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The Growth of Civilizations •1. •2. •3. •4. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500 Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600 Rome and Early Christianity •1. The Foundations of Rome •2. From Republic to Empire •3. Roman Society and Culture •4. The Rise of Christianity •5. The Fall of Rome •The city of Rome was the seat of one of the greatest powers of the ancient world •1,200 year history •Rome went through great changes in government and culture •Many changes were caused by the beginning of the spread of one of the world’s largest religions - Christianity 750 BC to AD 500 750 BC- AD 500 1. The Foundations of Rome •Rome is located in Southern Europe. •It is in the present day country of Italy. •Italy is a peninsula, which means it has water on three sides. •This allowed the Romans to trade with others in the region. 750 BC- AD 500 The Mythical Founding of Rome: •Rome has a mythical beginning. •Twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, were sons of the war god Mars and left abandoned as babies. •A she-wolf fed them and kept them alive. •They grew up, fought over who would name the city. •Romulus killed Remus; therefore, he called the city Rome. 750 BC- AD 500 Italy in 750 BCE 750 BC- AD 500 Influence of the Etruscans •They introduced a writing and a math system as well as government to the Romans. Writing Religion The Arch 750 BC- AD 500 2. From Republic to an Empire •Around 500 BC, Rome became a republic. •A republic is a government where representatives are chosen by the people. •The people of Rome were represented in the Senate. 750 BC- AD 500 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. •Romans were split into two main social classes. •The Patricians were the landholding upper class. •The Plebians were the commoners of Rome. •The majority of the people were Plebians but the Patricians had most of the power. 750 BC- AD 500 Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians, land holders and the upper class) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians, the commoners of Rome) 750 BC- AD 500 The Roman Forum •The Roman Forum was a place where people could express their ideas. •It was also a place that decrees of the Senate and later the Emperor were announced to the people. •Twelve Tables are displayed in central square 750 BC- AD 500 Carthaginian Empire •The Punic Wars •Fought between Early Rome and Carthage (N. Africa) •Hannibal-perhaps one of the greatest military leaders of all time 750 BC- AD 500 Hannibal’s Route •The Roman, after suffering serious losses, managed to defeat Hannibal and the Carthaginian Army 750 BC- AD 500 Rome Becomes an Empire Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. 750 BC- AD 500 Civil War & Dictators Gnaeus Pompey Julius Caesar •Civil War brought an end to the republic. Pompey and Caesar were successful military leaders who formed the First Triumvirate 750 BC- AD 500 The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar-conquered Gaul, modern day France and defeated Pompey Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gaius Magnus Pompey, conquered parts of Asia Minor 750 BC- AD 500 Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! •Caesar took his army over the Rubicon River and marched into Rome 750 BC- AD 500 Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE •After rising to prominence in a variety of military campaigns, Julius Caesar brings his troops to Rome in 49 BC and makes himself a dictator. •He keeps the Senate around but keeps all real power for himself. •In 44 BC, he is murdered in the Senate by people who want to bring back the old government-the Republic 750 BC- AD 500 The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus, adopted son of Caesar Marc Antony,a loyal officer Marcus Lepidus, high priest 750 BC- AD 500 Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor •After Julius Caesar is assassinated, there is a civil war fighting for control. •Caesar’s nephew Octavian becomes emperor, and changes his name to Caesar Augustus. 750 BC- AD 500 The First Roman Dynasty •The Augustan Age- ruled for 40 years and Rome experienced a peaceful era. After his death, Julio-Claudians and Flavians ruled Rome. The Good Emperors followed and the empire grew tremendously 750 BC- AD 500 3. Roman Society and Culture •After Augustus, there is a 200 year peaceful period called the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. 750 BC- AD 500 Rome’s Early Road System •Rome was able to expand because of its well trained and organized armies. •In addition, Rome built roads that connected the Empire that allowed troops easy movement. 750 BC- AD 500 Imperial Roman Road System 750 BC- AD 500 Roman Roads: The Appian Way 750 BC- AD 500 Roman Aqueducts •The Romans built enormous aqueducts designed to bring water into the city. •They used a new architectural technique called the arch. •They had a very small slant that carried water downhill for miles and miles. 750 BC- AD 500 The Roman Colosseum •Romans enjoyed violent entertainment. •They watched gladiators fight to the death in many arenas, most famously the Coliseum. •They watched chariot races, which often involved bloody crashes. 750 BC- AD 500 The Colosseum Interior 750 BC- AD 500 Circus Maxims •Ancient Roman Chariot Racing Stadium 750 BC- AD 500 Roman Religion •Romans had similar gods to the Greeks, except they had different names. For example: Zeus becomes Jupiter, Ares becomes Mars. •They built enormous temples, like the Pantheon. 750 BC- AD 500 4. The Rise of Christianity •Religion based on Jesus of Nazareth, and his earliest followers, the teaching of Judaism 750 BC- AD 500 Jesus of Nazareth •Knowledge comes from the first four books of the New Testament The New Testament along with the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, make up the Christian Bible. 750 BC- AD 500 Jesus Christ • In time, Jesus began to preach a message of redemption and warning of the coming of God’s Judgment Day. His message alarmed authorities, and Jesus was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. • After he was crucified, Jesus rose from the dead, spent 40 days teaching, and ascended into heaven. • Followers named him the Messiah, Jesus Christ 750 BC- AD 500 The Spread of Christianity •Apostles- 12 Disciples that Jesus chose to spread Christianity throughout the world 750 BC- AD 500 Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE •Economic Problems- Inflation, rising prices, and higher taxes to pay for the vast empire •Diocletian –absolute ruler – himself above his subjects 750 BC- AD 500 Constantine: 312 - 337 •Diocletian abdicated his thrown and threw Rome into civil war once again •Constantine, in 312, proclaimed new emperor •A new Capital-Constantinople – Christian capital; later renamed Istanbul 750 BC- AD 500 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) 750 BC- AD 500 Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire •The later period of the Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire-after fall of Western Roman Empire to German tribes 750 BC- AD 500 The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian 750 BC- AD 500 The Byzantine Emperor Justinian 750 BC- AD 500 The Empire in Crisis: 3c 750 BC- AD 500 Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c •452 Fierce Army The Huns and Attila 750 BC- AD 500 Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” •The inability of the Roman Army to stop the Huns was one reason for the demise of the empire 750 BC- AD 500 The Legacy of Rome •Around 180 AD, problems arose in the empire and the Empire begins to decline. •In 476 AD, Rome is sacked and the Empire is officially dead. Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch 750 BC- AD 500 The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE •Government was corrupt. •government had huge building projects-cost lots of money. •Tribes invaded from the North. •Poverty and unemployment were very high. •Moral values declined. 750 BC- AD 500 The Discovery of Pompeii •In 1748, one of the greatest archeological discoveries of all times occurred. •The Roman city of Pompeii had been destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, preserving the town forever. 750 BC- AD 500 750 BC- AD 500