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Date: _________________ Notes: The Muscular System Overview Muscles are able to do their jobs because they are made of ____________________. o have a specialized cell membrane and cytoskeleton that allows it to change; have _______________________ Muscles cells move by ________________: muscle cell ____________________ (muscles _______, never ___________) Blood provides the necessary _____________________ to the muscle for proper functioning. o ion capable of conducting an _________________________ in a solution o examples: sodium, potassium, ________________, etc. Body mass index (BMI): an indirect measurement of body density (The leaner you are, the more muscle mass you have; a degree of leanness reduces heart disease & metabolic disorders). Muscle Appearance: grouped as _______________ and ____________________. The striped appearance is due to the arrangement of cytoskeleton proteins o ________________________: the cytoskeleton proteins involved in muscle contraction o nonstriated muscles provide ____________________________ than striated ones do Control: characterized is by the type of control a person has over the function of the muscle ___________________: have a large degree of control; conscious. ___________________: contract without conscious control Types of Muscle Tissue develop from a process called ___________________; starts when a group of o stem cells in the ________________ turn into ________________. o ____________________ provide the signal for the start of cell division and differentiation of muscle types. Physiology Ms. Pastor Page 1 of 4 Date: _________________ Cardiac: o ______________ and _______________ muscle; o provides ____________ contraction; o each cell has two nuclei; communicate with one another by ________________________ -- helps synchronize beat o Have a natural contraction cycle called the _______________________ Smooth: produce weak involuntary contractions that can last for a long period of time. o Assist with ___________________ and ___________________ of blood vessels and tubular structures of respiratory system o Pulsating contractions in digestive system is called ___________________ -- move food thru Skeletal: provides movement of the __________ and _____________ o Each skeletal muscle cell is composed of several __________________ that fuse together into a _________________ o Nerves that control the muscle fibers are called __________________________ Muscle Cell Structure: Covered with an excitable membrane (called the ____________________) filled with specialized cytoskeleton (called ______________________) Types of filaments o _________ myofilaments are composed of _____________. o _________ myofilaments are made up of three proteins o __________________- forms the core of the fiber, provides binding sites for myosin __________________- reinforces the actin core __________________- blocks the binding sites on actin during relaxed state __________ filament: runs vertically; considered an elastic myofilament Contractile unit of muscle is called _________________. Chains of sarcomeres form __________________ Thin myofilaments of the sarcomere are attached to a protein structure called a _________________. Physiology Ms. Pastor Page 2 of 4 Date: _________________ o Z-line marks the _______________ between each ____________________ Keeps thick and thin filaments aligned helps control the _______________ and ______________ limits in a muscle; anchors the sarcomeres to the sarcolemma. _______________________________ stores and transports large amounts of the ______________ needed for muscle contraction Muscle Cell Function Occurs in the following steps: neural stimulation: takes place at the __________________________. o Nerve cells _____________________________ from the body to a muscle cell through the junction o Contraction is initiated when the nerve cells release a chemical signal called a ____________________. __________________ binds to _________________ located on the ________________ and then excites it. This causes the ___________________________ to open, creating an _________________ of sodium and potassium ions. Physiology Ms. Pastor This, in turn, allows ______________ (Ca2+) ions to diffuse through the membrane. The calcium travels to the ____________________, which initiates the contraction phase. Page 3 of 4 Date: _________________ muscle cell contraction: begins when the ______________ released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum ___________________________. o Calcium causes the ______________ to ___________________ o This then changes the shape of the ___________. o _____________________ of the actin are exposed o _______________ (heads) are able to bind to them o Troponin _____________________________ so that energy is provided for the myosin heads to pull/slide the thick myofilament across the thin myofilament. muscle cell relaxation occurs when: no more ____________________________ are exciting the ____________________ the __________________________ levels are restored sarcoplasmic reticulum restores _______ o ________________ heads release from __________ binding sites and sarcomeres have no tension o Muscle remains in a contracted, but pliable, state. _____________________ is common after death because ____________________________ into the sarcomere; known as ______________________ Proper Functioning _________________________ stores the ATP needed for muscle cells to function. ___________________ is a red-colored chemical that ______________________ for certain muscle cells. Physiology Ms. Pastor Page 4 of 4