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BIO 201 CRN 30375 MTWR 7:00 am - 11:20 am Human Anatomy & Physiology I Pima West Campus Summer 2007B About Your Instructor Education Undergraduate and masters degree work at Stanford, Ph.D. work at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Research Research under U.S. Navy and Air Force grants on visuospatial perception, recent research on ion channels in the Ion Channel Lab at the University of Arizona School of Medicine Teaching Former high school math teacher, technical & vocational school instructor, university professor, and current adjunct instructor in the Biology Department at Pima Community College, also taught at Antioch University West, University of New Mexico, UCSB, and Stanford Content Areas Taught undergraduate courses in neuroscience, neuropharmacology, animal venom toxins, and other courses in biology, psychology, and statistics Field Experience Studied rain forest species in Belize and Guatemala Community Docent Coordinator at Tohono Chul Park, Tucson Herpetological Society Speaker’s Bureau, Southern Arizona Arts Guild Artist Typical Other Stuff Cross country mountain biker and road cyclist (El Tour de Tucson), acoustic 6 and 12 string guitar (Tucson Folk Festival), nature photographer, juggler, mediocre chess player Photo © 2004 by Tim McDonald Tom McDonald is a former Professor of Neuroscience, Phillips University. Here he is pictured with Lampropeltis pyromelana, the Sonoran mountain kingsnake. Can you tell which one is the snake? Favorite Twilight Zone Episode Played shortstop in the 1997 Men’s Masters US National Slowpitch Softball Championship Tournament in Enid, Oklahoma: Lost first game 17 - 3, second game 11 - 1, went home. “Fun Fact” Can change color to blend in with my surroundings Life Changing Experience When I was abducted by aliens and got to fly over the Bermuda Triangle in a spaceship and meet Elvis and Bruce Lee in person Guiding Principle “Soap and education are not as sudden as a massacre, but they are more deadly in the long run” Mark Twain What Should You Call Me? • • • • Dr. McDonald Professor McDonald Mr. McDonald Tom Absolutely have to have a title? What Should You Call Me? Anything that isn’t crossed out! • • • • • • • • Dr. McDonald Professor McDonald Mr. McDonald Tom Your Excellency Your Majesty Your Eminence Oz the Great & Powerful Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy is the study of structure Anatomy asks “What is it?” Revealed by dissection, imaging techniques “Normal” human anatomy covered in this course Anatomy & Physiology Imaging Techniques Anatomy & Physiology What is “normal?” Statistical Anatomy & Physiology Physiology is the study of function Physiology asks “How does it work?” “Normal” human physiology covered in this course Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Whoa! Watch where that thing lands—we’ll probably need it. Anatomy & Physiology Physiology “Whoa! That was a good one! Try it, Hobbs—just poke his brain right where my finger is.” Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organism Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Chemicals Levels of Organization in the Human Body Chemical elements (atoms) form molecules & macromolecules (Ch. 2) C, H, O, & N = 96% of humans P, Ca, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg, & Fe = 3.8% Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are the basic molecules of the human body Many different types of cells (Ch. 3) Cells have many specialized components Cells have semi-permeable membranes Protein synthesis Cell division Cell signaling Why Science Is Important in the Health Care Professions Levels of Organization in the Human Body Tissues composed of similar cells (Ch. 4) Organized around particular functions Four basic types: Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organs composed of two or more types of tissues Organs perform special functions Organs usually have recognizable shapes Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organ System Level Multiple organs Connected by common purpose Some organs may belong to more than one organ system Organismal Level The entire organism Many organ systems The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body • • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Lymphatic Urinary Endocrine Reproductive Anatomical Position • • • Standardized method of observing or imaging the body Allows precise and consistent anatomical references In Anatomical Position: • • Standing upright Facing the observer, head level Eyes facing forward Feet flat on the floor Arms at the sides Palms facing forward A body lying face down is in the prone position A body lying face up is in the supine position Common Regional Names • • Used for reference Add pectoral • Based on Latin or Greek terms Anatomical Directional Terms • Precisely locate one body part with respect to another • Reduces the need for lengthy explanations • Superior/Inferior • Medial/Lateral • Proximal/Distal • Anterior/Posterior Anatomical Directional Terms • Superior = towards the head The lungs are superior to the stomach • Inferior = away from the head The urinary bladder is inferior to the liver Anatomical Directional Terms • Medial = towards the midline The sternum is medial to the lungs • Lateral = away from the midline The humerus is lateral to the gallbladder Anatomical Directional Terms • Proximal = nearer the attachment of a limb to the trunk The elbow is proximal to the hand • Distal = farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk The foot is distal to the knee Anatomical Directional Terms • Anterior (Ventral) = at the front of the body The forehead is anterior to the brain • Posterior (Dorsal) = at the back of the body The heart is posterior to the sternum Anatomical Planes and Sections • Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into distinct partitions • The principal planes include: • Frontal (Coronal) Transverse (Horizontal) Sagittal Oblique Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures, named for the plane on which the cut is made Anatomical Planes and Sections • The Frontal or Coronal Plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior surfaces • The Transverse or Horizontal Plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior surfaces • The Sagittal Plane divides the body or an organ into medial and lateral surfaces • The Midsagittal Plane runs through the midline • Parasagittal planes produce unequal halves • Oblique is some combination of 2 other planes Body Cavities • Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support the internal organs • Serous membranes are thin slippery membranes that line body cavities and reduce friction during movement The parietal layer lines the walls of cavities The visceral layer covers the internal organs, which are called viscera Dorsal Body Cavity • Located near the dorsal surface of the body • Two subdivisions • Cranial Cavity Formed by bones of the skull Contains the brain • Vertebral Cavity Formed by the vertebral column Contains the spinal cord • Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges, line the dorsal cavity Ventral Body Cavity • Located near the ventral surface of the body • Two subdivisions • Thoracic Cavity Above the diaphragm • Abdominopelvic Cavity Below the diaphragm • The diaphragm is a large dome shaped muscle used in breathing Ventral Body Cavity • The thoracic cavity contains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which contains the pericaridal cavity • Pleural cavities enclose the lungs • Pericardial cavity encloses the heart • The abdominopelvic cavity contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity Mediastinum • • • Broad median partition between the lungs Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column Contains heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus (all the thoracic organs except the lungs) Abdominopelvic Cavity • • Viscera of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine Viscera of the pelvic cavity include the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the internal male and female reproductive organs Abdominopelvic Quadrants • • Four quadrants are created by drawing two perpendicular intersecting lines through the umbilicus Again helpful in locating organs and in diagnosing pains and ailments Homeostasis • From the Greek homoios = same and stasis = state • Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain certain physiological parameters within a relatively narrow range • Examples of homeostasis (normal human parameters): Blood glucose is maintained at 70 - 110 mg/dL Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 Body temperature is maintained at around 37˚C • Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted: External stimuli (heat, cold, lack of oxygen, etc.) Internal stimuli (digestion, exercise, psychological stress, etc.) • Disruptions are usually mild and temporary • Large or long term disruptions of homeostasis may result in death Homeostasis • Homeostasis is regulated primarily by the endocrine system and the nervous system, which may work independently or together The endocrine system uses chemical messengers in the blood called hormones Hormones bring about relatively slow changes The nervous system uses nerve impulses, an electrochemical process Nerve impulses bring about relatively fast changes • Homeostasis is regulated by feedback systems • Feedback systems consist of three principal components: A Receptor monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends signals to the Control Center The Control Center sets ranges for the controlled condition, receiving signals from Receptors and sending signals to Effectors An Effector is a body structure that receives signals from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition • Homeostasis is ultimately the main theme throughout the course Feedback Loop • Homeostasis is disrupted by a stimulus • Controlled condition monitored by receptors • Receptors send signals to the control center • Control Center sends signals to effectors • Actions of the Effectors help to bring about a return to homeostasis Negative Feedback Loops • If a response reverses the original stimulus, the system is a negative feedback loop • If a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is a positive feedback loop • Negative feedback loops are much more common in physiology • Control of blood pressure (BP) is an example of a negative feedback loop Pressure receptors in arterial walls detect an increase in BP, signal brain Brain receives input, signals heart to slow and arterioles to dilate BP returns to normal Negative Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Loops • Childbirth is an example of a positive feedback loop First contractions of labor push baby’s head into cervix, causing cervix to stretch Stretch receptors in cervix sense stretch and send signals to brain Brain releases oxytocin, causing uterus to contract More contractions cause more stretching which releases more oxytocin Cycle is broken by birth of the baby and a decrease in stretch • Other examples of positive feedback loops are lactation, blood clotting, & action potentials in the nervous system Positive Feedback Loops Homeostasis Homeostatis means that large fluctuations in the external environment are transformed into small fluctuations in the internal environment. Body Temperature Homeostasis in Mammals and Reptiles Reptiles Mammals Outside Temperature • Reptile body temp mirrors outside body temp (conformer) • Mammal body temp stays the same through a wide range of outside temps (regulator) Conformers and Regulators for Different Physiological Processes Salmon are conformers for body temperature but regulators for blood chloride concentration. They have special glands and transporters to move salt across membranes. Microenvironments Can Assist in Maintaining Homeostasis In the Tucson area the soil temp at the surface ranges from ~5˚F to ~150˚F over the course of a year, but 18 inches under the ground, where many rodents and reptiles live, the temp stays between ~50˚F and ~95˚F Air and soil temperatures measured near Tucson, AZ (Red = minimum temp Black = maximum temp)