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UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 6.1 Chemistry in Biology Objectives 1-2 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term substance. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Compare the terms in the table by defining them side by side. Atom: Nucleus: Neutron: Proton: Electron: Use your book to define the listed terms. compound - __________________________________________________________________________ covalent bond - ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ element- ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ion - ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ionic bond - ___________________________________________________________________________ isotope-________________________________________________________________________________ molecule - ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ van der Waals force - _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Now complete the paragraph below by using the vocabulary terms. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances is a(n) ______________________. Carbon-14 is a(n) _____________________. It has a different number of neutrons than other Carbon atoms. A(n) ____________________________ forms when two or more elements combine. The chemical bond that holds the elements together is a(n) _____________________________ ________________ when electrons are shared. A substance with this kind of bond is called a(n) _____________________________. An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons becomes a(n) _________, which carries an electric charge. Two of these oppositely charged atoms can form an electrical attraction called a(n) ________________ ______________. An attraction between oppositely charged regions of molecules is called(n) __________ ________ _____________ _______________. Main Idea – Atoms (Pages 148) Model an oxygen atom and label the parts. Note the type of electric charge for each part. The overall charge of the oxygen atom is ___________. Because the atom ______________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Main Idea – Elements (Pages 149-150) Compare and contrast the characteristics of Carbon -14 by completing the following sentence. Structurally, Carbon – 14 differs from other carbon atoms because it has ______ _________________________________________________________________________________________. Carbon – 14 is radioactive because _________________________________________________ _______________________________________. Knowing the half-life of Carbon – 14 enables scientists to _________________________________________________________________. Main Idea – Compounds (Pages 151) Identify four unique characteristics of compounds. Compounds Main Idea – Chemical Bonds (Pages 152-154) Label the following parts of the water molecule illustrated below. Hydrogen atom(s), oxygen atom(s), covalent bonds, 1st and 2nd energy levels Compare positively and negatively charged ions. (+) charged when it ______________________________________________ Atoms become (-) charged when it ______________________________________________ Main Idea – van der Waals Forces (Pages 155) Identify the type of substances held together by van der Waals forces. Include indicators of electric charges. van der Waals UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 6.2 Chemical Reaction Objectives 3-4 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term process. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. Activation energy - __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ active site - ___________________________________________________________________________ catalyst - ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ chemical reaction - __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ enzyme - ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ product - ______________________________________________________________________________ reactant - _____________________________________________________________________________ substrate -____________________________________________________________________________ Academic Vocabulary: Define coefficient to show its scientific meaning __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Reactants and Products (Pages 156-157) Label the sides of the following equation as either products or reactants. ___________________________ CH4 + O2 _________________________ CO2 + 2H20 Calculate the number of atoms of each element in the chemical equation above. Record the information in the table below. Element Element Number of Number of Symbol Name Atoms Atoms (reactants) (products) Analyze the formula to check to see if it is balanced. Support your reasons. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Energy of Reactions (Pages 157-158) Compare what happens to energy in exothermic and endothermic reactions eExothermic Reaction x the During reaction, energy is o As a result, the energy of the ______________________________________ product t is _______________________ ______________________________________ Than ______________________________________ hthe energy of the reactants. Endothermic Reaction During As a result, the reaction, the energy energy of theis product is _______________________ Than the energy of the reactants. ____________________________________. Main Main Idea – Enzymes (Pages 159-160) Summarize key characteristics of an enzyme by completing the organizer below. Compounds of: _________________________ Purpose: __________________________________ _____________________________________________ Reusable? ________________________________ Compounds _____________________________________________ Participates in how many different types of reaction? Activity level affected by: _______________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Analyze how an enzyme works by completing the paragraph. For a substance to bind with a particular enzyme, the ________________ and ________________ of the substrate must match that of an enzyme’s __________________ ________________. In the enzyme substrate complex, chemical bond in the _______________________ are broken and ______________ ________________ form. The results of the interaction between an enzyme and its ____________________________ are products, which are released by the ________________________________. Analyze the role of catalysts in chemical reactions. ________________________________________________________________________________________ UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 6.3 Water and Solutions Objectives 5-7 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term physical property. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. base - __________________________________________________________________________________ acid - __________________________________________________________________________________ solvent - ______________________________________________________________________________ buffer - ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ pH - ____________________________________________________________________________________ solute - ________________________________________________________________________________ hydrogen bond - _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ polar molecule - _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ solution - _____________________________________________________________________________ mixture - ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Water’s Polarity (Pages 161) Analyze polarity by writing attract or repel to complete the diagram. + _ + _ _ _ _ _+ _ _ _________________________ __________________________________ ___________________________________ + _ _ + + _ Analyze reasons for water’s polarity and the effect of polarity. Polarity of Water Reasons for Polarity: Effects of Polarity Identify the properties of water that allow it to help an organism maintain homeostasis. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION Universal solvent Adhesive Polar Cohesive Main Idea – Mixtures with Water (Pages 163-165) Identify the solvent and solute in a mixture of seawater. Solvent : ____________________________ Solute: ____________________________ Construct a model of acidic solutions and basic solutions by placing each of the items below in the correct sequence on the scale. - releases some hydrogen ions - releases many hydrogen ions - water - releases some hydroxide ions - releases many hydroxide ions Acidic solutions Basic Solutions Summary: Analyze how water is important to life. _________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Objectives 8-9 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term Organic compound. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. Amino acid - __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ carbohydrate-________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Lipid - _________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ macromolecule - ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ nucleic acid - _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ nucleotide - __________________________________________________________________________ polymer- ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Protein - ______________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Organic Chemistry (Pages 166) Contrast an organic compound to an inorganic compound __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Model a carbon atom and label the parts: nucleus, electrons, 1st and 2nd energy levels. Explain why a carbon atom can form so many organic compounds. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Main Idea – Macromolecules (Pages 167-171) Compare the composition and function of four important macromolecules. Group Subunit Function Example Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Evaluate the number of molecules of each element in the carbohydrate described by the formula below. (CH2O)6 Carbon:_______________ Hydrogen: _______________ Oxygen: ______________ Ratio of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: _____________________ Type of carbohydrate:________________________________________________________________ Describe nucleic acids by filling in the chart below. Units that Make Up Nucleotides Function of DNA: Label the diagram below: Function of RNA: Draw and label a diagram of RNA: UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory Objectives 10-12 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term organization. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. Cell - ___________________________________________________________________________________ Cell theory - __________________________________________________________________________ Eukaryotic cell - _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ nucleus - ______________________________________________________________________________ organelle - ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ plasma membrane - ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ prokaryotic cell - ____________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – History of the Cell Theory (Pages 182-183) Identify the 3 main ideas of the cell theory: 1. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Microscope Technology (Pages 183-185) Summarize the information about electron microscopes. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Basic Cell Types (Pages 185-186) Compare and Contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by completing the Venn diagram. - Bacteria - have membrane bound organelles - contain organelles - multicellular organisms - have loose strands of DNA - unicellular organisms - have a nucleus - don’t have membrane bound organelles UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Objective 13 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term Ion. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. Fluid mosaic model - _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ phospholipid bilayer - ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ selective permeability - ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ transport protein - __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Function of the Plasma Membrane (Page 187) Analyze what would happen if the cell membrane were not selectively permeable. Identify five ways that the membrane can deal with materials. Describe how the phospholipid functions to make up the fluid membrane. Describe the functions of the different components of the plasma membrane. Phopholipids Transport molecules Cholesterol Receptors Model the plasma membrane and include labels for the components listed above. Discuss how the terms fluid and mosaic describe the plasma membrane. Fluid: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Mosaic: ________________________________________________________________________________ UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 7.3 Structure and Organelles Objectives 14-15 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term enzyme. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book complete the following definitions and tables. Main Idea – Cyctoplasm, Cytoskeleton and Cell Structures (Pages 191-199) Compare and contrast each pair of terms by defining them and noting their differences. Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Centriole Cilium Flagellum Compare the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton by defining each term. Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Complete the tables by inserting the terms or by defining them: cell wall cytoplasm golgi apparatus nucleolus centriole cytoskeleton lysosome ribosome chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria vacuole Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Storage compartment in a cell; usually a single, large structure in a plant and many small ones in animals Converts fuel particles (sugars) into useable energy Captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis Lysosome Structure near the nucleus that functions during cell division in animal cells Cell wall Write each term in the table under the heading that best describes it: cell wall centriole chloroplast cilium endoplasmic reticulum lysosome ribosome cytoplasm flagellum mitochondrion cytoskeleton glogi apparatus nucleolus vacuole Cell Structure (5) Related to Genetic Material (2) Food, Storage, Waste (5) Energy (2) XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX Compare and Contrast the cell parts found in the following categories. UNIT TWO: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Section 7.4 Cellular Transport Objective 16 Review Vocabulary: Use your book or dictionary to define the term homeostasis. __________________________________________________________________________________________ New Vocabulary: Using your book, define the listed terms. endocytosis - _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ active transport - ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ diffusion - ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ hypertonic solution - _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ isotonic solution- ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ exocytosis - __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ osmosis - _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ facilitated diffusion- _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ dynamic equilibrium- ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ hypotonic solution- _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Diffusion (Pages 201-202) Describe the distribution of the drop of food coloring in the large graduated cylinder. How is this an example of diffusion? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea – Osmosis: Diffusion of Water (Pages 203-205) Summarize the relationship between water and the plasma membrane by completing the concept map below. Water flows Osmosis is Water and the Plasma membrane Flow through helps create and maintain ____________________________ _ Homeostasis is Model a cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution. Solution is: __________________ ____________________ ___________________ Cell is: __________________ ____________________ ___________________ Results: __________________ ____________________ ___________________ __________________ ____________________ ___________________ Main Idea – Active Transport and Transport of Large Particles (Pages 205-207) Summarize the five ways particles move through the membrane. Passive Transport Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Transport of Large Particles exocytosis endocytosis