Download Exam 2 Review Guide November 8, 2014, 12:30 pm to 2:30 pm

Exam 2 Review Guide
November 8, 2014, 12:30 pm to 2:30 pm
If you have a specific question please email the instructor with the learning objective
and your answer you have a question about.
Thanks to the people that were patient and waited for me to post this guide as I had
mentioned in class.
Chapter 6
Know what an essential nutrient is
Be able to compare and contrast a macronutrient and a micronutrient
Be able to compare and contrast an organic and inorganic nutrient
Know the difference between an autrotroph and chemotroph
Know the differences and similarities between a heterotroph and phototroph
Know how nutrients can be taken up by a cell
Know what Brownian motion, diffusion and active transport are
Know what endocytosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis are
Know what binary fission is
Know what a septum is
Understand how bacteria grow and divide and how to calculate the population of a
bacteria after a certain amount of time
For example: Assume a bacteria undergoes binary fission and divides every 1 hour.
If you start with 2 bacteria, how many bacteria will you have in 4 hours?
Solution: 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = (𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎) × 2𝑁
Where N = the number of times the bacteria doubles.
4 hours is equal to 4 doublings, or divisions because bacteria divided every hour.
The initial 2 bacteria and their offspring will divide 4 times.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 = (2) × 24 = (2) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) = (2) × (16) = 32 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎
Chapter 7
Know what metabolism is
Know the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions
Understand where in a biological molecule that energy is stored
Know what ATP is including what it stands for, and where high level energy is kept
in the molecules
Understand the connection between ADP and ATP
Know how an enzyme affects a chemical reaction including how it interacts with
reactants and products, what a substrate is, what an active or catalytic site is and
how an enzyme affects activation energy and overall energy in a system
Know that enzymes are mainly proteins
Know what a catalyst is and how enzymes are biological catalysts
Understand that sugars are a major molecule that provides energy to a cell
Know how glucokinase functions to start glycolysis
Know what glycolysis is and where it is located in the cell and what cells undergo
this process
Know what is needed to input into glycolysis and what is the output
Know what the overall gross and net production of ATPs are in glycolysis
Know the basis of fermentation, anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration as
well as how many more ATPs are produced
Chapter 8
Know the meaning of genetics, gene, genome, genotype
Know what DNA is and what a chromosome is
Understand the key processes in the central dogma
Know what does transcription and translation
Know what an mRNA is
Understand how to transcribe and translate a sequence of DNA as in Homework #3
Understand how the lac operon controls the proteins necessary for lactose use in a
bacteria.
Know the laci gene in terms of its constitutive expression and ability to be a
repressor.
Know that the lac operon is inducible and why it is setup that way. Know where
the operator is in relation to the promoter and the lacZYA genes.
Know the function (if known) of the lacZ, lacY and lacA proteins, including their
real functional names, in the metabolism of lactose.
Understand the word polycistronic.
Micro 20 Homework #3: Central Dogma
Name: _____________________________________
For the following DNA sequences, write the other DNA strand, RNA and translate it
to a protein.
5’- G A A G C A A T G A T C T G C C G C A A T T T C T A A A G C A
T- 3’
SECOND DNA STRAND:
3’- C T T C G T T A C T A G A C G G C G T T A A A G A T T T C G T
A- 5’
RNA TRANSCRIBED INTO (ASSUME IT ALL IS TRANSCRIBED)
5’- G A A G C A A U G A U C U G C C G C A A U U U C U A A A G C A T
Use this table and translate the RNA into a protein
PROTEIN SEQUENCE:
NH2-Met-Ile-Cys-Arg-Asn-Phe – CO--OH
Clinical Correlates
Know the major principles and learning objectives of the two clinical correlates as
well as the following six vocabulary
Know the following vocabulary
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PPD Test
BCG
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)