Download AP Biology Summer Assignment 2015-2016

AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
Instructions:
This is content that you should be familiar with prior to entering AP
Biology. Complete the assignments and email them to me by the due
date to receive full credit. If you have any concerns about dates or
questions, please contact me via email!
[email protected]
Due Dates for Content
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June 5th- Ecology I
June 12th- Ecology II
June 19th- Biochemistry
June 26th- Cell
Structure/Function
July 3rd- Cell Energy
July 10th- Cell Division
July 17th- Genetics I
July 24th Genetics II
July 31st- Evolution
Ecology I
Identify the levels of ecological organization.
What is a limiting factor?
Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.
How does an autotroph differ from a heterotroph?
What is an adaptation?
Define symbiosis and describe the three types of symbiotic relationships using examples.
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Trace the flow/pattern of energy transfer through an ecosystem.
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What is the difference between a food chain and food web?
How much energy is passed to the next trophic level?
Does energy flow or cycle?
Provide a brief description of the following.
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The Water Cycle
The Phosphorous Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Carbon/Oxygen Cycle
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
Ecology II
Describe what a POPULATION is.
Define POPULATION SIZE.
Describe POPULATION DENSITY.
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The Bugati Game Reserve covers 500 square kilometers. A herd of 6000 zebras occupy the
Reserve. What is the DENSITY of the zebra population? (SHOW YOUR WORK)
Sketch an EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH CURVE that represents a population with NO
limiting factors.
Describe what the term CARRYING CAPACITY means.
Describe how each of the following would affect a population’s SIZE and/or GROWTH RATE:
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IMMIGRATION, EMIGRATION, Increased BIRTH RATE, Increased DEATH RATED
Sketch a LOGISTIC POPULATION GROWTH CURVE that represents a population with limiting
factors.
Explain the difference between DENSITY-DEPENDENT and DENSITY-INDEPENDENT limiting
factors.
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Give 2 examples of each type.
Describe what SUCCESSION is.
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Discuss the difference between PRIMARY and SECONDARY succession.
Give specific kinds events or disturbances that would lead to primary and secondary
succession.
What is meant by PIONEER ORGANISMS?
What is meant by the CLIMAX COMMUNITY?
For each of the TERRESTRIAL BIOMES, describe 3 distinguishing characteristics:
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DESERT, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST, TUNDRA, TEMPERATE FOREST, GRASSLAND, TAIGA
What is the difference between PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON?
Biochemistry
Define the terms monomer and polymer.
What do Carbohydrates provide us with?
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What are the building blocks/monomers of carbohydrates?
Compare monosaccharides, disaccharides, and a polysaccharides.
In what form do animals store starch….and where in the body?
In what form do plants store carbohydrates in their cell walls?
Sketch a glucose molecule. What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What do lipids provide us with?
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What are the building blocks/monomers of lipids?
Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Sketch a lipid.
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
What do proteins provide us with?
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What are the building blocks/monomers of proteins?
Sketch an amino acid: Label the amino group, carboxyl group, and “R” group.
Compare a dipeptide and a polypeptide.
What is a peptide bond?
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis (condensation) and hydrolysis.
What is the importance of “Activation Energy” in metabolic function?
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Define: potential, kinetic, and chemical energy
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Why are catalysts important for metabolism and homeostasis?
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What is an enzyme?
List three characteristics of an enzyme.
Compare and contrast the “lock-and-key” and “induced fit” models of enzyme activity.
What are three factors that affect enzyme activity?
Cell Structure and Function
What are the main components of the “Cell Theory”?
List and describe the function of the major cell organelles.
 Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, Cholorplast, Cell membrane,
Lysosome
List three differences between plant and animal cells.
What are the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?
What are the major functions of the cell membrane?
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Describe a phospholipid bilayer
What role do proteins play within the cell membrane?
Explain the process of diffusion.
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Define facilitated diffusion
Define Osmosis
Describe “dynamic equilibrium”
List three factors that impact the rate of diffusion
Compare & contrast passive transport and active transport.
How does endocytosis differ from exocytosis?
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Define phagocytosis
Define pinocytosis
Using labeled diagrams, compare and contrast a Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic
solutions.
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
Cell Energy - Respiration and Photosynthesis
Describe the role of ATP in cellular activity.
Using words AND a chemical equation, state the overall reaction of cellular respiration.
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Show all reactants and products.
Explain why cellular respiration is important to life.
Describe what happens during Glycolysis.
What are the two main types of fermentation?
Compare/contrast anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.
What are the products of the Kreb’s Cycle?
What are the products of the Electron Transport Chain?
Using words AND a chemical equation, state the overall reaction of photosynthesis.
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Show all reactants and products.
Describe what happens in the light reaction (light dependent reaction) of photosynthesis.
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What part of the chloroplast does it take place
Describe what happens during the dark reaction (light independent reaction/Calvin Cycle) of
photosynthesis.
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What part of the chloroplast does it take place
List three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Explain why photosynthesis is important for life on earth.
Cell Division (mitosis & meiosis)
List the major stages of the cell cycle.
When does the duplication of chromosomes occur?
What occurs during prophase?
How can you locate metaphase?
If a cell undergoing mitosis has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter
cell have? (Diploid number is 20)
Where will you find the process of meiosis occurring in the human?
Where does mitosis occur?
What is spermatogenesis? How many usable gametes are produced for each meiotic division?
What is oogenesis? What are the products of oogenesis?
What are some basic similarities between meiosis and mitosis?
How many divisions occur during mitosis? How many daughter cells produced? Diploid or
haploid daughter cells?
How many divisions occur during meiosis? How many daughter cells produced? Diploid or
haploid daughter cells?
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
Genetics I
Explain plant reproduction/pollination. Sketch a flower and label the male and female parts.
Describe what is meant by the following terms.
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Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
Genotype
Phenotype
Show Mendel’s first Cross using a Punnett Square (Pure Tall crossed with a pure Short plant).
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Explain the Principle of Dominance.
Describe Mendel’s Second Cross (Two Heterozygous organisms).
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Explain the Principle of Segregation.
Explain the Principle of Independent Assortment.
List all possible Genotypes and Phenotypes if yellow flowers are dominant over white
flowers?
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Cross a true-breeding yellow flower with a heterozygous yellow flower. Show the
percentages or ratios for genotype and phenotype.
What is a test-cross and explain a situation where it should be used?
Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Provide examples
of each.
What are the three major parts of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity?
Define the following terms.
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Autosome
Sex chromosome
Sex-linked trait
Polygenic trait
Genetics II
Explain in three sentences how meiosis can increase the genetic variability in offspring. Insert
a picture to represent the process of crossing over.
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How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?
How many chromosomes in each daughter cell (for humans)?
Compare and contrast Asexual and Sexual reproduction. Be sure to list advantages and
disadvantages of each.
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
 What Year did they win a Nobel Prize?
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
What THREE molecules make up DNA/Nucleotide?
List the Four Nitrogenous Bases found in DNA.
Explain the Base-Pair Rule.
Describe the structure of DNA in 3 phrases?
Insert a simple model of DNA commonly found in textbooks. Label ALL important parts.
What is meant by “anti-parallel”?
List the complementary strand for the following DNA. ACA-CCT-CGA-TGC-CGG-TTA
Define the term GENE!
Describe 3-4 differences between DNA and RNA.
 What are the three types of RNA?
 What is the role of each type of RNA?
Describe the process of transcription and insert a diagram depicting the process. Why is
transcription necessary? What do start and stop codons accomplish?
Describe the process of translation using words AND a diagram. Why is tRNA important?
Use the provided DNA/gene template to:
 List the mRNA codons constructed in the nucleus (transcription)
 List the amino acid sequence constructed by a ribosome. (translation) (you will need to look up a
codon chart).
(DNA Template: AAT-CCG-TTT-AGC-CAA-ACT)
What percent (%) of the human genome is considered “functional” thus coding for protein?
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Define an intron and exon.
Define the term mutation. What is the difference between a gene/point mutation and a
chromosomal mutation?
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List two types of mutagens (substances that cause mutations).
List three types of gene or point mutations
What does “frame-shift” mutation mean?
List three types of chromosomal mutations
Describe a karyotype? Explain its purpose.
Evolution
Describe the early Earth’s environment including the gases believed to be found in the
atmosphere. Describe the work conducted by Alexander Oparin, Stanley Miller, & Robert
Urey, and others.
What are the five things necessary for life to have evolved on earth (“recipe for life)?
Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory.
AP Biology Summer Assignment
2015-2016
What is a fossil? Explain the Law of Superposition (use a diagram) and describe the type of
rock fossils are found. In addition, describe two different types of fossils found around the
world.
Define the following terms: Comparative Anatomy, Homologous Structure, Vestigial Organ
(include example), Transitional Form (include example)
Explain the importance of the following lines of evidence supporting evolution; Comparative
Embryology and Comparative Biochemistry/Molecular Genetics.
Describe in detail Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.
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List the THREE criteria in which Natural Selection operates. Be sure to define the term Variation.
Describe and give an example of each type of selection discussed in class. Insert graphs to help
with your answer. (Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive)
Define the following terms; Gene Pool, Gene Frequency, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Genetic
Equilibrium.
What is an adaptation; and, what are the three types of adaptations? Give an example of
each.
Explain how geographic isolation can lead to speciation.
Define the terms: Divergent Evolution, Adaptive Radiation, Convergent Evolution, and
Coevolution.
Using a graph, compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.