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Transcript
Maria Kikvidze, Chelsea Ullman, Brian Groendyke, and Chip Johnson Carbs: Monosaccharides ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Nomenclature Common functions Determine and draw both D and L monosaccharides Body uses on the D form General definitions: epimer, stereoisomer, enantiomer, anomeric carbon Identifying monosaccharide as aldo or keto given Fisher or ring structure Difference between glycosidic bonds, peptide bonds, and phosphodiester bonds Disccharides Drawing disaccharides with alpha or beta linkages Reducing sugars; structure, why important 3 common disaccharide structures Polysaccharides ‐ ‐ ‐ Know the structural and energy storing polysaccharides a. Structural: Cellulose and Chitin; why are they structural, general structure information, why can’t humans use cellulose or chitin as energy stores b. Energy storing: Glycogen and Starch; what makes these energy storing, how do enzymes recognize and cleave glycosidic bonds, branching, etc Why more reducing ends relate to more energy production Bonding in the Cellulose/Chitin molecules in comparison to Glycogen/Starch N and O‐linked modifications ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Know what amino acids are used for N and O‐linked Post or co translational Where this occurs (organelle) Where this occurs (on protein) How can it effect the folding? Lipids ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Water insoluble All lipid bilayers are amphipathic 3 types of lipid membranes 4 functions of lipids Omega nomenclature Normal nomenclature Cis vs Trans unsaturated fatty acids Melting points (Tm) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ a. Saturated> Trans > Cis b. Why do these different types of bonds lead to lower or higher Tm? c. When melting, two molecules are separated Structure and relevance of waxes found in nature or other examples Glycerol backbone structure Triacylglycerides a. Structure b. Common functions or where they are found c. Why do adipocytes (fat stores) serve as better energy reserves in comparison to carbs Draw the structure of glycerophospholipid, galactolipids, sulfolipids/ sphingolipds Sphingosine Sphingolipids: found in plasma membranes of neurons, recognition sites for cells, and are also human blood type determinants Phospholipases and their enzymatic activity Sterols General structure Polar head group location What can we infer about their structure/relevance in molecular interactions Membrane proteins Integral (trans), peripheral, and also amphitrophic How to separate proteins from the lipid layer Covalent vs. noncovalently attached proteins GPI linked proteins (glycerol phosphatyl)
