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Transcript
Ch. 9: Learning / Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Conditioning Classical Conditioning -learn by association- Stimulus – produces a response Response – reaction to stimulus Ivan Pavlov – founder Unconditioned Stimulus (US) -causes automatic response (unlearned; unstoppable; ex: meat = saliva) Unconditioned Response (UR) -automatic reaction (ex: drooling from meat) Conditioned Response (CR) -learned reaction to a neutral stimulus (ex: drooling at bell) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) -causes CR (ex: the bell) Real Life Applications of Classical Conditioning Helps us adapt to environment and offer protection from danger. Taste aversions Generalization – respond to similar but not identical stimuli the same (ex: rape) Discrimination – sort & respond differently to stimuli Extinction – eliminate response -CS not followed by US (ex: Don’t Cry Wolf; fire alarm) Spontaneous Recovery-immediately recover reaction after extinction in presence of US Flooding – immediate exposure to US (ex: fear factor) Systematic Desensitization – gradually erase response to US (ex: swimming lessons) Counter Conditioning – pleasant stimulus in face of fear (ex: dentist) Little Albert (p. 249) Assignment: Classical Conditioning Worksheet Operant Conditiong -learn through reinforcementConsequences to actions B.F. Skinner – founder Reinforcers: Primary Needs -biological (food, water, air, shelter) Secondary Needs -learned values (approval, status, attention) Positive -increases frequency of wanted behavior (reward) Negative -increases frequency of wanted behavior when removed (fear, drills) - “for the greater good” -not punishment (meant to decrease behavior) Real Life Applications of Operant Conditioning Shaping -reinforce each small step to accomplish larger task (ex: stick shift) Programmed Learning -computer programs (ex: video game levels) Behavior Management -Cognitive & Behavior Therapy (change thoughts & actions) Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Assignment: Read pgs. 253-255 and give an example of each type of reinforcement schedule. Do not use the examples from the book. Cognitive Conditioning -learn through thought & observation- Albert Bandura Latent Learning -hidden -cognitive (mental) map Social Learning -observation – watch & repeat Psychological Uses for Conditioning Classical to create new assoc. Aversive conditioning – help control environment -escape conditioning -avoidance conditioning Modeling – teach new behaviors & control learned helplessness Token Economies - reward Assignments Classical Conditioning worksheet Schedules of Reinforcement examples Ch. 9 Test