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Transcript
Chapter 19 Bacteria & Viruses I. Bacteria Prokaryotes • Are ________________________-lack a nucleus and have few organelles • Much smaller than eukaryotes • Eubacteria-larger kingdom than archaebacteria;usually have protective cell wall and determines shape • __________________________-not such a strong,if any,cell wall,DNA sequences more like eukaryotes;live in HARSH environments like hot springs or volcanic vents Archaebacteria Identifying bacteria: Bacillus or bacilli – by shape • 1) rod-shaped are __________________ • 2) spiral-shaped are_______________________ • 3) spherical-shaped are cocci(coccussingular) Spirillus or spirilla • by cell walls-use Gram Staining-Gram(+) have thick_______________________walls/gram(-) have thinner walls • by movement-some do not move and some have flagella peptidoglycan B. Metabolic Diversity • • Chemoheterotrophs Heterotrophs – _____________________-must take in organic molecules for energy and supply of Carbon-as do we – _____________photoheterotrophs Autotrophs – ____________________– ______________-as those found in volcanic vents photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs Releasing Energy – 1) Obligate aerobes-need constant supply of O2 – 2) _______________________-do not need O2 – 3) Faculatative anerobes-can survive w/or w/o O2-example-E.coli Obligate anaerobes C. Growth and Reproduction • _________________________grows,replicates DNA and splits in half Binary fission • ________________________-exchange genetic info w/ a “bridge” conjugation • Some produce_________________________, which can lie dormant and germinate spores D. Importance of Bacteria • • • • Decomposers N-fixers-for plants Human uses-food production ;cleaning up oil spills Assist digestion II. Viruses-particles of nucleic acids,protein and sometimes lipids capsid • Not living-reproduce only by infecting living cells • Usually has a DNA or RNA core w/outer protein coat • Outer protein coat called a ______________-which enable it to enter a host cell—often destroying host cell • ________________________-viruses that infect bacteria bacteriophage • ____________________infection-virus enters cell,makes copies ,and causes cell to burst • _____________________________-virus integrates DNA into DNA of host cell,and viral genetic info replicates along w/host Lysogenic Lytic • _______________________________contain RNA as genetic info and produce DNA copy of RNA retroviruses III. Diseases vaccination • Bacterial – Infect by damaging cells or releasing toxins – Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Streptococcus – Cornyebacterium diptherae – Anthrax – Lyme’s disease – Tetanus – Meningitis – Tooth decay • prevention – -_______________________preparation of weakened or killed pathogens – ________________________-compounds that block the reproduction or growth of bacteria antibiotic • 2)controlsterilization,heat,disinfectantants,proper food processing and storage B. Viral • • • • • • • • • • Common cold Influenza Smallpox Warts AIDS Chickenpox Measles Hepatitis A,B, or C West Nile Polio viroids – ________________________________singlestranded RNA moleculesw/no capsid-attack plants – ______________________-virus –like particles of protein-may cause protein clumps that induce new prions---example-Mad Cow Disease prions
