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CLAUSES NOTES I. Clauses A. a group of words B. has a subject & predicate C. used as part of a sentence II. Main Clause A. has a subject & predicate B. able to stand ALONE as a complete sentence C. every sentence has at least ONE main clause D. some have more than one E. examples: 1. The boat sank, but the crew escaped. Subject Verb Subject Verb 2. My cat caught a bird, and he ate it. Subject Verb Subject Verb III. Subordinate Clauses A. AKA dependent clauses B. has a subject & predicate C. CANNOT stand alone; must be attached to a main clause D. examples: Subject Verb Subject Verb 1. When the rain fell, we headed for cover. Subordinate Clause Main Clause Subject Subject Verb Phrase 2. The car that was involved in the wreck Main Clause was gone. Verb Phrase Subordinate Clause IV. Simple & Compound Sentences A. simple sentence = one main clause & no subordinate clauses 1. contains one subject & one verb 2. may contain various modifiers & phrases 3. example: My very active child is training for a marathon. B. compound sentences = two or more main clauses & no subordinate clauses 1. most compound sentences are joined by a comma & coordinating conjunction Main Clause 2. example: The very scared cat climbed up the tree, and he got stuck. Main Clause COMPLEX & COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES NOTES I. Complex Sentences A. contains one main clause plus one or more subordinate clause B. examples: 1. When my sister is mad, she stomps around the subordinate clause main clause house. 2. We had to go to the grocery store, because we main clause subordinate clause were out of milk and bread. II. Compound-Complex Sentences A. contains more than one main clause & at least one subordinate clause B. examples: 1. The boys practice every night, and they have main clause main clause games on Saturdays that they have to travel to. Subordinate clause 2. When we travel to away-games, we take a school subordinate clause van, and we stop for dinner. Main clause main clause OTHER CLAUSES I. Adjective Clauses A. a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun B. examples: 1. The boy who cried wolf was eventually eaten by the wolf. 2. The store, which is owned by John Smith, will be closed tomorrow. C. sometimes they are essential to the meaning of the sentence 1. called an essential clause or restrictive clause 2. example: One of the things that my mother loved was to knit. D. sometimes they are not essential to the meaning of the sentence 1. called nonessential clauses or nonrestrictive clauses 2. nonessential clauses must be set off with commas 3. example: My neighbor, who is eighty-five years old, has a vegetable garden. E. miscellaneous information 1. use “THAT” for essential clauses 2. use “WHICH” for nonessential clauses 3. most adjective clauses start with relative pronouns WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH II. Adverb Clauses A. a subordinate clause B. modifies verbs, an adjective, or an adverb C. tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions D. examples: 1. Whenever spring arrives, the wind blows. (adverb clause modifies blows) 2. The GPS tells us wherever we need to go. (adverb clause modifies tells) 3. The students are working harder than they need to. (adverb clause modifies harder) E. a list of subordinating conjunctions is on page 477 F. use a comma when the subordinating clause comes at the beginning of the sentence III. Noun Clauses A. a subordinate clause that is used as a noun B. can be used as: 1. subject 2. direct or indirect object 3. object of a preposition 4. predicate nominative 5. object complement C. examples: 1. What I don’t like is going to bed late. (subject) 2. That man is why I won’t shop there. (predicate nominative) 3. We ate whatever was prepared for dinner. (direct object) 4. We will bring enough for whoever shows up. (object of preposition) 5. Bobby stated the problems that we would encounter. (object complement)