Download UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR

UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 6.1 Chemistry in Biology
Objectives 1-2
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
substance.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Compare the terms in the table by defining them side
by side.
Atom:
Nucleus:
Neutron:
Proton:
Electron:
Use your book to define the listed terms.
compound - __________________________________________________________________________
covalent bond - ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
element- ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ion - ____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ionic bond - ___________________________________________________________________________
isotope-________________________________________________________________________________
molecule - ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
van der Waals force - _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Now complete the paragraph below by using the vocabulary terms.
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances is a(n)
______________________. Carbon-14 is a(n) _____________________. It has a different
number of neutrons than other Carbon atoms. A(n) ____________________________
forms when two or more elements combine. The chemical bond that holds the
elements together is a(n) _____________________________ ________________ when
electrons are shared. A substance with this kind of bond is called a(n)
_____________________________. An atom that has lost or gained one or more
electrons becomes a(n) _________, which carries an electric charge. Two of
these oppositely charged atoms can form an electrical attraction called a(n)
________________ ______________. An attraction between oppositely charged
regions of molecules is called(n) __________ ________ _____________ _______________.
Main Idea – Atoms (Pages 148)
Model an oxygen atom and label the parts. Note the type of electric charge for
each part.
The overall charge of the oxygen atom is
___________. Because the atom ______________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Main Idea – Elements (Pages 149-150)
Compare and contrast the characteristics of Carbon -14 by completing the
following sentence.
Structurally, Carbon – 14 differs from other carbon atoms because it has ______
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
Carbon – 14 is radioactive because _________________________________________________
_______________________________________. Knowing the half-life of Carbon – 14
enables scientists to _________________________________________________________________.
Main Idea – Compounds (Pages 151)
Identify four unique characteristics of compounds.
Compounds
Main Idea – Chemical Bonds (Pages 152-154)
Label the following parts of the water molecule illustrated below.
Hydrogen atom(s), oxygen atom(s), covalent bonds, 1st and 2nd energy levels
Compare positively and negatively charged ions.
(+) charged when it ______________________________________________
Atoms become
(-) charged when it ______________________________________________
Main Idea – van der Waals Forces (Pages 155)
Identify the type of substances held together by van der Waals forces.
Include indicators of electric charges.
van der Waals
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 6.2 Chemical Reaction
Objectives 3-4
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
process.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
Activation energy - __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
active site - ___________________________________________________________________________
catalyst - ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
chemical reaction - __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
enzyme - ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
product - ______________________________________________________________________________
reactant - _____________________________________________________________________________
substrate -____________________________________________________________________________
Academic Vocabulary: Define coefficient to show its scientific meaning
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Reactants and Products (Pages 156-157)
Label the sides of the following equation as either products or reactants.
___________________________
CH4 + O2
_________________________
CO2 + 2H20
Calculate the number of atoms of each element in the chemical equation
above. Record the information in the table below.
Element
Element
Number of
Number of
Symbol
Name
Atoms
Atoms
(reactants)
(products)
Analyze the formula to check to see if it is balanced. Support your reasons.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Energy of Reactions (Pages 157-158)
Compare what happens to energy in exothermic and endothermic reactions
eExothermic
Reaction
x the
During
reaction, energy is
o
As
a result, the energy of the
______________________________________
product
t is _______________________
______________________________________
Than
______________________________________
hthe energy of the reactants.
Endothermic
Reaction
During
As
a result,
the reaction,
the energy
energy
of theis
product is _______________________
Than the energy of the reactants.
____________________________________.
Main Main Idea – Enzymes (Pages 159-160)
Summarize key characteristics of an enzyme by completing the organizer
below.
Compounds of: _________________________
Purpose: __________________________________
_____________________________________________
Reusable? ________________________________
Compounds
_____________________________________________
Participates in how many different
types of reaction?
Activity level affected by: _______________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Analyze how an enzyme works by completing the paragraph.
For a substance to bind with a particular enzyme, the ________________ and
________________ of the substrate must match that of an enzyme’s __________________
________________. In the enzyme substrate complex, chemical bond in the
_______________________ are broken and ______________ ________________ form. The
results of the interaction between an enzyme and its ____________________________
are products, which are released by the ________________________________.
Analyze the role of catalysts in chemical reactions.
________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 6.3 Water and Solutions
Objectives 5-7
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
physical property.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
base - __________________________________________________________________________________
acid - __________________________________________________________________________________
solvent - ______________________________________________________________________________
buffer - ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
pH - ____________________________________________________________________________________
solute - ________________________________________________________________________________
hydrogen bond - _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
polar molecule - _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
solution - _____________________________________________________________________________
mixture - ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Water’s Polarity (Pages 161)
Analyze polarity by writing attract or repel to complete the diagram.
+
_
+
_
_
_
_
_+
_
_
_________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
+
_
_
+
+
_
Analyze reasons for water’s polarity and the effect of polarity.
Polarity of Water
Reasons for Polarity:
Effects of Polarity
Identify the properties of water that allow it to help an organism maintain
homeostasis.
PROPERTY
DESCRIPTION
Universal
solvent
Adhesive
Polar
Cohesive
Main Idea – Mixtures with Water (Pages 163-165)
Identify the solvent and solute in a mixture of seawater.
Solvent : ____________________________
Solute: ____________________________
Construct a model of acidic solutions and basic solutions by placing each of
the items below in the correct sequence on the scale.
- releases some hydrogen ions
- releases many hydrogen ions
- water
- releases some hydroxide ions
- releases many hydroxide ions
Acidic
solutions
Basic
Solutions
Summary: Analyze how water is important to life.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Objectives 8-9
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
Organic compound.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
Amino acid - __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
carbohydrate-________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Lipid - _________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
macromolecule - ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
nucleic acid - _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
nucleotide - __________________________________________________________________________
polymer- ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Protein - ______________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Organic Chemistry (Pages 166)
Contrast an organic compound to an inorganic compound
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Model a carbon atom and label the parts: nucleus, electrons, 1st and 2nd
energy levels.
Explain why a carbon atom can
form so many organic compounds.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Main Idea – Macromolecules (Pages 167-171)
Compare the composition and function of four important macromolecules.
Group
Subunit
Function
Example
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic
Acids
Evaluate the number of molecules of each element in the carbohydrate
described by the formula below.
(CH2O)6
Carbon:_______________
Hydrogen: _______________
Oxygen: ______________
Ratio of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: _____________________
Type of carbohydrate:________________________________________________________________
Describe nucleic acids by filling in the chart below.
Units that Make Up Nucleotides
Function of DNA:
Label the diagram below:
Function of RNA:
Draw and label a diagram of RNA:
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Objectives 10-12
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
organization.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
Cell - ___________________________________________________________________________________
Cell theory - __________________________________________________________________________
Eukaryotic cell - _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
nucleus - ______________________________________________________________________________
organelle - ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
plasma membrane - ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
prokaryotic cell - ____________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – History of the Cell Theory (Pages 182-183)
Identify the 3 main ideas of the cell theory:
1.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Microscope Technology (Pages 183-185)
Summarize the information about electron microscopes.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Basic Cell Types (Pages 185-186)
Compare and Contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by completing the
Venn diagram.
- Bacteria
- have membrane bound organelles
- contain organelles
- multicellular organisms
- have loose strands of DNA
- unicellular organisms
- have a nucleus
- don’t have membrane bound organelles
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Objective 13
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
Ion.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
Fluid mosaic model - _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
phospholipid bilayer - ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
selective permeability - ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
transport protein - __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Function of the Plasma Membrane (Page 187)
Analyze what would happen if the cell membrane were not selectively
permeable.
Identify five ways that the membrane can deal with materials.
Describe how the phospholipid functions to make up the fluid membrane.
Describe the functions of the different components of the plasma membrane.
Phopholipids
Transport molecules
Cholesterol
Receptors
Model the plasma membrane and include labels for the components listed
above.
Discuss how the terms fluid and mosaic describe the plasma membrane.
Fluid: __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Mosaic: ________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.3 Structure and Organelles
Objectives 14-15
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
enzyme.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book complete the following definitions
and tables.
Main Idea – Cyctoplasm, Cytoskeleton and Cell Structures
(Pages 191-199)
Compare and contrast each pair of terms by defining them and noting their
differences.
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Centriole
Cilium
Flagellum
Compare the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton by defining each term.
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Complete the tables by inserting the terms or by defining them:
cell wall
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
nucleolus
centriole
cytoskeleton
lysosome
ribosome
chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria
vacuole
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Storage compartment in a cell; usually a single, large
structure in a plant and many small ones in animals
Converts fuel particles (sugars) into useable energy
Captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy
through photosynthesis
Lysosome
Structure near the nucleus that functions during cell
division in animal cells
Cell wall
Write each term in the table under the heading that best describes it:
cell wall
centriole
chloroplast
cilium
endoplasmic reticulum lysosome
ribosome
cytoplasm
flagellum
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton glogi apparatus
nucleolus
vacuole
Cell Structure
(5)
Related to
Genetic Material
(2)
Food, Storage,
Waste (5)
Energy (2)
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
Compare and Contrast the cell parts found in the following categories.
UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Section 7.4 Cellular Transport
Objective 16
Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term
homeostasis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms.
endocytosis - _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
active transport - ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
diffusion - ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
hypertonic solution - _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
isotonic solution- ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
exocytosis - __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
osmosis - _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
facilitated diffusion- _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
dynamic equilibrium- ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
hypotonic solution- _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Diffusion (Pages 201-202)
Describe the distribution of the drop of food coloring in the large graduated
cylinder. How is this an example of diffusion?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea – Osmosis: Diffusion of Water (Pages 203-205)
Summarize the relationship between water and the plasma membrane by
completing the concept map below.
Water flows
Osmosis is
Water and
the
Plasma
membrane
Flow through helps
create and maintain
____________________________
_
Homeostasis is
Model a cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution.
Solution is:
__________________
____________________
___________________
Cell is:
__________________
____________________
___________________
Results:
__________________
____________________
___________________
__________________
____________________
___________________
Main Idea – Active Transport and Transport of Large Particles
(Pages 205-207)
Summarize the five ways particles move through the membrane.
Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Transport of Large Particles
exocytosis
endocytosis