Lifelong
Education forChildren and Youth in the Republic of Belarus" one of the key components of
education is the environmental education aimed at the formation of the value-conscious relation
to nature.
In accordance with paragraphs 40-44 of Chapter 4 of the above-mentioned decree
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theeducation of ecological culture in personality is determined by the value of the universal
nature of man and society and includes knowledge of the components and their relationships in
the system "man - society - nature", as well as moral and aesthetic attitude to nature.
9.2
Primary, Secondary and Higher Education
Presidential Decree of the Republic of Belarus№3, “Economy and Thrift - the Main
Factors of Economic Security of the State" dated 14.06.2007noted that over the past decade an
effective and dynamic economy was created in the country, which is focused on the steady
growth of well-being and quality of life of its citizens, protection of their material, social and
cultural interests.
Consistently a policy of innovative development of the country is implemented.
However, the work on commercializing the renewable energy sources like wood, water, wind,
underground heat, solar energy and others is being performed not to a high standard.
In this regard, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus has set short-termed
goals to develop the training activities, courses and programson the economy and thrift in
institutions providing general secondary education. The goals are also aimed at taking actions to
improve system of training and advanced training in the field of energy and resources by other
state bodies.
Pre-school education
Students of the institutions providing pre-school education should acquire basic
knowledge about the nature and the relationship between man and the natural environment.In
preschool establishments of the Republic of Belarus, environmental education is based on the
updated National Program of Education and Training “Praleska”, one of the most important
sections of which is dedicated to environmental education of children.
General secondary, vocational and specialized secondary education
Studentswho are on stage I of their general secondary, vocational and specialized
secondary educationaccumulate and develop knowledge about the world; scientific and
cognitive, emotional and moral attitude to the environmentis formed.
Stage II of general secondary education presupposes the use of students’ knowledge of
ecological character, as well as the formation of the experience of social interaction and
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responsible attitude to the environment in all activities.
Considerable part of work in the school system and school education which regards to the
education and informing on climate change and its impacts in the countryis carried out in the
framework of SPARE (project "Education for Sustainable Energy in Belarus: The program
SPARE - school program on the use of resources and energy at school and non-formal
educational establishments".
The idea of the program is to move from a discussion of global issues to actions which
will be performed by pupils, their families and communities.
The initiator of SPARE is the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature.Since
2006 Norwegian partners have been carrying out SPARE program in Belarus receiving a positive
result.Since 2007, the SPARE project has been carried out at a high national level with the
support from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection, the Department of Energy. Energy and natural resources saving activities generated
great interest of teachers, students, representatives of school administration, who took part in
them.
Currently, thepartners of project are the Educational Institution "National Center for
Environment and Local History", International Public Association "Ecoproject" “Partnership”
(NGO"Ekopartnerstvo")
Center
for
Environmental
Solutions
and
the
educational
establishment"International Sakharov Environmental University".
The project SPARE involves teachers, students, schools, gymnasiums, schools,
institutions, non-formal environmental education (more than 400 educational institutions), as
well as parents of students in all regions of the country. One of the important conditions of the
SPARE project in Belarus should be the active participation of voluntary associations and the
media (both national, regional, and local) in this program.
More detailed information about the project can be found in section "The involvement of
the public and non-governmental organizations".
In accordance with Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of July 17, 2008
№15 “On Some Issues of General Secondary Education” approaches to organization of
ecological education in the general secondary education system have been changed. According
to this decree school subjects are studied at a base level, which excludes the possibility of
creation the general educational establishments and specialty classes of ecological orientation
(the Decree became void after the Presidential Decree №6 dated 27.06.2011 came into force).
The problems of the student ecological culture formation were addressed through the
integration of knowledge about nature, society and human beings into the list of the school
subjects as well as the introduction of new topics and sections in the structure of the academic
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scientific subjects, which will deepen and extend certain aspects of environmental education.
During stage III of secondary education in the institutions providing vocational and
specialized secondary education, systematization of knowledge about nature is being formed.
During the training of specialists of all categories, regardless of their future profession
environmental disciplines is counted as an essential part of the educational system.
In the educational standards of secondary special education requirements for the level of
knowledge and skills of graduates in the field of environmental protection are being developed
for each specialty.
"Green Schools" program as the national environmental education project was approved
by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection of the Republic of Belarus. It is included in the list of electives for Belarusian
students.
The aim of the "Green Schools" program is to create a network of schools and afterschool educational institutions catering for the ecological education of schoolchildren and
demonstrating practical steps in environment and environmental protection.
Actual materials of the "Green Schools"program can be found on the website "Belarusian
Pedagogical Society".
In 2013/2014 the Department of Energy Efficiency of the State Committee on
Standardization of the Republic of Belarus together with the Ministry of Education of the
Republic of Belarus organized VII Republican contest of projects on economy and thrift
"Energomarafon 2013", which was attended by students and teachers, as well as pre-school
educational institutions, general secondary, vocational, secondary special education and further
education.
One of the distinguishing features of "Energomarafon 2013" was the possibility of the
projects to participate in the international competition "Energy and Environment" in the
framework of international educational project SPARE and the worldwide UN decade
"Education for Sustainable Development" with the support of the Norwegian Society for the
Conservation of Nature and the European Network of Sustainable Energy INFORSE Europe.
"Energomarafon" was launched in 2008. The main aim of the competition is to develop a
culture of consumption among students, as well as identifying and disseminating best practices
of educational institutions to establish a system of work in the field of energy conservation.
The competition was held as part of the implementation of the Presidential Decree № 3 of
the Republic of Belarus dated 14.06.2007 "Economy and Thrift –Main Factors of Economic
Security of the State" and was aimed at raising public awareness of energy conservation and
energy
efficiency.
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An Information Centre on Sustainable Development was created in Gomel;the Centreorganizes a
large amount of work on education and training in the field of energy conservation and
efficiency. Activities are carried out both at secondary and special schools, as well as at
universities.
Higher education
During the preparation of this section of the National Communication information
requests concerning the environmental disciplines or events, including the disciplines on climate
protection which are taught to students, as well as the number of students, including the number
of foreign students who study ecological disciplines were sent to all higher education institutions
(hereinafter - Universities).
Analysis of the information showed that in addition to individual academic disciplines
taught at universities, change issues and climate protection are integrated into the majority of
environmental disciplines of a general nature.
Educational system of the Republic makes a significant contribution into the teaching of
foreign students. As of 08/01/20131,894 foreign students get their education in Belarus studying
subjects related to environmental issues and climate change. Among them, the citizens of 26
countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Vietnam, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, China, Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lithuania, Mali, Morocco, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Syria, Sudan, Turkey,
Ukraine, Czech Republic, Turkmenistan, Russia) are represented.
On their return, foreign graduates and postgraduates, who got their education in Belarus
become specialists who determine public policy in their countries in the field of climate
protection.For more information about the number of students, including foreign students,
studying environmental disciplines, as well as disciplines relating to climate protection see Table
9.1.
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Table - 9.1 Information on the number of students of higher educational institutions of the
Republic of Belarus, including foreign students, studying environmental discipline, as well as
disciplines relating to climate protection
№
п/п
1
1.
Name of the higher educational institution
2
Belarusian State Economic University
(Management Faculty)
The total number
of
students
studying
environmental
disciplines,
including
disciplines
relating
to
climate
protection
3
Number of foreign
students, studying
environmental
discipline, as well
as
disciplines
relating to climate
protection
4
7799
84
2.
Gomel State University named after Francis
Skorina
1191
48
3.
BrestStateUniversitynamedafterA.S. Pushkin
390
2
2363
23
1686
68
1750
40
1148
-
362
-
880
43
10.
11.
12.
Belarusian State University of Agricultural
Technology
Brest State Technical University
Belarusian Trade and Economics University of
Consumer Cooperatives
Minsk Institute of Management
Gomel Engineering Institute, Ministry of
Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus
VitebskStateUniversitynamedafterP.M.
Masherov
Polessky State University
Command and Engineering Institute
Belarusian National Technical University
13.
Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts
5384
14.
Minsk State Higher Radio Technical College
GomelStateTechnicalUniversitynamedafterP.O.
Sukhoy
Belarusian State Technological University
Baranovichi State University
Hrodna State University
Belarusian State Academy of Arts
Grodno State Agrarian University
MozyrStatePedagogicalUniversitynamedafterI.P.
Shamyakin
Belarusian State Academy of Music
Mogilev Higher College of Ministry of Internal
Affairs of the Republic of Belarus
150
1117
Notallocated from
thetotal number of
students
-
2258
105
10993
2300
850
1375
593
180
100
4
35
-
1770
45
820
-
95
-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
220
319
110
30682
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Education, training and public awarenesson climate change
24.
nternational State University named after A.D.
Sakharov
48
25.
Military Academy of Belarus
600
Total:
75916
Not allocated from
the total number of
students
1894
Institutions providing higher education, occupy a special place in the system of
environmental education. Mandatory environmental training in higher education is carried out
primarily on the basis of the course "Fundamentals of Ecology". In addition, the nonenvironmental specialties read courses such as "Radiation Protection", "Environmental
Security", "Ecology and Environmental |Management", "Environmental Monitoring" and others.
A number of special disciplines of environmental profile are introduced in the curricula of
agricultural and forestry specialties. Legal aspects of nature are taughtat legal professions
schools, as well as according to specialties that are subject to management training.
Curricula of higher education institutions include subjects related to environmental issues
and climate change.For example, at the educational establishment (hereinafter - EE) "Belarusian
State University" within the specialty "Geography" the disciplines "General Ecology",
"Geoecology", "Hydrometeorology", "Geographic Information Systems", "Fundamentals of
Ecology and Energy Conservation", "Meteorology and climatology”,“Introduction to
hydrometeorology","Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere","Weather
Forecast","Physical meteorology","Environmental Law" are studied. The scope of course and
diploma papers on the problems connected with climate change has significantly been expanded:
students of the Geography Faculty are offered 150 topics for writing term papers and 21 topics
for their dissertations.
AtEE "Belarusian State Economic University" 19 environmental disciplines are taught, in
2013 7 environmental educationalevents were held, including on-site training-methodical
seminar at Minsk TPP-3 on resource and energy conservation, improving environmental
management of the enterprise.
AtEE"Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin 29 environmental disciplines are
taught, 12 events on ecological orientation were held, including a quiz on World Meteorological
Day and Student Conference "Geography and young people", at which 37 reports were made,
including 4 reports dedicated to Climate Change.
In 2011 at Vitebsk State University named after P.M. Masherov among 50 environmental
disciplines the students studied, 21 of them relatedto the climate change. Educational course
"Meteorology and climatology" (senior lecturer G.I. Pilovets) was developed and implemented at
the Geography Faculty, which framework studies the issues of climate change. In accordance
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with the curriculum courses "Nature of Belarusian Lakeland" and "Environmental Studies" for
the "Primary Education" and "Pre-school Education. Speech Training" specialties a topic
“Climate Formation”is being studied, the issues of climate change are being observed. In
2011the publication of textbooks for the course "Meteorology and climatology" (author
G.I.Pilovets) was prepared andissued, which wasapproved by the Ministry of Education as a
textbook for students of geographical faculties.
Students have successfully defended their theses: "Assessing the Impact of Vitebsk
Climate on Economic Activity and Human Health", "The Role of Urbanization in Changing
theClimatic Characteristics (for example, the city of Vitebsk)"; the course paper "Modern
Approaches to the Study of Climate Change. Climate of Vitebsk: Its Variation and Assessment
of the Impact on Economic Activity and Human Health"(this work is assigned to Category Iat
the Republican contest of scientific works of university students in 2011).
At EE Gomel State University named after Francis Skorina the curriculum included 51
environmental disciplines, including "Meteorology and climatology", "Ecology of the basics of
meteorology", "Forest fire science with the basics of radioecology."
In order to study climate change topicsHrodna State University offers its students the
following topics for their course papers: "Climatic Resources Forecast for the 21st Century",
"Water, Hydro and Wind Power Resources of East-European Plains Under the Global
Warming", "Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency in Belarus". In 2011, in the
framework of supervisory hoursof student workshops, the following seminars were held at the
Faculty of Biology and Ecologyand Ecological Movement: "The Consequences of Global
Climate Change for the World and Belarus", "Climate Solutions", "Climate Change and the
Kyoto Protocol", "Energy and Sustainable Development""Climate "Earth Hour", "Energy
Patrol".
At Minsk State Linguistic University during school year of 2013/2014 a model of the
third generationcurricula was introduced, according to which the problems of environmental
protection and management, including climate change, will be studied within the framework of
discipline "Health and Safety".
Environmental management issues, the impact of climate change on agricultural
production as the most environmentally dependant industry as well as the effects of changes,
including the possibility of expanding the range of crops due to changes in the characteristics of
the vegetation period is taught at Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University in the
framework of "Technological bases crop", "The technology of crop production" and " The
technology and technical support for production and processing of agricultural products"
disciplines.
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The scientists of Water supply and hydro melioration facultyof Belarusian State
Technical University are directly involved in the climate change issues, the results of their
research are presented in theses, articles, monographs.
Faculty of Natural Sciences of EE "Mogilev State University named after
A.A.Kuleshov"together with Mogilev Regional Department of NGO"Belarusian Geographical
Society, magazine editorship “Mogilev Meridian”, Mogilev city NGO"Ecology - Science for
Society, "Environmental Science and educational center of the faculty, student research
laboratory of the department annually as part of the Day protect the Earth, the International Earth
Day, International Day of Climate, World Environment Day, the Day of the protection of the
oceans, the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is organizing a quiz, poster
contests, production of leaflets and newspapers print wall.
The courses “Environmental Economics", "Climate protection" are taught at the
educational establishment "Belarusian State Technological University". The graduation works
“Environmental and economic assessment of sustainable forest management, taking into account
climatic factors”, “Environmental maturity as an element of sustainable forest and wildlife
management climate protect” are defended. The impact on the climate caused by greenhouse gas
emissions is reviewed in the diploma projects.
The course "Energy efficient technologies" is included in the curriculum practically for
all specialties at the Belarusian National Technical University. Master's thesis on "Investigation
of possibilities of cogeneration plants for improvement and energy complex enterprises
“Belneftekhim”,”Ecological and economic aspects of the use of liquid organic waste breeding
complexes to generate energy in the Republic of Belarus” are defended.
At the educational establishment “International State University named after A.D.
Sakharov” at the Faculty of Environmental Monitoring specialists in the following specialties
and specializations are trained:
- Information Systems and Technologies (in ecology);
- Information Systems and Technologies (in health care);
- Energy efficiency and energy management;
- Nuclear and radiation safety;
- Environmental activities.
24 environmental disciplines, including “Meteorology and climatology”, “Monitoring of
air pollution”, “The dynamics of the atmosphere” are taught at the educational establishment
mentioned above.
At the department of energy efficient technologies, students study 27 environmental
disciplines,
including
“Environmental
problems
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energy
and
energy
efficiency”,
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
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“Environmental Aspects of Energy and Energy Efficiency”, “Automated power management”,
“Bioenergy”, “Management of renewable energy resources”, “Alternative and renewable energy
sources”, “Production, transport and consumption of thermal energy”, ”Solar and geothermal
energy”, ”Fundamentals of energy saving”, ”Energy Audit”, “Renewable Energy”.
Scientific activity is carried out here, which introduces contribution to the solution of the
climate change problems: International Belarusian-German project “Implementation of a new
management concept for re-waterlogged peat land sustainable energy production from biomass
(energy marshes)” and SPSR “Radiation, ecology and the technosphere”.
Teaching & Research Centre for Ecology and Nature was created on the basis of the
educational establishment mentioned above, the State Scientific Institution “Institute of Natural
Resources and Ecology Problems of NASB” and the State Scientific Institution “Republican
Scientific-Technical Center of remote environment diagnostics “ECO-World”.
Main aims and tasks of the Center are:
-
carrying out the joint research within scientific and technical programs at various levels, as
well as on-request of other organizations, including foreign ones;
-
participation in joint innovation projects, including in the field of education;
-
the research and teaching works reviewing activities;
-
assistance in organization and conducting training practices and internships for
undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff of different establishments, as well as
participation in employment of graduates;
-
joint planning and organization of educational process with the involvement of scientists and
experts in the educational process at all levels;
-
academic and organizational assistance in improving the quality of students training,
undergraduates, graduate students and professionals and increasing the qualification of the
teaching staff, joint training of highly qualified personnel in postgraduate and doctoral
studies; the organization and skills development and retraining of personnel in the field of
ecology, nature and the use of renewable energy sources;
-
the organization and usage of laboratory facilities at the educational process of these
establishments with the use of modern means of training; organization of joint scientific
periodicals of environmental character and scientific conferences, seminars and meetings.
As a result of realization of the tasks mentioned above the main goal is achieved:
assurance of the integration of the preparation process of the specialists in the environmental
field and research in the field of ecology, as well as solving of the environmental problems in
science and education.
The demonstration area is set up with installation samples, which are used for energy
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production of renewable energy resources. This area is in an educational complex "Volma". This
wind turbines, solar panels (gift Vorarlberg (Austria), micro-hydro and wood boiler bio raw
materials (established with the financial support from Vorarlberg (Austria and mediation
Institute named after Otto Hug (Munich, Germany).
Demonstration area is the implementation of one of the most important areas of training
future environmental specialists in the field of clean renewable energy resources and ensures:
-
studying , practicing and doing laboratory works on specialization "Energy efficient
technologies and energy management";
-
training of technical personnel of small and medium business, of energy and agriculture;
-
knowledge accumulation and systematization in the field of renewable energy sources
(database), consulting the professionals and the public on these issues;
-
carrying out research work on the improvement and evaluation of the comparative efficacy
of plants use in the terms of Republic of Belarus, which are working on the renewable
energy sources
9.3
Campaigns of public information
The main activity in the country in the field of environmental education, enlightenment
and information is carried out by bodies of the Ministry of Environment. The main activities of
the Ministry of Environment and its territorial bodies in the field of environmental education and
awareness are
-
Informing the government, legal entities and citizens of the state of the
environment and measures for its protection;
-
Organization promoting knowledge in the field of environmental protection and
nature, formation of the ecological culture;
-
Involvement of citizens, public associations, operating in the field of
environmental protection, educational and cultural institutions, religious organizations and others
to the solving of environmental issues and environmental management.
The basis of state guarantees of the Republic of Belarus in the system of environmental
education and enlightenment for the formation of ecological culture in society is government
funding.
For the implementation of the framework for environmental education and
enlightenment, awareness of the environment and the measures taken for its protection and
improvement, providing propaganda of ecological knowledge of the National Environmental
Fund (in 2012 - the national budget) has been allocated: in 2010 . - 950 million. rubles, in 2011 225
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1,102.10 million. rubles, in 2012 - 1334.0 mln. rubles (Figure 9.1).
1200
the sum, mln of rubles
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Brest region
2010
104,2
2011
177,4
2012
440
Vitebsk region
214,4
342,6
1100
Gomel region
438,3
683,6
700
Grodno region
83,5
70
100
Minsk region
61
91,3
500
Mogilev region
59,5
188,9
300
Minsk region
254
342,6
320
Picture 9.1. Dynamics of allocating funds to regions and Minsk
It should be noted that in 2012, compared with 2010, the amount of funds allocated for
activities on environmental education and training from the national and regional environmental
funds (budgets), increased by 55% (Pic. 8.1.). Significantly, increased funding for environmental
activities in Vitebsk (80%) and Minsk regions (87%).
However, it should also be noted that because of the significant changes in the financial
sector of the republic in 2010, by increasing the amount of appropriated funds decreased
possibility of implementing measures.
Analysis of the use of the National Environmental Fund (budget) for the organization of
public education and enlightenment in 2010-2012 showed that most of the funds were used for
the organization and conducting of the National Environmental Forum, competitions, seminars,
conferences (in 2010 - 39 %, in 2011 - 36%, in 2012 - 53%), edition of the magazine
"Rodnayapryroda" and application "ecological environment" to "NarodnayaGazeta" (2010 27%, in 2011 - 27% in 2012 year - 23%). Significantly increased funding for the production of
video and television programs (in 2010 - 4%, in 2011 - 19%, in 2012 - 21%), which is associated
with the release cycle for Belarusian TV programs on environmental topics "The Zone of the
Comfort" since 2011.
Ministry and its territorial bodies’ outreach includes work with the media (hereinafter the media), the release of social environmental advertising, publication of environmental
literature, organizing presentations and meetings in groups, educational institutions, conducting
"direct phone lines" and various outreach campaigns aimed at solving environmental problems.
For improvement it is necessary to cover all target populations in this area, using the
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maximum number of information channels.
In order to ensure rapid reporting of data to the public about the state of the environment
and natural resource management focuses on working with news agencies (BelTA, Interfax,
BelaPAN).
Taking into account that the main source of information for all groups of the population is
still print media, in 2010-2012. Ministry of Natural Resources continued to publish departmental
magazine "Rodnayapryroda" and the special environmental edition of "Ecological environment"
together with the "NarodnayaGazeta". In addition, managers and specialists of structural units of
the Ministry of Environment in 2011 organized more than 300 publications in print media, on the
central television and radio.
In order to improve the work carried out by the Ministry of Environment in this direction,
in 2011 at the First National TV Channel the cycle of 10 educational outreach TV programs
"The zone of comfort" was organized, covering topical issues of environmental protection and
rational use of natural resources. In the future, this work was continued and intensified.
Ministry of Environment has a close cooperation with JSC "Belarusian radio". Materials
about the state of the environment and the rational use of natural resources is constantly heard in
the program "Eco-Monitoring", "Radiofact", "Post Factum", "Topical microphone" etc., aired by
the Belarusian Radio.
An integral part of a successful information campaign is organizing of press events (press
conferences, briefings, "round tables", press tours) on topical issues in the field of environment
and natural resources.
In order to enable citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs to address with the
issues related to environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, to the
representatives of the Ministry of Environment and its territorial bodies "direct phone line" are
carried out, that allows "two-way communication" with the public, and help to determine what
questions to environmental need to be clarified.
For solving environmental education issues, especially enlightenment for young people,
as well as environmental education in rural areas Ministry of Natural Resources is working to
promote interaction with religious organizations. For example, in May 2011, the Ministry of
Environment in collaboration with the State educational establishment "Institute of Theology of
Saints Cyril and Methodius", Belarusian State University held a scientific-practical conference
on the role of Christianity and education in environmental issues "In the chargeof creation.
Culture and education are in the face of environmental challenges". For the environmental
education of citizens printed materials on environmental topics in the Diocese for reading in
church sermons and Sunday schools are transmitted by Regional Committee on Natural
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Resources and Environmental Protection.
The public Environmental Coordination Council (hereinafter – CECO) was organizedand
is still operating at the Ministry of Natural Resources, which members include representatives of
the most active non-governmental environmental associations (organizations) of the Republic.
The main tasks of the Council are:
-
coordination of the Ministry of Environment interactions and associations
operating in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;
-
to provide assistance to the Ministry of Natural Resources in carrying out the
unified state policy in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;
-
development and implementation of government programs, action plans and other
documents in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources
-
creating a system of education andenlightenment in the field of environmental
protection;
-
development of eco-tourism;
-
review and discussion of draft laws and regulations in the field of environmental
protection and rational use of natural resources;
-
preparation of amendment proposals to the regulations in the field of
environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;
-
research, compilation and dissemination of international experience in the field of
environmental protection and rational use of natural resources
At the meetings CECO discussed the hottest environmental issues, including issues
related to climate protection. For example, the draft law on the climate wasdiscussed with the
members of the public. The reports on the participation of official delegations of the Republic of
Belarus in world climate summit are regularly submitted to CECO panel sessions.
One of the most popular ways of information distribution is the Internet. A large amount
of websites are available in Belarus, both national and international, and other countries
websites, covering topics of change and climate protection.
9.4
A list of websites related to climate issues
Sites of intergovernmental organizations and official bodies
www.unfccc.int - Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and
the Kyoto Protocol. The documents and decisions archive of the Convention; news, data on
greenhouse gas emissions, official government reports.
www.ipcc.ch - IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Officialreports,
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identifying issues of climate change and its causes, forcasts, impact assessment on the
environment.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/index_en.htm - Conservation website of the European
Commission. A wide range of materials on environmental issues and decisions of the European
Commission, including the EU's position on a new international agreement - "Copenhagen
2009".
http://ru.cop15.dk - a special web-site for coverage of the negotiations on a new
international agreement on climate change - "Copenhagen 2009", and working in the Russian
language
http://greenlogic.by/green.html - United Nations Development Programme in Belarus, a
section devoted to establishing a network of "Green Schools" in Belarus,www.iea.org International Energy Agency. Information on energy efficiency, renewable energy and others.
www.unep.ch - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Educational materials
on climate change and the impact on ecosystems.Library of publications.
www.undp.org - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Information,
education and training materials, including climate change.
www.who.int - The World Health Organization (WHO). Educational and informational
materials, including the impact of climate change on human health.www.wmo.ch - World
Meteorological Organization. A wide range of materials and data on climate change, news,
weather, links to recent publications.
Sites of scientific and non-governmental organizations
http://greenpack.rec.org/ru - interactive "Green Book", educational material for students
and teachers with a clear statement of the essence of the problem of climate change and ways of
solving it, teaching materials for the lessons
www.climatenetwork.org (CAN International), www.climnet.org (CAN Europe) - a
coalition of environmental NGOs - Climate Action Network, working actively in the sessions of
the UNFCCC, prepare positions and proposals for negotiating sessions. Edition of the ECOnewspaper,published daily during the negotiations and critically evaluate their progress
www.infoclimate.org - (network of Climate Action Network Eastern Europe, Caucasus
and Central Asia (CAN EECCA), bringing together non-governmental organizations from 10
countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. The network has two centers that
coordinate activities in the region, one of them is a partnership "Green Network"
www.nature.com/climate- the web-site of the «Nature» magazine, free access to essays
and articles on the climate information and opinions
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www.oxfam.org - a web-site of international organization Oxfam International, projects
intended on combating poverty and address critical social issues; news, publications on a wide
range of social and environmental issues, including climate change
www.panda.org/climate - World Wildlife Fund - WWF International, Climate
Programme. Information about climatic events, the impact of climate change on ecosystems,
www.pewclimate.org - Pew Center on Global Climate Change brings together
businessmen, politicians and scientists concerned about climate change. Materials on climate
policy, news, publications
www.pointcarbon.com - factual information and analysis on the current state of the
global carbon market. Newsfeed, a library of publications
www.realclimate.org - the world's leading site for scientific debates on climate change
(supported by scientists Goddard Institute of NASA, USA). News, discussions of any
controversial issues but political. Questions and Answers
www.wri.org/climate - World Resource Institute (WRI). Information on climate change
and the ways of its solution, analytical and reference materials
www.wwf.ru - World Wildlife Fund - WWF Russia. Information on a wide range of
issues of nature protection, including climate events, the impact of climate change on
ecosystems. Extensive electronic library of publications in Russian, and in particular climate
change.
Sites of the Belarusian governmental and non-governmental organizations
http://minpriroda.gov.by – website of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of
Belarus. One of the themes is global climate change and promotion of measures to implement
the provisions of the Republic of Belarus to the UNFCCC,
www.pogoda.by – Official information of the National Hydrometeorological,
www.un.by - The official website of the UN Office in the Republic of Belarus
www.greenbelarus.info - ecological association "Green Network"
http://www.ecoproject.by/- NGO "Ekoproektpartnerstvo"
http://www.ecoidea.by/ - Establishment of the "Center for Environmental decisions"
www.nsmos.by/ - the site of the National Environmental Monitoring System of the
Republic of Belarus (NEMS)
www.cricuwr.by- thesite RUE "Central Research Institute of Integrated Water Resources
Management"
www.ecoinfo.by/ - the site of RUE "BelSRC "Ecology"
www.aarhusbel.com - the site of the Aarhus Centre of the Republic of Belarus,
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http://www.ohranaprirody.grodno.by/aarhus/ - Aarhus Centre in Grodno,
www.soz.minpriroda.gov.by – the site of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus on the implementation of the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Republic of Belarus,
http://rad.org.by –the site of the "National Centre of Radiation Control and
Environmental Monitoring"
http://hbc.bas-net.by/bcb/ - the siteof "Botanical Collections of Belarus"
http://hbc.bas-net.by/plantae/ - the site of "Plants of Belarus"
http://biosafety.org.by – the site of the National Biosafety Coordination Centre of the
Republic of Belarus,
http://ozone.bsu.by - the site of the National Research Ozone Center of Belarusian State
University
www.spareworld.org - an international website project SPARE,
www.spare-belarus.by - School program of the resources and energy use,
http://vk.com/spare_belarus - official group in the social network "VKontakte"
www.facebook.com/pages/Spare-International - official group in the social network
«Facebook»,
www.ptushki.org – the website NGO "APB BirdLife Belarus". This public association is
the executor of the international project "Restoration of peat deposits and application of the
concept of sustainable management in Belarus - reducing climate change for the benefit of the
economy and biodiversity (Belarus-1)." The initiative is implemented by the British Royal
Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Michael Sukkova Foundation (Germany) with the
participation of the Government of the Republic of Belarus, the public organization "APB
BirdLife Belarus" and the financial support of the Federal Republic of Germany through KfW
bank in the framework of the International Climate Protection Initiative,
http://wildlife.by - Publisher's website "Riftur"
http://www.worldbank.org/ru/country/belarusThe World Bank in Belarus
www.milieukontakt.nlMilieukontaktOost-Europa,
http://www.iseu.by/ International Environmental University named after A.D. Sakharov.
9.5
Training programs (personnel training)
The country carried out significant work in the field of training and retraining.
Thus, State Educational Establishment "Republican center of training, further training
and retraining in the field of environmental protection" of the Ministry of Environmentwas
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created (hereinafter - the training center), which main objectives are:
−
Operational satisfaction of the needs in the professional development of
executives and experts in the field of environmental protection and rational usage of natural
resources,
including
hydro-meteorological
activities,
environmental
certification
and
environmental audit;
−
Environmental education, enlightenment and providing the advocacy of ecological
knowledge;
−
development of the international cooperation in the training of executives and
experts area in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources,
including hydro-meteorological activities, environmental certification and environmental
auditing.Слушателями
указанного
выше
учреждения
образования
являются
как
специалисты территориальных органов Минприроды, так и руководящие работники
отраслей экономики.
Listeners of the above educational establishment are experts of territorial bodies of the
Ministry of Environment as well as industry executives.
At the training center in 2012 training courses on "Climate Change and the regulation of
greenhouse gas emissions" were held. The lecture topics were "Activities of international
organizations and companies in the management of climate impacts and adaptation to change it",
"National Inventory System Greenhouse gas", "Conducting the State inventory of anthropogenic
emissions from the
sources and removals by absorbers of greenhouse gases ","Statutory
regulation of climate change issues in the Republic of Belarus"," Technical statutory regulation
acts in the field of estimating greenhouse gas emissions","System of international documents in
the field of regulation impact on the climate. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change and the Kyoto Protocol" and others.
However, it should be noted that there are no lectures on climate protection in the
permanent curriculum of the establishment. The basic information about Air Protection is a part
of the general lectures. Subsequently, it is planned to introduce lectures on climate themes into
the curriculum.
Specialists of the Ministry of Environment undergo training abroad from time to
time.Thus, the staff of the National Center of Radiation Control and Environmental
Monitoringwithin the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency "Modernization
and expansion of the radiation monitoring network of air" in the May-June 2013 were trained at
the National Institute of Radiation Safety, Prague, Czech Republic.
The operations and practical magazine for ecologists"Ecology at the enterprise" is
published in the country. It is a magazine intended for the ecologists, executives, responsible for
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the environmental policy, local government leaders, shaping environmental policies and
controlling in the sphere of ecology, environmental and safetyengineers, managers and
specialists of environmental laboratory services and enterprises, professionals responsible for the
operation of environmental protection facilities, ventilation, water supply and sanitation.
In 2012-2014 were published a lot of ecological articles: "Some aspects of the
greenhouse gas emissions trading", "Conducting the State inventory of renewable energy sources
in the Republic of Belarus: a review of the Statutory regulation base", "Economic mechanisms of
the Kyoto Protocol: international and national levels of regulation", "Some aspects of climate
changes and energy conservation in the Republic of Belarus", "The potential development of the
renewable energy in the Republic of Belarus", "Greenhouse gas emissions because of the
municipal waste", "The policies and measures in the field of climate change."
e) Academic and scientific centers.
The climate database is being formed by the climate data management CliWare, the
process on creation of databases and electronic account journals for income data in State
HydrometeorologicalFund for technical media is carried out in the State Establishment
"Republican Hydrometeorological Center", which provides training and distribution of annual
reviews of the climatic characteristics and severe weather last year.
RUE “BelSRC “Ecology” is a link in the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus, which is responsible for environmental
information and performs scientific support activities.
The institution has good human resources, providing information activities,
environmental monitoring, international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, the
implementation of international environmental conventions and agreements, publishing.
Among the information resources maintained by the RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology”
automated information system "Inventories", the State Airinventory, Statewaste inventory, State
fauna inventory of the Republic of Belarus, the State flora inventory Republic of Belarus, the
State Register of the National System of observation points environmental monitoring, the
Register of Protected Areas of the Republic of Belarus ", a list of specially protected natural
areas of national and local significance of the Republic of Belarus", the storage Register, waste
disposal and neutralization, Registry of the waste use,Database of obsolete pesticides and
territories contaminated by them, the state inventory of anthropogenic emissions from sources
and removals by absorbers of greenhouse gases, the state inventory of renewable energy sources.
The department of international scientific cooperation RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology” and
now the Center of international environmental conventions and agreements (hereinafter Center),
prepares documentation for the commitments implementation by the Republic of Belarus on
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international environmental conventions and agreements, in particular: the UN Framework
Convention on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change, the Stockholm Convention on "Persistent Organic Pollutants", the Basel Convention on
the Control of Cross-border Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and other environmental conventions.
The creation of the center was possible due to a joint project of the European Union and
UNDP “The support of the environment and stable development of Belarus”, which executive
agency was The Ministry of Environment.
The Centre aims to promote the implementation of international environmental
conventions, which member is Belarus, creates conditions for the formation of inter-regional
and cross-border cooperation, information exchange and monitoring the implementation of
obligations under environmental conventions, conducting an inventory and greenhouse gas
emissionsaccounting, estimates the country's vulnerability to climate change, processes and
provides all the necessary information to the general public.
The Center of international environmental conventions and agreements also conducts
researches and development in the field of climate change and adaptation of the national
economy and population to these changes, conducts greenhouse gas inventory and inventory of
renewable energy sources. The center staff participates in the international activities in the field
of climate change.
One of the most important international focuses of the center is to prepare annual reports
on the national GHG inventory and National Communications of the Republic of Belarus for
submission to the secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the
Kyoto Protocol.
The Centre is actively involved in the drafting of legal, regulatory and policy documents
of the Republic of Belarus in the field of climate.
The role of the Centre in the assurance of obligation implementation of the Republic of
Belaruson environmental conventions is to coordinate activities and synergies in the
implementation of environmental conventions at the national level; improving the methodology
of national reporting on environmental conventions; strengthening the participation of national
experts in the events held on the implementation of conventions and agreements at the
international level; preparation of analyzes possible with the assistance of grants and other
financial resources for national and regional projects for the implementation of the conventions.
Promising areas of research and development in the field of climate change isestablishing
a scientific basis and critical limits for climate change, taking into account the nature of natural
climate variability at different time scales in Belarus and the European Region; development of
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climate-simulation models of the processes occurring in the natural and socio-economic systems
to assess the impact of climate change,implementation of a climate change comprehensive
monitoring by parallel measurements values of hydrometeorologicalmeasures and indicators,
prospective (predicative) assessment of future climate that correspond to different scenarios of
anthropogenic influence on the global climate, in cooperation with other countries, the
appropriate methods development of comprehensive economic assessment of climate change
impacts on individual sectors of the national economy.
Among the information and communication services provided by RUE "Bel SRC"
Ecology "is providing information on the subject of"National market carbon units: scientific
analysis and development forecast", "Scientific and systematic- methodological basis of
assessing the health risk due to climate change".
Substantial publishing is carried out by the Establishment. The reference book
"Information Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources' (annually) is published as well as the
State report "About implementation of the environmental policy of the Republic of Belarus",
annual report "Forecast of GHG emissions based on the Socio-Economic Development of the
Republic of Belarus", annual publication "Analysis of the instruments of national carbon units
market", monthly subscription scientific magazine "Green" Economy of the Republic of Belarus
"(with NASB).
The Aarhus Centre was created on the basis of RUE "Bel SRC" Ecology". Aarhus
Centers serve as a link between the government and civil society.
In this regard, the Aarhus Centre is receiving and reviewing applications from citizens
and organizations on environmental issues and environmental management, collection,
accumulation, storage and dissemination of environmental information, environmental
information on-request of individuals and legal entities, educational events (performance reports
, lectures, presentations), publications in the media, appearances on radio. Thus, the Aarhus
Centre published a brochure on climate protection and focused on the youth audience and the
media, as it is the media today are a major source of environmental information for the majority
of citizens, it is largely depend on the media how people will treat the environment and it is the
media determines the level of ecological culture in society.
The first regional Aarhus Centre was established in the city of Grodno in November
2011. There is an e-library on the Aarhus Centre web-site, where you can find a lot of
information and literature on the subject of climate.
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9.6
The Public and Non-Governmental Organizations Involvement
As already mentioned above, to substantially enhance the public awareness and
encourage the maximum public involvement in the decision-making process related to the
environment, the Public Coordinating Ecological Council is functioning under the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection. Members of the public participate in national
and international conferences and seminars and discuss issues related to the climate change and
national reporting under UN FCCC.
Specifically, members of the public participated in the meeting with a group of
international experts within the framework of their visit 6-12 February 2012 to the Republic of
Belarus to review the Fifth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus and made a
number of comments on preparation of the National Communication subject to the commitments
under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The non-governmental associations (organizations) of the Republic of Belarus play an
important role in training, education and awareness enhancement of the Belarusian general
public in the sphere of the environmental protection and conservation of climate, in particular. In
general, implementation of the international technical assistance in the environmental sphere
helps promote these activities.
For instance, the Public Association APB “Birdlife Belarus” jointly with the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the Republic of Belarus and Ministry of Education of
the Republic of Belarus has implemented the ЕU/UNDP Project “Raising Environmental
Awareness of the Youth through Establishment and Development of Green Schools in Belarus”.
Since 2011, the Republic of Belarus has been implementing the EU/UNDP Project
“Support to the Development of a Comprehensive Framework for International Environmental
Cooperation in the Republic of Belarus”. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
provided support in implementing the “Green Schools” Program at the national level through the
educational activities at all stages of the general secondary education and supplementary
education for children and youth (learning in circles, optional courses “Wildlife of Belarus”,
“Energy and Environment”, etc.).
A joint Project of the Public Association APB “Birdlife Belarus”, Michael Zukkov
Foundation (Germany) and British Royal Society for Protection of Birds (Great Britain) is being
implemented with support of the UNDP in the Republic of Belarus, Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environmental Protection and Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus.
The project is to develop and test the methodology for accounting GHG emissions from
reclaimed and restored wetlands and also to offer a facility for CO2 certificate sale in the
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voluntary carbon market.
The Partnership of non-governmental organizations, experts and “Green Network”
activists has arranged and held the following seminars and round tables in cooperation with the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and EU/UNDP Projects:
- “Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture of the Republic of Belarus”
(31.03.2011). The seminar set an objective to stimulate elaboration of sectoral programs and
strategies in the sphere of prevention of impact on climate and adaptation to the climate change.
The seminar’s topics of discussion covered current tendencies and problems of the climate
change impact on the agricultural production, the agricultural sector impact on the climate
change and mitigation of this impact, GHG inventory taking in this sector and adaptation of the
agricultural sector to the climate change. The elaborated discussion-based recommendations
were submitted to the responsible state administrative bodies.
- “Implementation of Provisions of Article 6 of the UN FCCC in the Republic of Belarus
(Education, Training, and Public Awareness”) (12.11.2011). The objective of the seminar was to
discuss opportunities and prospects of implementation of UN FCCC Article 6 and amended the
New Delhi Work Program in the Republic of Belarus and to define practical steps towards
elaboration of the National Action Plan for implementation of provisions of Article 6. A
Resolution containing expert recommendations was prepared during the seminar by the
international experts, officials of state administrative bodies, members of the academic
community and representatives of non-governmental organizations.
- “National, Regional and International Carbon Market as a Tool to Implement the
Strategy of Sustainable Low-Carbon Development” (20.04.2012). During the seminar, the
international experts and business representatives discussed prospects of carbon financing in the
Republic of Belarus and also experience of Russia and Ukraine.
Since 2007, participating organizations of the “Green Network” Partnership have been
annually arranging and implementing a package of educational events “School of Environmental
Activist” the program of which contains a series of trainings and workshops to discuss the issues
of the climate change and national and international climate policy, among others. Annually,
about 60 students from all regions of Belarus attend the “School of Environmental Activist”.
The experts of the “Green Network” Partnership and Agency “Center of Environmental
Solutions” provided support in preparing and presenting lectures at the premises of the Academy
of Management under the President of the Republic of Belarus for managers of territorial state
administrative bodies.
Since 2010, the “Green Network” Partnership experts have been actively participating in
the activities of the Civil Society Forum of the EU “Eastern Partnership” Initiative. In 2012, the
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“Green Network” representative coordinated activities of the Working Group “Environment,
Climate Change and Energy Security” of the Civil Society Forum. In 2010 and 2013, upon an
initiative of the “Green Network”, the Civil Society Forum adopted Resolutions concerning the
climate policy and also implementation of the second period of the Kyoto Protocol commitments
and elaboration of a new international climate agreement.
Since 2013, the “Green Network” has been functioning as one of two coordinating
centers of the Regional Network - Climate Action Network Eastern Europe, Caucasus and
Central Asia and is also involved in developing the regional strategy of the network memberorganizations, awareness-raising work and retraining NGO members in the sphere of
international negotiations within the UN FCCC framework.
The “Green Network” members participated in the following international studies:
“Climate Change Performance Index”, “European Integration Index”, “Towards Good
Environmental Governance” covering the issues of the climate policy, among others.
Belarusian Non-Governmental Organizations – “Green Network” Environmental
Partnership, Public Association “Ecodom”, Agency “Center for Environmental Solutions”,
International Public Association “Ecoproject” Partnership”, Environmental Regional Public
Association “Nerush” and Belarusian Red Cross Society annually run the awareness
campaign aimed at prevention of burning dry vegetation and municipal solid waste. The
campaign is run with the support of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection and Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus.
The Agency “Center of Ecological Solutions” is actively involved in the public
awareness raising and education in the field of energy and resources saving and climate
protection. The Agency issues the Information Bulletin of the alternative energy and energy
saving on a regular basis and established the Youth Ecological Center “Ecostart”. The topic of
discussions and information materials: ”Climate Change - International Documents,
Negotiations, Specifics of the Belarusian Situation, Climate Change and Everyday Life”.
An event was held in the Maxim Gorky Central Children's Park in which the children
participated in the drawing and drafts contests related to the climate conservation problem.
International Public Association “Ecoproject” Partnership” is actively involved in the
sphere of energy saving and climate change. The Project “Development of Intersectoral
Cooperation in the Field of Water Resources Conservation, Waste Disposal and Energy Saving
in Belarus” implemented the measures for energy saving in buildings and performed energy
certification of buildings (first experience in the Republic of Belarus) based on which
recommendations on introduction of energy certification at the state level in Belarus have been
elaborated.
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The above Association published the brochure entitled “It's Time Habits have been
Changed” in which helpful advises are given how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during
residential building operation, use of household electric appliances, transport and also in case of
inefficient consumption of various types of products, in agriculture, livestock breeding and
energy sector.
A Family Calendar-Organizer for 2012 was issued which is a useful tool to efficiently
organize and plan the family’s activities. The advices contained in the calendar offer simple
methods aimed to reduce load on the nature. Simple advices emphasize the need to save natural
resources by a modern family and seek to conserve the diversity of nature.
This Association has conducted an awareness survey in three Belarusian cities
related to the household energy saving. An awareness campaign related to the household
energy saving was waged in three Belarusian pilot cities and questionnaires were distributed
among the residents to obtain a feedback. The results of the questionnaire survey regarding the
public awareness of the energy saving methods and its attitude to this problem are provided in
the publication. The survey results were published in the form of a brochure which included the
articles containing advices and photos of Zhodino, Osipovichy and Baranovichy residents which
practically demonstrate their care for nature.
The environmentally oriented non-governmental associations (organizations) are
involved in running the “International Earth Hour” campaign. It is traditionally run on the last
Saturday of March and call for the citizens, organizations, schools, local authorities and
commercial agencies to switch off the light and other non-critical electrical appliances for one
hour to stimulate the public interest to the climate change problem.
Since 2010, the “Green Network” Partnership has been regularly conducting the
international event “350” (it included horse riding for the boarding school inmates, vegetarian
dinners, public lectures and other actions), and also the event “World Day without Car”. The
events “No Litter” and “We Will Do It” are conducted twice a year during which the litter is
collected in the forests and along rivers' banks. In 2013, the events “Climate, Remain!” were
conducted with involvements of the well-known Belarusian creative teams (Plastic Theatre
“InGest”, Folk Group “Kryvi” and others) and also “Week of Mobility” and “Global Power
Shift”.
The participating organizations of the “Green Network” Partnership - Minsk Bicycle
Society, VeloGrodno and Foundation “Ecological Transport” actively participate in the activities
to improve the bicycle infrastructure in Belarusian towns and cities for promoting cycling as an
alternative to private vehicles. These organizations have helped significantly improve plans for
development cycle lanes and parking lots in Minsk, Grodno and Mogilev.
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The SPARE Project in Belarus is among the most popular educational environmental
projects. The information about the Project progress is disseminated through the Annual
Informal Education Festival.
The Project annually arranges and holds numerous workshops and trainings for the
teachers and students, and energy saving contests and festivals. The teachers are also assisted in
elaborating educational materials, study guides and guidance manuals related to resources/energy
saving and climate change.
The Project released a series of cartoon films “Eco Thrill” produced by young Belarusian
authors, artists and designers. The “Eco Thrill” series comprises 4 clips explaining why water,
heat and power need to be saved in one’s own house and what may happen if this saving is
neglected.
9.7
Participation in International Activity
The Climate Summits were held over the reporting period in the following cities: Cancun
(Mexico, 2010), Durban (RSA, 2011), Doha (Katar, 2012), Warsaw (Poland, 2013) and Lima
(Peru, 2014).
Official delegations (except 2014) and delegates from public ecological associations
(non-governmental organizations) of the Republic of Belarus regularly participated in Climate
Summits and the related events.
Belarus’ representatives, for example, participated in the 17th Conference of the Parties to
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN FCCC) in Durban,
Republic of South Africa, 7th Meeting of the Parties to Kyoto Protocol and United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 34th Session of the Subsidiary Body for
Implementation, 34th Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advise,
14th Session of Special Working Group on Long-Term Measures of Cooperative Action under
the Convention and on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol.
The Director of the Hydrometeorology Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Protection delivered a report within the framework of the High-Level
Segment in which he pointed out that the Republic of Belarus fully met its commitments under
the UN FCCC and Kyoto Protocol and persistently pursued the internal policy and implemented
measures aimed to mitigate and adapt to climate change effects.
In 2014, the Belarusian delegation headed by the Prime Minister of the Republic of
Belarus Mr. Myasnikovich M.V. participated in the UN Climate Summit in New York, USA. At
the summit, the delegation expressed the position of the Republic of Belarus on the matter of a
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new climate agreement and informed the participants about the national contribution/measures to
mitigate and adapt to the climate change effects.
The Belarusian climate protection specialists have also participated in a number of
international events over the reporting period:
-
International Conference “Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in CIS
Countries”, 25-26 March 2010, Chisinau. Moldova (two reports and presentations);
-
Seminar on Greenhouse Gases Inventories, June 2010, Bonn, Germany;
-
Seminar on Revision of IPCC Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories for
Parties included in Annex 1 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
2-5.09.2010, Bonn, Germany;
-
4-th centralized review of National Greenhouse Gases Inventories, 5-12.09.2010,
Bonn, Germany;
-
International Conference “Analysis and Prospects for Carbon Financing”, 11-
12.11.2010, Minsk (two reports and presentations);
-
Meeting of experts for identifying baseline emissions and baseline levels for
implementation of the REDD-plus activities, 14-15.11.2011, Bonn, Germany;
-
Seminar on Low-Carbon Industry and Climate Change, 6-26.04.2012, Beijing,
-
Seminar on Development and Use of New Energy Resources, 6-30 May 2012,
China;
Beijing, China;
-
Regional Seminar “Territorial Approach to Climate Change“, 21-24.05.2012,
Vinnitsa, Ukraine;
-
Seminar for officials responsible for the following Conventions: Convention on
Biological Diversity, UN Convention to Combat Desertification and UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change, 24-28.09.2012, Erevan, Armenia;
-
Seminar “Territorial Approach to Climate Change“, 13-14.11.2012, Baku,
Azerbaijan;
-
Centralized Review of National Greenhouse Gases Inventories of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, September 2012, Bonn, Germany;
-
Workshop “Sustainable Development of the Republic of Belarus on the Principles
of “Green Economy”, 5 June 2012, Minsk, Republic of Belarus;
-
Seminar on Low-Carbon Development of the Economy of the Republic of
Belarus, May 2012, Minsk, Republic of Belarus;
-
Seminar on the Clima East Policy Project “Support to Climate Change Mitigation
and Adaptation in Russia and ENP EAST Countries”, 10-11 October 2013, Minsk, Republic of
241
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Education, training and public awarenesson climate change
Belarus;
-
2 Seminars in 2014 within the framework of the Project Clima East of the
Program of the EU Eastern Partnership on GHG Emissions Monitoring, Reporting and
Verification and also Arranging Legislative and Institutional Conditions in this Sphere; On GHG
Emissions Modeling.
The Specialists of the Center for International Environmental Conventions and
Agreements (RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”) participated in the review of Greenhouse Gas
Inventories and National Communications of other countries as international experts.
A Meeting of the Task Force on Public Participation Decision-Making is to be held in
February 2015 under the auspices of Aarhus Convention Secretariat to discuss primarily the
issues of public participation in making decisions related to climate change.
In the process of preparing this National Communication, its Draft was placed on the
web-site of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection for public
consultation and making comments and proposals, in addition, the public concerned was
informed about discussions through direct e-mail. Public consultation has been held for 30 days
and resulted in a number of comments and proposals from the public to be reviewed by the
developers and the majority of them has been taken into consideration for improving the
National Communication. On top of that, a number of verbal consultations has been held with
the members of the public concerned having the most extensive expertise in the sphere of climate
change and protection.
242
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS
1.
Belarus in Figures: Statistical Handbook/ National Statistics Committee of the Republic
of Belarus – Minsk, 2014. [Electronicresource]. http://www.belstat.gov.by/. Access date
10.02.2015
2.
Statistical Yearbook, 2014 / National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus –
Minsk, 2014.-[Electronicresource]. http://www.belstat.gov.by/.
3.
State of Environment of Belarus: Environmental Bulletin2013/ ed.Loginov V.F.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection /– Minsk, 2014 - 362
p.[Electronic resource].http://www.minpriroda.gov.by.
4.
Overview of Climate Pattern and Hazardous Hydrometeorological Phenomena on the
Territory of the Republic of Belarusin 2013. SI “Republican Hydrometeorological
Center” - Mn.2014 – 53 p.
5.
National Environment Monitoring System of the Republic of Belarus: Observation
Results, 2013 Electronic resource/Under the general editorship of Kuzmin S.I.,
Savchenko V.V. – Minsk, RUE “Bel SRC “Ecology”. - 2014. – 308p.
6.
Collection ‘State Land Cadastre of the Republic of Belarus” (as of 1 January 2014) –
State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus.
7. Demographic Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus, Statistical Handbook, Minsk, 2014.
[Electronicresource]. http://www.belstat.gov.by/.
8.
“Labor and Employment in the Republic of Belarus” - Statistical HandbookMINSK,
2014. [Electronicresource].http://www.belstat.gov.by/.
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“National Accounts of the Republic of Belarus”, 2014- Statistical HandbookMINSK,
2014. [Electronicresource].http://www.belstat.gov.by/.
10.
Energy Balance of the Republic of Belarus, 2008-2013. Statistical Handbook MINSK.
2014.
243
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
CHAPTER 4 POLICY AND MEASURES
1. Provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changeand Kyoto
Protocol.
2. Decisions of the Conference of the Parties Nos. 10/СР.13, 1/СР.9, 4 СР/8, 4/СР.5,
2/СР.10, 3/СР.10, 2/СР.7, 3/СР.7, 11/СР.13, 5/СР.5, 7/СР.10, 11/СР.8, 1/СР.10, 5/СР.7.
3. “UN FCCC Guidelines for Preparation of the National Communications of the Parties,
included in Annex I to the Convention” (Document FCCC/CP/1999/7), Bonn, 25 October
-5 November 1999.
4. The State Cadastre of Renewable Energy Sources.
5. National Report on State Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removal
by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases Sinks not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in 1990 –
2011 of the Republic of Belarus.
6. www.unfccc.int.
7. www.ipcc.ch.
8. www.minpriroda.by.
9. www.avia.by.
10. www.pravo.by.
11. www.energoeffeck.gov.by.
12. www.pogoda.by.
13. www.priroda.org.
14. www.worldbank.org.by.
244
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
CHAPTER 5 FORECASTS AND GENERAL EFFECT OF POLICY AND MEASURES
1. Yakovleva A.V. Econometrics. Lecture Notes. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 224 p.
2. Sushko V.V. Analysis of Specifics and Development Trends of Agricultural Goods
Producersin Belarus [Electronic resource] / Sushko V.V. // Electron. Journal “Direktor”.
–
2008.
–
No.
8.
–
Access
mode:
http://www.economy-law.com/cgi-
bin/article.cgi?date=2008/08/30&name=24 – Access date: 14.07.2014.
3. National Report on Greenhouse Gases Inventory in the Republic of Belarus in 2012.
245
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
CHAPTER6 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
AND ADAPTATION MEASURES
1. Loginov V.F. Climate Change in Belarus and its Consequences for Key Economy Sectors
(Agriculture, Forestry and Water Sector). Initialization of Action Program in Terms of
Climate Change / Loginov V.F.Minsk, 2010.
2. Kadyrov M.A. Strategy of Cost-Effective Adaptive Intensification of the Belarusian
Farming System. – Minsk:“VIZA-Grupp”, 2004. – 64 p.
3. Loginov V.F.Change in Areas of Agroclimatic Regions on the Territory of Belarus /
Loginov V.F., Tabalchuk T. // Nature Management. 2014. Issue 26.
4. First National Communicationin Accordance with the Commitments of the Republic of
Belarusunder theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. World
Bank, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of
Belarus. Minsk, 2003.
5. Loginov V.F. Climate Change and its Effect on Various Economy Sectors. Analytical
Report/ Loginov V.F. Minsk, 2013.
6. Loginov V.F., Sachok I, Mikutsky V.S., etc. Climate Change in Belarus and Its
Consequences / Loginov V.F., Sachok I, Mikutsky V.S., etc. Under general editorship of
Loginov V.F. – Minsk:Tonpik, 2003. – 330 p.
7. Loginov V.F, Volchek A.A., Volchek An.A. Spring Flood on the Rivers of Belarus:
Space-Time Fluctuations and Forecast. М. “Belaruskaya Navuka”, 2014, 244 p.
246
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
CHAPTER 8 STUDIES AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
1. On Hydrometeorological Activity: Law of the Republic of Belarus, No. 93-З of 9 January
2006, National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus. – 2006. - No. 9, 2/119.
2. TCCP 17.10-03-2007 (02120). Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management.
Hydrometeorology.
Rules
of
Conducting
Agrometeorological
Measurements and Works at Stations. – Mn.: RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”, 2007. – 122 p.
3. TCCP 17.10-08/1-2008 (02120). Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management. Hydrometeorology. Rules of Conducting Hydrological Measurements and
Works– Mn.: RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”, 2008. – 320 p.
4. TCCP 17.10-08/2-2008 (02120). Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management. Hydrometeorology. Rules of Conducting Hydrological Measurements and
Works. – Mn.: RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”, 2009. – 170 p.
5. TCCP 17.10-09-2008 (02120). Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management . Hydrometeorology. Rules of Conducting Hydrological Measurements and
Works. – Mn.: RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”, 2009. – 154 p.
6. TCCP 17.10-12-2009 (02120). Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management. Hydrometeorology. Rules of Conducting Surface Meteorological
Observations and Worksat Stations. – Mn.: RUE Bel SRC “Ecology”, 2009. – 181 p.
7. Achievementsof the World Climate Research Programme. WCEP 2011. Moscow.
Geneva, 2011. – 60p.
8. Meleshko V.P., Katsov V.M., Shkolnik I.M, Mirvis V.M. Climate Change and
Variability of the Northern Eurasia in XX1 Century: Assessments based on the Ensemble
for the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model (CAOGCM)//
Forecasting and Adaptation of the Society to Extreme Climate Changes: Proceedings of
the International Conference on Problems of Hydrometeorological Safety. M., 2007. –
97p.
9. GovorkovaV.A., KatsovV.M., Meleshko V.P., etc. Climate in Russia in XXI Century.
4.2. Assessment of CMIP3 Model Validity for Calculation of Future Climate Change in
Russia // Meteorology and Hydrology. 2008. No. 8. pp. 5–19.
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10. Loginov V.F, Mikutsky V.S., Kazhdan E.N.The Use of General Circulation Modelsfor
Climate Assessment in Belarus // Nature Management. Minsk, 2000. Issue 6. pp. 30–31.
11. Climate Change in Belarus and Its Consequences / Under general editorship of Loginov
V.F. – Mn.: SLS“Tonpik”, 2003. – 330 p.
12. Loginov V.F. Global and Regional Climate Change: Causes and Effects —Mn.:
TetraSystems, 2008. – 496 p.
13. Loginov V.F., Volchek A.A., Shpoka I.N. Hazardous Meteorological Phenomena on the
Territory of Belarus. – Mn.: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2010. – 129 p.
14. Mezentsev V.S.Hydrologically Climatic Hypothesis and Examples of its Application //
Water Resources. 1995. V. 22, No. 3. pp. 299–301.
15. Bambalov N.N.Role of Wetlands in Biosphere / Bambalov N.N., Rakovich V.A.,Minsk,
2005.
16. Bambalov N.N., Tanovitskaya N.I.Current Use of Wetlands and Peatlands of Belarus /
Bambalov N.N., Tanovitskaya N.I.// Wetland Vegatation: Current Problems of
Classification and Mapping. Use and Conservation. Minsk, 2009. pp. 17–24.
17. Yarmoshuk T.D. [etc.] Nitrous Oxide Emission on Disturbed Lowland Peatlands //
Reclamation. -Minsk, 2014,N No. 2(72).-pp.122-137.
18. Augustin, J. Peatlandsandclimate. / J. Augustin, J. Couwenberg, M. Minke // Carbon
credits from peatlands rewetting: climate-biodiversity-land use / eds. W. Wichtmann, F.
Tanneberger. – Stuttgard, –2011, p.13-19.
19. Burlo A. etal. Greenhouse gas emissions of drained fenpeat lands in Belarus are
controlled by water table, landuse, and annual weather conditions //EGU General
Assembly Conference Abstracts. – 2014. – Т. 16. – pp. 887.
248
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
ANNEX 1 – SUMMARY TABLES
SUMMARY 2 SUMMARY REPORT FOR CO2 EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS
CO2 (1)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND
CH4
INVENTORY 1990
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
HFCs (2)
N2O
SINK CATEGORIES
Total (Net Emissions)
SF6 (2)
PFCs (2)
Total
CO2 equivalent (Gg )
(1)
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
75 207,50
15 224,24
20 145,06
100 217,03
1 784,83
240,95
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
110 576,79
102 242,80
100 211,07
550,77
240,94
101 002,78
65 140,88
43,54
122,84
65 307,26
7 214,78
8,45
15,26
7 238,50
12 985,75
54,52
33,77
13 074,05
14 289,93
434,84
67,33
14 792,09
579,72
9,42
1,75
590,88
5,96
1 234,06
0,00
1 240,02
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
5,96
1 234,06
0,00
3 589,82
24,07
0,79
A. Mineral Products
1 912,86
NA
NA
B. Chemical Industry
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
1 240,02
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
3 614,68
1 912,86
1 671,39
3,05
0,79
NA
NA
NA
1 675,23
C. Metal Production
5,56
21,02
NO
NO
NO
NA,NO
26,58
D. Other Production
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
(2)
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
74,40
74,40
19 584,79
30 644,62
2 940,79
4 032,38
NA,NO
16 644,00
16 644,00
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
NO
NO
NO
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
NO
NO
NO
G. Other
NA
NA
NA
-28 599,35
7,08
17,84
-28 574,44
-29 899,31
7,08
14,55
-29 877,68
4. Agriculture
11 059,83
A. Enteric Fermentation
9 968,24
B. Manure Management
1 091,59
C. Rice Cultivation
NO
D. Agricultural Soils(3)
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(1)
A. Forest Land
9 968,24
NO
249
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
B. Cropland
1 118,46
NA,NO
IE,NA,NE,NO
1 118,46
C. Grassland
NE,NO
NO
NO
NE,NO
D. Wetlands
181,50
NE,NO
3,29
184,79
E. Settlements
NE,NO
NE
NE
NE,NO
F. Other Land
NE,NO
NE
NE
NE,NO
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
NE
NE
NE
NE
NA,NE,NO
2 348,43
226,30
2 574,73
NA,NE,NO
2 348,43
B. Waste-water Handling
C. Waste Incineration
D. Other
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
NO
2 348,43
NE
226,30
226,30
NO
NO
NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Memo Items: (4)
International Bunkers
5 529,24
0,82
48,43
5 578,49
Aviation
5 529,24
0,82
48,43
5 578,49
Marine
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NO
NO
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
NO
2 010,21
2 010,21
250
Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions without Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
139 151,23
Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions with Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
110 576,79
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
SUMMARY 2 SUMMARY REPORT FOR CO2 EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND
CO2 (1)
CH4
INVENTORY 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
HFCs (2)
N2O
SINK CATEGORIES
Total (Net Emissions)
PFCs (2)
SF6 (2)
Total
CO2 equivalent (Gg )
(1)
31 969,25
15 395,17
16 415,89
53 279,65
1 897,71
126,45
55 303,82
53 277,64
297,19
126,45
53 701,29
28 595,27
24,03
45,67
28 664,97
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
9 888,68
15,70
20,31
9 924,68
3. Transport
7 178,58
21,25
17,41
7 217,24
4. Other Sectors
7 167,87
226,47
42,24
7 436,58
447,24
9,75
0,83
457,81
2,01
1 600,52
0,00
1 602,53
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2,01
1 600,52
0,00
4 211,04
60,83
0,19
A. Mineral Products
2 877,07
NA
NA
B. Chemical Industry
1 319,62
6,60
C. Metal Production
14,35
54,23
D. Other Production
NA
2. Industrial Processes
NA
63 782,58
1 602,53
2,27
4 274,32
0,19
NA
NA
NA
1 326,41
NO
NO
NO
NA,NO
68,58
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NA,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
2,27
2,27
NA
NA
NA
2 877,07
NA
NA
NA
4. Agriculture
2,27
NA,NE,NO
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6 (2)
G. Other
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
NA,NE,NO
7 384,94
A. Enteric Fermentation
6 605,61
B. Manure Management
779,33
NA
NA
64,48
64,48
15 986,59
23 371,52
6 605,61
1 885,19
2 664,52
NA,NO
14 101,39
14 101,39
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
NO
NO
NO
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
NO
NO
NO
C. Rice Cultivation
NO
D. Agricultural Soils(3)
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(1)
A. Forest Land
NO
NA
NA
NA
-25 521,44
4,63
16,06
-25 500,74
-25 728,15
4,63
15,37
-25 708,15
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Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
B. Cropland
168,10
C. Grassland
NE,NO
D. Wetlands
38,61
E. Settlements
NE,NO
F. Other Land
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
IE,NA,NE,NO
168,10
NO
NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
0,70
39,31
NE
NE
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE
NE
NE,NO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NA,NE,NO
6 047,06
222,13
6 269,18
NA,NE,NO
6 047,06
B. Waste-water Handling
NA,NO
6 047,06
NE
222,13
222,13
NO
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
International Bunkers
234,39
0,03
2,05
236,48
Aviation
234,39
0,03
2,05
236,48
Marine
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NO
NO
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Memo Items: (4)
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
NO
5 102,77
5 102,77
Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions without Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions with Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
252
89 283,33
63 782,58
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CO2)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
B. Chemical Industry
C. Metal Production
D. Other Production
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
Base year ( 1990
)
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
100 217,03
100 211,07
65 140,88
93 995,10
93 989,99
58 611,98
86 790,87
86 786,31
54 559,12
74 584,82
74 581,30
45 624,22
62 520,32
62 516,71
39 290,99
55 583,89
55 580,43
33 496,53
56 439,42
56 437,10
33 633,33
57 596,26
57 594,04
35 460,17
55 447,55
55 445,24
33 385,09
52 711,24
52 708,97
32 043,77
7 214,78
7 720,67
7 181,44
6 802,31
6 439,70
6 427,61
6 734,69
6 781,66
7 054,81
6 946,17
12 985,75
14 289,93
579,72
5,96
5,96
12 730,94
14 370,45
555,95
5,11
NA,NE,N
O
5,11
10 512,53
13 964,55
568,67
4,56
NA,NE,N
O
4,56
8 494,17
13 069,90
590,70
3,52
NA,NE,N
O
3,52
5 333,73
10 814,26
638,03
3,61
NA,NE,N
O
3,61
4 809,49
10 243,17
603,64
3,45
NA,NE,N
O
3,45
4 784,49
10 502,71
781,89
2,33
NA,NE,N
O
2,33
4 359,05
10 343,77
649,39
2,23
NA,NE,N
O
2,23
4 059,29
10 270,27
675,79
2,31
NA,NE,N
O
2,31
3 343,87
9 701,92
673,23
2,27
NA,NE,N
O
2,27
3 589,82
1 912,86
1 671,39
5,56
NA
3 480,26
1 870,13
1 604,51
5,62
NA
3 269,35
1 813,52
1 450,30
5,52
NA
2 619,39
1 634,52
980,14
4,73
NA
1 985,91
1 128,11
853,40
4,40
NA
2 015,89
954,21
1 057,96
3,72
NA
2 114,37
1 037,54
1 072,40
4,43
NA
2 271,69
1 331,51
934,08
6,10
NA
2 617,30
1 526,64
1 083,60
7,06
NA
2 692,86
1 474,23
1 211,38
7,25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA,NE,NO
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
G. Other
253
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry(2)
A. Forest Land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other Land
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
-28 599,35
-30 605,17
-29 050,76
-22 514,62
-31 765,50
-31 272,51
-29 349,59
-26 447,88
-24 485,06
-31 409,51
-29 899,31
1 118,46
NE,NO
181,50
NE,NO
NE,NO
-31 536,21
768,35
NE,NO
162,69
NE,NO
NE,NO
-29 650,79
445,70
NE,NO
154,33
NE,NO
NE,NO
-30 469,40
7 813,87
NE,NO
140,91
NE,NO
NE,NO
-31 572,65
-320,56
NE,NO
127,71
NE,NO
NE,NO
-31 322,82
-70,95
NE,NO
121,26
NE,NO
NE,NO
-29 441,18
-21,60
NE,NO
113,19
NE,NO
NE,NO
-27 046,16
508,49
NE,NO
89,80
NE,NO
NE,NO
-29 102,78
4 534,09
NE,NO
83,64
NE,NO
NE,NO
-31 242,79
-243,10
NE,NO
76,38
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NE
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,N
O
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
B. Waste-water Handling
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
75 207,50
66 870,19
61 009,45
54 689,58
32 740,72
26 327,26
29 204,20
33 420,07
33 579,79
23 994,59
103 806,85
97 475,36
90 060,21
77 204,21
64 506,23
57 599,77
58 553,79
59 867,95
58 064,85
55 404,11
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
5 529,24
5 529,24
NA,NO
NO
3 566,71
3 566,71
NA,NO
NO
1 604,18
1 604,18
NA,NO
NO
789,89
789,89
NA,NO
NO
326,33
326,33
NA,NO
NO
210,43
210,43
NA,NO
NO
189,09
189,09
NA,NO
NO
176,89
176,89
NA,NO
NO
100,64
100,64
NA,NO
NO
115,89
115,89
NA,NO
NO
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
2 010,21
955,05
918,28
983,26
1 330,88
1 517,14
1 624,87
2 367,43
2 736,35
2 917,80
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total CO2 emissions including net CO2 from
LULUCF
Total CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from
LULUCF
254
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CO2)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
50 758,78
49 831,41
49 762,95
49 890,39
53 086,17
53 258,18
55 496,99
54 511,07
56 453,41
52 918,12
50 756,36
49 829,01
49 760,63
49 887,44
53 083,90
53 256,13
55 494,95
54 509,19
56 451,52
52 916,15
30 693,39
31 132,36
30 780,90
30 612,74
32 634,99
32 065,67
32 498,19
30 460,18
31 487,12
30 265,62
6 746,91
6 287,69
6 466,65
7 018,03
7 800,44
8 114,22
8 358,17
8 671,77
8 708,88
8 218,98
3 114,63
3 112,64
4 101,37
3 957,99
4 404,34
4 462,92
5 651,27
5 643,39
6 367,30
5 316,89
9 364,23
8 496,47
7 825,54
7 693,81
7 618,47
7 972,40
8 323,27
9 074,22
9 354,74
8 529,86
837,20
799,84
586,17
604,87
625,66
640,92
664,05
659,62
533,49
584,80
2,41
2,40
2,32
2,95
2,27
2,05
2,04
1,88
1,89
1,98
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
2,41
2,40
2,32
2,95
2,27
2,05
2,04
1,88
1,89
1,98
2 560,50
1 396,96
2 515,62
1 359,55
2 765,85
1 550,73
3 000,93
1 779,13
3 172,32
1 948,87
3 411,58
2 176,94
3 631,47
2 328,57
3 768,93
2 436,82
3 875,29
2 622,11
3 890,44
2 565,83
1 155,43
1 148,01
1 207,09
1 213,34
1 213,86
1 224,27
1 291,41
1 320,17
1 239,88
1 312,36
C. Metal Production
8,11
8,06
8,03
8,47
9,60
10,38
11,48
11,94
13,30
12,25
D. Other Production
NA
NA
NA
NE
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
B. Chemical Industry
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
255
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(2)
A. Forest Land
-30 931,92
-28 969,12
-25 751,19
-22 325,18
-22 910,76
-26 231,36
-28 455,19
-27 582,85
-27 161,20
-29 960,49
-30 901,07
-29 006,56
-25 856,35
-22 777,06
-23 213,62
-26 726,47
-28 555,03
-27 746,60
-27 116,74
-30 052,70
B. Cropland
-101,84
-29,26
44,11
400,51
264,40
444,29
62,48
128,52
-81,31
55,46
C. Grassland
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
D. Wetlands
70,99
66,70
61,05
51,37
38,46
50,82
37,36
35,23
36,85
36,74
E. Settlements
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
F. Other Land
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
22 387,36
23 377,91
26 777,61
30 566,14
33 347,73
30 438,41
30 673,27
30 697,15
33 167,50
26 848,07
53 319,28
52 347,03
52 528,80
52 891,32
56 258,50
56 669,77
59 128,46
58 280,00
60 328,70
56 808,57
189,09
204,33
250,08
271,43
262,28
207,38
160,31
214,86
246,49
174,74
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
B. Waste-water Handling
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total CO2 emissions including net CO2 from
LULUCF
Total CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from
LULUCF
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
189,09
204,33
250,08
271,43
262,28
207,38
160,31
214,86
246,49
174,74
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
3 042,03
3 233,83
3 289,14
3 390,71
3 487,35
4 046,40
4 491,44
4 731,89
4 794,03
4 666,72
256
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CO2)
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2010
2011
2012
Change from base to
latest reported year
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
%
54 279,33
51 315,46
53 279,65
-46,84
54 277,32
51 313,36
53 277,64
-46,83
31 702,37
29 007,35
28 595,27
-56,10
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
8 115,46
8 028,89
9 888,68
37,06
3. Transport
5 253,59
6 582,60
7 178,58
-44,72
4. Other Sectors
8 551,38
7 108,08
7 167,87
-49,84
654,52
586,44
447,24
-22,85
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2,01
2,10
2,01
-66,27
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
2,01
2,10
2,01
-66,27
4 018,63
4 065,39
4 211,04
17,30
A. Mineral Products
2 682,24
2 688,50
2 877,07
50,41
B. Chemical Industry
1 323,04
1 362,99
1 319,62
-21,05
C. Metal Production
13,36
13,90
14,35
157,97
D. Other Production
NA
NA
NA
0,00
NA
NA
NA
0,00
NA
NA
NA
0,00
2. Industrial Processes
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
257
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(2)
A. Forest Land
-30 202,73
-29 254,54
-25 521,44
-10,76
-30 129,36
-29 163,91
-25 728,15
-13,95
B. Cropland
-109,85
-130,53
168,10
-84,97
C. Grassland
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
0,00
D. Wetlands
36,47
39,90
38,61
-78,73
E. Settlements
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
0,00
F. Other Land
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
0,00
NE
NE
NE
0,00
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
0,00
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
0,00
NA
NA
NA
0,00
Total CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF
28 095,23
26 126,32
31 969,25
-57,49
Total CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF
58 297,96
55 380,85
57 490,69
-44,62
229,97
229,97
243,34
243,34
234,39
234,39
-95,76
-95,76
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0,00
NO
NO
NO
0,00
5 147,51
5 261,60
5 102,77
153,84
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
B. Waste-water Handling
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
258
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CH4)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
Base year
(1990)
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
84,99
74,65
92,02
85,55
77,83
73,88
79,07
85,72
82,90
81,25
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
26,23
21,81
20,99
18,42
16,58
15,16
15,42
16,44
16,35
16,15
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
2,07
1,84
1,52
1,25
1,09
0,94
0,91
0,94
0,92
0,88
0,40
0,42
0,40
0,39
0,38
0,38
0,40
0,40
0,42
0,42
1. Energy
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
2,60
2,58
2,08
1,49
0,98
0,91
0,90
0,79
0,72
0,58
20,71
16,47
16,41
14,67
13,39
12,32
12,21
13,73
13,70
13,76
0,45
0,50
0,58
0,62
0,75
0,61
1,00
0,58
0,59
0,51
58,76
58,76
52,84
NA,NE,N
O
52,84
71,03
NA,NE,N
O
71,03
67,13
NA,NE,N
O
67,13
61,25
NA,NE,N
O
61,25
58,72
NA,NE,N
O
58,72
63,66
NA,NE,N
O
63,66
69,28
NA,NE,N
O
69,28
66,55
NA,NE,N
O
66,55
65,10
NA,NE,N
O
65,10
1,15
NA
1,15
NA
1,09
NA
0,92
NA
0,87
NA
0,78
NA
0,88
NA
1,20
NA
1,38
NA
1,44
NA
B. Chemical Industry
0,15
0,14
0,09
0,07
0,08
0,11
0,08
0,10
0,11
0,14
C. Metal Production
1,00
1,01
0,99
0,85
0,79
0,67
0,80
1,10
1,27
1,30
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
NA,NE,NO
D. Other Production
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
526,66
501,93
468,16
442,70
417,78
390,08
371,81
365,96
361,92
342,93
A. Enteric Fermentation
474,68
452,17
421,72
399,70
377,77
352,46
335,97
330,88
326,99
309,06
B. Manure Management
51,98
49,75
46,44
43,00
40,02
37,62
35,84
35,08
34,93
33,88
C. Rice Cultivation
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Agricultural Soils
259
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
G. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0,34
0,16
6,08
0,35
0,46
0,90
1,15
0,18
0,20
0,67
0,34
0,16
6,08
0,35
0,46
0,90
1,15
0,18
0,20
0,67
B. Cropland
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
C. Grassland
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Wetlands
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
A. Forest Land
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
E. Settlements
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
F. Other Land
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
G. Other
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
111,83
112,02
112,22
112,41
90,00
92,64
113,59
114,74
119,49
128,06
111,83
112,02
112,22
112,41
90,00
92,64
113,59
114,74
119,49
128,06
B. Waste-water Handling
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
724,96
689,90
679,57
641,92
586,95
558,28
566,50
567,80
565,89
554,36
724,63
689,74
673,49
641,57
586,49
557,38
565,35
567,62
565,69
553,69
0,04
0,03
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,04
0,03
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total CH4 emissions including CH4 from
LULUCF
Total CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from
LULUCF
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
260
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CH4)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
86,19
85,94
85,70
88,20
92,46
92,06
97,00
104,63
99,04
85,05
16,58
15,97
15,09
14,85
14,67
16,34
17,65
17,25
15,66
14,78
1. Energy Industries
0,86
0,81
0,81
0,83
0,88
0,90
0,96
0,91
0,96
1,14
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
0,43
0,44
0,47
0,51
0,56
0,61
0,62
0,66
0,67
0,57
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
0,49
0,47
0,63
0,62
0,67
0,69
0,84
0,83
0,91
0,84
13,89
13,19
12,67
12,37
11,99
13,55
14,62
14,10
12,56
11,42
0,91
1,06
0,50
0,51
0,57
0,59
0,61
0,74
0,56
0,81
69,61
69,97
70,62
73,35
77,80
75,73
79,35
87,38
83,38
70,27
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
69,61
69,97
70,62
73,35
77,80
75,73
79,35
87,38
83,38
70,27
2,43
1,61
1,68
1,64
1,75
1,97
2,11
2,34
2,41
2,69
A. Mineral Products
NA
NA
NA
NA,NE
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
B. Chemical Industry
0,15
0,23
0,20
0,23
0,24
0,24
0,28
0,26
0,30
0,23
C. Metal Production
1,46
1,45
1,45
1,52
1,73
1,87
2,07
2,15
2,39
2,20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
326,42
322,00
314,32
308,54
312,38
321,48
325,37
324,80
332,15
339,85
A. Enteric Fermentation
294,01
290,46
283,34
277,96
281,71
290,00
293,15
292,45
299,26
306,45
B. Manure Management
32,41
31,54
30,98
30,58
30,67
31,48
32,22
32,35
32,90
33,40
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Other Production
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
261
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
G. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0,39
0,16
2,52
0,83
0,20
0,18
0,49
0,23
0,22
0,44
0,39
0,16
2,52
0,83
0,20
0,18
0,49
0,23
0,22
0,44
B. Cropland
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
C. Grassland
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Wetlands
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
A. Forest Land
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
E. Settlements
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
F. Other Land
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
G. Other
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
129,67
131,68
136,04
182,97
201,63
208,94
232,63
243,22
257,57
285,47
129,67
131,68
136,04
182,97
201,63
208,94
232,63
243,22
257,57
285,47
B. Waste-water Handling
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
544,29
541,46
540,23
582,29
608,64
624,77
657,83
675,30
691,68
713,24
543,90
541,30
537,71
581,46
608,44
624,59
657,34
675,07
691,46
712,80
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total CH4 emissions including CH4 from
LULUCF
Total CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from
LULUCF
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
262
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (CH4)
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2010
2011
2012
Change from base to
latest reported year
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
%
97,07
92,45
90,37
6,32
15,15
15,17
14,15
-46,04
1. Energy Industries
1,17
1,09
1,14
-44,81
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
0,59
0,59
0,75
85,63
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
0,85
0,94
1,01
-61,02
11,67
11,88
10,78
-47,92
0,86
0,67
0,46
3,52
81,93
77,28
76,22
29,70
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
81,93
77,28
76,22
29,70
152,75
2,71
2,81
2,90
A. Mineral Products
NA
NA
NA
0,00
B. Chemical Industry
0,30
0,31
0,31
116,76
C. Metal Production
2,40
2,50
2,58
157,97
NA
NA
NA
0,00
340,70
342,90
351,66
-33,23
A. Enteric Fermentation
306,57
307,29
314,55
-33,73
B. Manure Management
34,14
35,61
37,11
-28,61
NO
NO
NO
0,00
D. Other Production
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0,00
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
NO
NO
NO
0,00
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
NO
NO
NO
0,00
263
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
G. Other
NA
NA
NA
0,00
0,23
0,21
0,22
-34,58
0,23
0,21
0,22
-34,58
B. Cropland
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0,00
C. Grassland
NO
NO
NO
0,00
D. Wetlands
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
A. Forest Land
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
0,00
E. Settlements
NE
NE
NE
0,00
F. Other Land
NE
NE
NE
0,00
G. Other
NE
NE
NE
0,00
284,37
298,81
287,96
157,49
284,37
298,81
287,96
157,49
B. Waste-water Handling
NE
NE
NE
0,00
C. Waste Incineration
NO
NO
NO
0,00
D. Other
NA
NA
NA
0,00
NA
NA
NA
0,00
Total CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF
725,08
737,18
733,10
1,12
Total CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF
724,85
736,97
732,88
1,14
0,00
0,00
0,00
-95,76
0,00
0,00
0,00
-95,76
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0,00
NO
NO
NO
0,00
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
264
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (N2O)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND
SINK CATEGORIES
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
Base year (
1990 )
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
0,78
0,78
0,40
(Gg)
0,71
0,71
0,37
(Gg)
0,60
0,60
0,28
(Gg)
0,51
0,51
0,23
(Gg)
0,44
0,44
0,20
(Gg)
0,40
0,40
0,17
(Gg)
0,40
0,40
0,17
(Gg)
0,41
0,41
0,15
(Gg)
0,41
0,41
0,15
(Gg)
0,39
0,39
0,14
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,11
0,22
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,11
0,18
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,09
0,17
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,07
0,16
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,15
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,15
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,15
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,17
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,18
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,18
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(Gg)
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
B. Chemical Industry
C. Metal Production
D. Other Production
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and
SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural
0,24
0,23
0,23
0,21
0,21
0,20
0,19
0,19
0,22
0,28
63,18
62,10
55,83
53,21
46,79
42,43
45,44
46,89
47,02
45,15
9,49
9,48
8,72
8,21
7,70
7,24
6,90
6,72
6,59
6,31
53,69
NO
NO
52,62
NO
NO
47,11
NO
NO
45,00
NO
NO
39,09
NO
NO
35,18
NO
NO
38,54
NO
NO
40,18
NO
NO
40,44
NO
NO
38,84
NO
NO
265
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Residues
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry
A. Forest Land
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0,06
0,05
0,45
0,06
0,07
0,10
0,12
0,05
0,05
0,09
0,05
0,44
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,05
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,06
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,10
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,11
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,05
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
0,05
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,08
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
NO
0,01
NE
0,04
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,01
NE
F. Other Land
NE
NE
B. Cropland
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
B. Waste-water Handling
C. Waste Incineration
D. Other
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total N2O emissions including N2O from
LULUCF
Total N2O emissions excluding N2O from
LULUCF
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
IE,NA,NE,NO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0,73
0,71
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,62
0,66
0,69
0,72
0,75
0,73
NO
NA
0,71
NO
NA
0,69
NO
NA
0,67
NO
NA
0,65
NO
NA
0,62
NO
NA
0,66
NO
NA
0,69
NO
NA
0,72
NO
NA
0,75
NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
64,98
63,80
57,80
54,67
48,16
43,75
46,82
48,23
48,43
46,66
64,93
63,75
57,35
54,61
48,09
43,65
46,70
48,18
48,38
46,57
0,16
0,16
NA,NO
NO
0,10
0,10
NA,NO
NO
0,05
0,05
NA,NO
NO
0,02
0,02
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NO
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NO
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NO
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
266
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (N2O)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND
SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
B. Chemical Industry
C. Metal Production
D. Other Production
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Gg)
0,37
0,37
0,13
(Gg)
0,37
0,37
0,12
(Gg)
0,36
0,36
0,12
(Gg)
0,35
0,35
0,12
(Gg)
0,37
0,37
0,12
(Gg)
0,39
0,39
0,12
(Gg)
0,42
0,42
0,13
(Gg)
0,41
0,41
0,12
(Gg)
0,41
0,41
0,12
(Gg)
0,41
0,41
0,16
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,04
0,02
0,18
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,02
0,17
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,17
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,16
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,16
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,03
0,18
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,19
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,20
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,05
0,18
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,04
0,16
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA,NE
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and
SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural
0,25
0,27
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,22
0,22
0,23
0,21
0,21
45,13
42,11
40,39
42,01
43,26
44,96
47,25
46,42
49,34
50,46
6,03
5,85
5,65
5,49
5,43
5,47
5,49
5,47
5,55
5,67
39,10
NO
NO
36,27
NO
NO
34,75
NO
NO
36,52
NO
NO
37,83
NO
NO
39,49
NO
NO
41,76
NO
NO
40,94
NO
NO
43,78
NO
NO
44,80
NO
NO
267
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
Residues
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry
A. Forest Land
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0,07
0,05
0,21
0,10
0,06
0,06
0,08
0,06
0,06
0,07
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
0,06
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,04
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,21
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,10
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,06
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,05
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,08
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,06
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,06
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
0,07
IE,NA,NE,
NO
NO
0,00
NE
F. Other Land
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
B. Cropland
G. Other
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
B. Waste-water Handling
C. Waste Incineration
D. Other
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Total N2O emissions including N2O from
LULUCF
Total N2O emissions excluding N2O from
LULUCF
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0,75
0,76
0,76
0,73
0,74
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,73
0,68
0,75
NO
NA
0,76
NO
NA
0,76
NO
NA
0,73
NO
NA
0,74
NO
NA
0,75
NO
NA
0,75
NO
NA
0,75
NO
NA
0,73
NO
NA
0,68
NO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46,57
43,56
41,99
43,45
44,69
46,38
48,72
47,87
50,74
51,84
46,50
43,51
41,78
43,35
44,63
46,32
48,64
47,81
50,68
51,77
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,00
0,00
NA,NO
NO
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
268
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (N2O)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
3. Transport
4. Other Sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
2. Oil and Natural Gas
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2010
2011
2012
Change from base to
latest reported year
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
%
0,40
0,40
0,15
0,04
0,04
0,16
0,01
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,40
0,40
0,14
0,05
0,05
0,15
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,41
0,41
0,15
0,07
0,06
0,14
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
0,00
-47,52
-47,52
-62,82
33,09
-48,46
-37,26
-52,56
-66,27
0,00
-66,27
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
0,00
NA
0,00
NO
-76,48
0,00
-76,48
0,00
2. Industrial Processes
A. Mineral Products
B. Chemical Industry
C. Metal Production
D. Other Production
E. Production of Halocarbons and SF6
F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6
G. Other
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
A. Enteric Fermentation
B. Manure Management
C. Rice Cultivation
D. Agricultural Soils
E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas
F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
G. Other
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
269
NA
NA
NA
0,00
0,39
0,20
0,21
-13,33
49,78
52,39
51,57
-18,37
5,75
5,88
6,08
-35,90
44,03
NO
NO
NA
46,51
NO
NO
NA
45,49
NO
NO
NA
-15,28
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,05
0,05
-9,93
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
A. Forest Land
B. Cropland
0,06
0,05
0,05
5,62
IE,NA,NE,NO
IE,NA,NE,NO
IE,NA,NE,NO
0,00
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
NO
0,00
NE
NO
0,00
NE
NO
0,00
NE
0,00
-78,73
0,00
F. Other Land
NE
NE
NE
0,00
G. Other
NE
NE
NE
0,00
0,68
0,68
0,72
-1,84
0,68
NO
NA
0,68
NO
NA
0,72
NO
NA
-1,84
0,00
0,00
NA
NA
NA
0,00
Total N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF
51,32
53,73
52,95
-18,51
Total N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
51,26
53,68
52,90
-18,52
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
0,01
0,01
NA,NO
NO
-95,76
-95,76
0,00
0,00
6. Waste
A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land
B. Waste-water Handling
C. Waste Incineration
D. Other
7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A)
Memo Items:
International Bunkers
Aviation
Marine
Multilateral Operations
CO2 Emissions from Biomass
270
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (HFCs, PFCs and SF6)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
(3)
Emissions of HFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
Base year ( 1990 )
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
2,84
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-32
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-41
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-43-10mee
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-125
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-134
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-134a
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-152a
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-143
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-143a
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-227ea
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-236fa
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-245ca
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
Emissions of PFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
CF4
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C2F6
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C 3F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C4F10
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
c-C4F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C5F12
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
Emissions of SF6 - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,01
0,05
0,24
0,28
0,37
SF6
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
(4)
Unspecified mix of listed PFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
(3)
271
0,00
7,98
NA,NE,NO
C6F14
0,00
7,13
NA,NE,NO
(3)
0,00
5,34
HFC-23
Unspecified mix of listed HFCs(4) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
0,00
3,68
0,00
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (HFCs, PFCs and SF6)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)
Emissions of HFCs(3) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
9,35
12,90
16,38
19,24
23,14
26,19
30,05
31,00
35,80
32,20
HFC-23
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-32
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-41
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-43-10mee
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-125
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-134
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-134a
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
HFC-152a
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-227ea
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-236fa
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
HFC-245ca
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
Emissions of PFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
CF4
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C2F6
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C 3F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C4F10
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
c-C4F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C5F12
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
C6F14
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
Unspecified mix of listed PFCs(4) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
Emissions of SF6(3) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
0,41
0,46
0,50
0,69
1,03
1,48
1,87
2,27
2,39
2,42
SF6
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
HFC-143
HFC-143a
(4)
Unspecified mix of listed HFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
(3)
272
Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS (HFCs, PFCs and SF6)
Inventory 2012
Submission 2014 v1.2
BELARUS
2010
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2011
(Gg)
Emissions of HFCs(3) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
(Gg)
13,10
NA,NE,NO
2012
Change from base to
latest reported year
(Gg)
%
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-23
0,00
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-32
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-41
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-43-10mee
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-125
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-134
0,00
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-134a
0,01
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-152a
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-143
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-143a
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-227ea
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-236fa
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
HFC-245ca
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
Emissions of PFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
CF4
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
C2F6
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
C 3F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
C4F10
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
c-C4F8
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
C5F12
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
C6F14
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
Unspecified mix of listed PFCs(4) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
NA,NE,NO
0,00
Emissions of SF6(3) - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
2,42
2,36
2,27
100,00
SF6
0,00
0,00
0,00
100,00
(4)
Unspecified mix of listed HFCs - (Gg CO2 equivalent)
(3)
273