Download Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test 1. A two

Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
1. A two-year-old child is frightened by a small dog.
A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and
becomes frightened. The child’s reaction is most
likely an example of which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Stimulus discrimination
Second-order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Sensory preconditioning
Spontaneous recovery
2. A student participates in a month-long sleep study
designed to examine free-running circadian
rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the
student’s total sleep-wake cycle is likely to
(A) average about 25 hours
(B) average about 12 hours
(C) average whatever it had averaged when the
student began the study
(D) become even more dependent than usual on
the student’s activity level
(E) become extremely variable
3. A monkey is conditioned to flinch at the sound of a
bell that was previously paired with a puff of air
to the monkey’s cheek. Which of the following
explanations would be consistent with a
cognitive interpretation of this conditioning?
(A) The animal cannot control its tendency to
flinch because the response of flinching is
simply a reflex to the bell.
(B) The strength of the flinch response is a
function of the time interval between the
onset of the bell and the air puff.
(C) The monkey interprets the bell as a signal
that the air puff will follow.
(D) The bell is merely a substitute stimulus for
the air puff.
(E) Monkeys are intelligent and know that they
should flinch when they hear tones that are
paired with stimuli that elicit reflexes.
4. A central nervous system depressant that produces
a false feeling of well-being and efficiency and
results in slower reaction time to stimulation is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
cocaine
marijuana
dopamine
alcohol
nicotine
5. A schema can be described as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
an outer layer of the eye
a mental construct
a fissure between the lobes of the brain
an optical illusion
a fixed response to a particular stimulus
6. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar
for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her
own room. According to social-learning
theorists, Sarah’s behavior is an example of
which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Discrimination training
Observational learning
7. John Garcia showed that when rats ingested a
novel substance before becoming nauseated from
radiation or drugs, they acquired a
(A) conditioned taste preference for the
substance
(B) generalized taste preference for similar
substances
(C) conditioned taste aversion for the substance
(D) conditioned taste aversion for any novel
substance
(E) conditioned taste preference for any novel
substance
8. Research indicates that many animals are more
likely to associate sickness with a taste they
experienced in conjunction with the illness than
with a tone or light. This finding supports which
of the following claims?
(A) The tone or light must not have been
appropriately paired with the onset of
illness.
(B) Illness is not necessarily punishing to
subjects.
(C) Animals may be biologically prepared to
learn some things over other things.
(D) Extrinsic reinforcers may be more effective
than intrinsic reinforcers.
(E) Positive reinforcers are more effective than
punishers.
Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
9. Rats in an experiment learned to associate
sweetened water with a drug that causes immune
suppression. Later, sweetened water alone
produced the immune suppression. This outcome
is an example of which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Learned helplessness
Systematic desensitization
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Biofeedback
10. The practice of solving problems by using a
mental shortcut is an example of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
an insightful operation
a confirmation bias
a hypothesis test
the use of a heuristic
the use of an algorithm
11. A teacher taught her students to take turns by
giving them stars to trade for snacks at the end of
the day. This technique is called
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
systematic desensitization
token economy
classical conditioning
rational-emotive therapy
free association
12. Language acquisition cannot be fully accounted
for by associative learning processes for which
of the following reasons?
(A) Language use is creative.
(B) Speakers construct rules for utterances by
imitating the models they hear.
(C) Effective communication depends on one’s
level of emotional experience.
(D) Language production is reinforced by the
listener.
(E) Infants are too young to learn associatively.
13. Which of the following is characterized by a
periodic appearance of sleep spindles?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Stage 2 sleep
Stage 3 sleep
Stage 4 sleep
REM sleep
Night terrors
14. Which is a definition of discrimination that most
directly applies to classical conditioning?
(A) Prototype matching to organize information
into categories
(B) Maintaining information in memory through
repetition
(C) Differential treatment, usually negative,
based on group membership
(D) Recognizing an object as distinct from its
surroundings
(E) Learning to respond differently to similar
stimuli
15. Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn
language through
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
conditioning and reinforcement
an innate language acquisition device
general cognitive development
interpersonal communication
trial and error
16. Which of the following best describes the
representativeness heuristic?
(A) An estimate of the likelihood of an event
based on how well it matches a typical
example.
(B) An estimate of the likelihood of an event
based on how easily it can be recalled.
(C) Biased decision making based on the way a
question in framed.
(D) The tendency to believe something after it
has been discredited.
(E) The tendency to use an initial value as a
reference point in making new estimates.
17. Which classical study forms the basis for social
(observational) learning?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Ivan Pavlov…salivating dogs
B.F. Skinner…key-pecking pigeons
John Garcia…nauseated rats
John Watson…Little Albert
Albert Bandura…Bobo doll
Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
18. Classical conditioning is most efficient when the
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
(A) Immediately follows the conditioned
stimulus (CS)
(B) Follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a
few minutes
(C) Immediately precedes the conditioned
stimulus (CS)
(D) Precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a
few minutes
(E) Is presented at the same time as the
conditioned stimulus (CS)
19. A researcher asks a young child what she did
yesterday. The child replies “I goed to the park.” This
is best described as an example of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
overgeneralization of grammar rules
contradictory morphemes
the deep structure of language
incorrect pragmatics
semantic error
20. A child has learned her grandparents ignore rather
than reward her tantrums. Which of the following
operant principles are the grandparents using to
control the child’s behavior?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Delayed reinforcement
Extinction
Stimulus substitution
21. Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable
behaviors is most likely to be used by which of the
following types of therapists?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Behavioral
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Reality
Humanistic
22. Brad normally sleeps from 10:00 pm to 7:00 am.
In which of the following time periods would he
experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep?
(A) 10:00 pm to 11:00 pm
(B) 12:00 am to 1:00 am
(C) 1:00 am to 2:00 am
(D) 3:00 am to 4:00 am
(E) 6:00 am to 7:00 am
23. Which of the following is true of individuals who
experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they
abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking
for a long time?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
They are physically dependent on the drug.
They are tolerant of the withdrawal effects.
They are in a state of reverse tolerance.
They are experiencing disinhibition.
They are demonstrating projective
identification.
24. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly
correlated with which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
A lack of genital arousal
Dreams
Tensed muscles
Considerable tossing and turning
Sleep apnea
25. Spontaneous recovery refers to the
(A) expression of learning that had occurred
earlier but had not been expressed because
of lack of incentive.
(B) organism's tendency to respond
spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as
though they were the CS.
(C) return of a response after punishment has
been terminated.
(D) reappearance, after a pause, of an
extinguished conditioned response.
(E) tendency of organisms to generalize
conditioned responses.
26. What is the difference between a primary and a
conditioned reinforcer?
(A) Primary reinforcers are presented
immediately after the behavior; conditioned
reinforcers are presented after a delay.
(B) Primary reinforcers are introduced every
time the behavior occurs; conditioned
reinforcers are introduced only sometimes.
(C) Primary reinforcers lead to rapid learning of
the behavior; conditioned reinforcers
produce greater resistance to extinction.
(D) Primary reinforcers increase the rate of
operant responding; conditioned reinforcers
decrease the rate of operant responding.
(E) Primary reinforcers are unlearned and
innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers
are learned.
Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
27. Because Melissa always picked up her newborn
daughter when she cried, her daughter is now cries
frequently. In this case, picking up the infant served
as a(n) ________ for crying.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
negative reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
positive reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus
punisher
28. Which of the following is true of negative
reinforcement and punishment?
(A) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of
operant responding; punishments decrease
the rate of operant responding.
(B) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of
operant responding; punishments increase
the rate of operant responding.
(C) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of
operant responding; punishments decrease
the rate of operant responding.
(D) Negative reinforcers have no effect on the
rate of operant responding; punishments
decrease the rate of operant responding.
(E) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of
operant responding; punishments have no
effect on the rate of operant responding.
29. Morphemes are best described as
(A) the smallest speech units that carry meaning.
(B) the best examples of particular categories of
objects.
(C) the smallest distinctive sound units of a
language.
(D) rules for combining words into
grammatically correct sentences.
(E) genetic road maps that lead to insight.
30. The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is
most likely to
(A) save time in arriving at solutions to
problems.
(B) yield more accurate solutions to problems.
(C) minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.
(D) involve greater reliance on language skills.
(E) avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
31. Many people perceive carjackings as more
serious threats to their lives than failing to use
seatbelts because carjackings are so much more
memorable. This best illustrates the importance of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
belief perseverance.
the representativeness heuristic.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.
functional fixedness.
32. Cognitive psychologists are most directly
concerned with the study of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
emotion.
genetics.
the unconscious.
brain chemistry.
thinking.
33. An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even
when the evidence proves us wrong is called
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
the representativeness heuristic.
trial and error.
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.
34. The activation-synthesis theory provides a
physiological explanation for:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
sleep apnea.
sleep walking
narcolepsy.
posthypnotic amnesia.
dreaming.
35. Which of the following psychologists would
agree with the statement: Behavior is a result of the
combination of punishment and reinforcement?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
36. Noam Chomsky and B.F. Skinner disagreed
about how children acquire language. Which of the
following concepts is most relevant to the difference
between their theories?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
phonemes
morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
serial position effect
37. Which of the following is considered a
depressant?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
cocaine
heroin
caffeine
methamphetamine
alcohol
38. Which of the following sentences illustrates
overgeneralization?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Toby is the fastest boy in the world.
Homey don’t play that game.
All dogs have fur.
Dani goed to the store.
Only humans have the ability to learn
language.
39. Kohler’s study of chimpanzees use of tools to
retrieve a banana suspended from the ceiling
illustrated the principle of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
latent learning
operant conditioning
abstract learning
observational learning
insight learning
40. Activation synthesis theory tries to explain
(A) how consciousness emerges out of neural
firings.
(B) how psychoactive drugs create euphoric
effects.
(C) the origin and function of dreams.
(D) how our mind awakens us after we pass
through all stages of sleep.
(E) how our consciousness synthesizes all the
sensory information it receives.
41. Which of the following is an example of a
secondary (generalized) reinforcer?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
chocolate cake
water
applause
high grades
money
42. In teaching a dog to jump through a hoop, which
reinforcement schedule would facilitate the most
rapid learning?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
continuous
fixed ratio
fixed interval
variable ratio
variable interval
43. Which of the following is an example of positive
reinforcement?
(A) buying a child a video game after she throws
a tantrum
(B) going inside to escape a thunderstorm
(C) assigning a student detention for fighting
(D) getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a
toothache
(E) depriving a prison inmate of sleep
44. Many psychologists believe that children of
abusive parents are likely to abuse their own children.
One common explanation for this phenomenon is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
classical conditioning
latent learning
abstract learning
insight learning
modeling
45. Which of the following cognitive tendencies is
most closely related to the problem of experimenter
bias?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
The availability heuristic
Functional fixedness
The representative heuristic
Confirmation bias
Overconfidence
Consciousness, Learning, Cognition and Language Test
46. Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that
lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be
repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant
outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became
known as the law of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
reinforcement
associations
punishment
effect
outcomes
47. When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a
logical, step-by-step formula called
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
a heuristic
incubation
insight
priming
an algorithm
48. During the night, Alicia stops breathing
repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly
at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering
from which of the following conditions?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Insomnia
Night terrors
The REM rebound effect
49. When the word “walk” is changed to “walked”
the suffix “ed” is an example of a
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
phoneme
heuristic
algorithm
morpheme
language acquisition device
50. A child begins throwing a temper tantrum in a
grocery store. In response, his mother removes him
from the store. The next time they are in the store the
child throws a tantrum again because
(A) his mother positively punished him by
taking him home the time before.
(B) his mother negatively reinforced his
behavior by taking him home the time
before.
(C) his mother negatively punished him by
taking him home the time before.
(D) his mother positively reinforced his behavior
by taking him home the time before.
(E) he has learned to throw a tantrum in the
store by modeling his mother’s behavior.