Download Eric Erikson`s Psychosocial Theory

“Part of being sane is being a little bit
crazy.”
Janet Long
“There is no great genius without some
touch of madness.”
Seneca
General Psychology
General Psychology
Psychological Disorders
L. Kato
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders

Normal or Abnormal Behavior? You
decide…
The Many Myths of Mental Illness
Common Myths…
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The mentally are violent or dangerous…
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“no more violent than is someone suffering from cancer
or any other serious disease”
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The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (2003)
People with mental illnesses all live in the street or in
mental hospitals…
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“over two-thirds of Americans who have a mental illness
live in the community and lead productive lives”
most hospitalizations are brief
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The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (2003)
Introduction to Mental Illness
Psychological Disorder
The presence of a constellation of
symptoms that create significant distress
or impair work, school, family,
relationships, or daily living.
Psychological Disorder
Three factors
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Distress
Disability (or Impairment)
Danger
Psychological Disorders
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Worldwide:
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450 million people suffer from psychological disorders
psychological disorders rank 2nd among diseases leading to
death and disability
25% of Americans have symptoms that meet criteria
for a psychological disorder
for every 100 workers, 3.7 days are lost due to
psychological disorders
Deviant Behavior and
Abnormality
Importance of context
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Social norms
Cultural beliefs
Religious practices
© Bettmann/CORBIS
Fig. 16.5 The Mad Hatter, from Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. History
provides numerous examples of psychosis caused by toxic chemicals. Carroll’s Mad Hatter
character is modeled after an occupational disease of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries. In that era, hatmakers were heavily exposed to mercury used in the preparation of
felt. Consequently, many suffered brain damage and became psychotic, or “mad” (Kety,
1979).
Deviant Behavior and
Abnormality
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Psychosis
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Hallucinations
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an obvious impairment in the ability to perceive
and comprehend events accurately
mental images so vivid that they seem real
Delusions
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entrenched false believes
Explaining Abnormality
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How do we explain abnormal behavior?
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Ancient Greece: imbalance
17th century New England: devil
20th century: Freud
Explaining Abnormality
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Multiple Factors Contribute to Abnormal
Behavior:
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Brain: Neurological and Biological Factors
Person: Maladaptive Learning, Thoughts, and Biases
Group: Social and Cultural Factors
Explaining Abnormality
Biopsychosocial Model
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consider the biological, psychological, and social aspects
underlying psychological disorders
Explaining Abnormality
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Diathesis-Stress model
 diathesis: predisposition to the disorder
 specific factors (stress)
Explaining Abnormality
Diathesis
•Genes
•Abnormal Brain Structure or Function
•Neurotransmitter Imbalance
Vulnerability to Psychological Disorders
Stress
•Noxious Physical Stress
•Trauma, Neglect, Abuse
•Relationships- loss, turbulence
•Culture-related stress
Psychological Disorders
Exam Questions
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The definition of a psychological
disorder takes into account ________.
William's identical twin, Fred, has
schizophrenia. According to the
diathesis-stress approach will William
become schizophrenic too?
Categorizing Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
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Manual of mental disorders designed to
diagnose and treat patients
Categorizing Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IVTR)
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Axis I: clinical disorders
Axis II: personality disorders and mental
retardation
Axis III: general medical conditions
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: global assessment of functioning
Mood Disorders
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Mood disorders are conditions marked
by persistent or episodic disturbances in
emotion that interfere with normal
functioning in at least one realm of life.
Mood Disorders
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Major depressive disorder
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2 weeks depressed mood
loss of interest in nearly all activities
four additional symptoms
Mood Disorders
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Major depressive disorder
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the most common disorder in the U.S.
Lifetime prevalence
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Women 10 - 25%
Men 5 to 12%
Mood Disorders
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Suicide
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31,000 depressed people commit suicide each
year
11th leading cause of death in the US
Dysthymia
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Lifetime prevalence 6%
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depressed mood for most of the day (2 years)
two other symptoms of depression
Mood Disorders
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Bipolar disorder
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Mania
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Hypomania
Manic episode
Prodromal phase
Often cycles with depression
Formerly called manic depression
Lifetime prevalence 1%
Bipolar Disorder
Explaining Mood Disorders
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The brain
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The person
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Hereditary factors
Neurotransmitters
Frontal lobe
Amygdala
Attributional style
The group
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Social support network
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety disorder is a state characterized by
extreme fear and extreme anxiety.
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experience intense or pervasive anxiety or fear or
extreme attempts to avoid these feelings
experiences create exceptional distress that can
interfere with the ability to function normally
Generalized anxiety disorder
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3% of the population
Anxiety Disorders
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Panic disorder
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Panic attacks
Agoraphobia
Lifetime prevalence 3%
Anxiety Disorders
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Panic disorder
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Anxiety sensitivity
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locus coeruleus is the seat of an “alarm
system”
Anxiety Disorders
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Phobias
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Social phobia
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Lifetime prevalence 13%
Specific phobia
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Animal fears
Blood-injection-injury fears
Natural environment fears
Situation fears
Miscellaneous fears
Lifetime prevalence 12%
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
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Specific Phobias
Ailurophobia: cats
Anthophobia: flowers
Aquaphobia: water
Phrenophobia: insanity
Trichophobia: hair
Anxiety Disorders
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Obsession
Compulsion
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Checking
Washing
Ordering
Lifetime prevalence 3%
Anxiety Disorders
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Traumatic event
Fear and helplessness
Symptoms
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Re-experience event
Avoidance and emotional numbing
Heightened arousal
Lifetime prevalence 8% (among
Americans)
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Prevalence strongly affected by environment
Schizophrenia
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Positive Symptoms
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Delusions
Hallucinations
Disordered behavior
Disorganized speech
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Negative Symptoms
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Flat affect
Alogia
Avolition
• Lifetime prevalence 1%
Beautiful Minds
Schizophrenia
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Four subtypes
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Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Explaining Schizophrenia
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The brain
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The person
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Hereditary
Ventricle size
Neurotransmitters
Cognitive Difficulties
The group
Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders: disruption in the
usually integrated functions of consciousness,
memory, or identity, often caused by a
traumatic or stressful event
Dissociative identity disorder
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two or more distinct personalities take control of
the individual’s behavior
Eating Disorders
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Eating Disorders
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severe disturbances
in eating behavior
90% female
Lifetime prevalence
0.5%-4%
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
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refusal to maintain even a low normal weight
intense fear of gaining weight
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
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Bulimia nervosa
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recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by
some attempt to prevent weight gain
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
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Factors
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Genetic predisposition
Gender
Cultural factors
Personality Disorders
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stable personality traits that are
inflexible and maladaptive
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cognition
affectivity
interpersonal functioning
impulse control
Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders are…
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“deeply rooted” and “firmly established”
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not always under significant distress
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often those around them are more distressed
attribute problems to aspects of their
environment
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do not feel they need clinical treatment
Personality Disorders
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wide range of situations (personal and social)
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significant clinical distress
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stable & long in duration
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adolescence or early adulthood
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not accounted for by another mental disorder
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not related to substance abuse or medical condition
Personality Disorders
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Antisocial personality disorder
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a pattern of disregard or violation of the
rights of others
Personality Disorders
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Avoidant personality disorder
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a pattern of social discomfort, feelings of
inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation
Personality Disorders
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Borderline personality disorder
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a pattern of instability in interpersonal
relationships, self image, affects, and
marked impulsivity
Personality Disorders
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Dependent personality disorder:
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a pattern of clingy, submissive behavior
due to an extreme need to be taken care
of
Personality Disorders
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Histrionic personality disorder:
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a pattern of excessive attention seeking
and expression of emotion.
Personality Disorders
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Narcissistic personality disorder:
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a pattern of an exaggerated sense of self
importance, need for admiration, and lack
of empathy
Personality Disorders
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Obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder:
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a pattern of preoccupation with
orderliness, perfectionism, and control
Personality Disorders
• Paranoid personality disorder
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a pattern of suspiciousness and distrust of
others to the extent that other people’s
motives are interpreted as ill-intentioned
Personality Disorders
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Schizoid personality disorder
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a pattern of detachment from social
relationships and a narrow range of
displayed emotion
Personality Disorders
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Schizotypal personality disorder
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a pattern of extreme discomfort in close
relationships, odd or quirky behavior and
cognitive or perceptual distortions