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8.1 GENETICS - Key Concepts and Vocabulary Key Concepts: 1. What is a gene? 2. Gregor Mendel’s laws of genetics 3. Predicting the results of genetic crosses 4. How to use a Punnett square Key Vocabulary: Gene Allele Dominant Recessive Heterozygous Homozygous Genotype Phenotype Genetics The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring The study of inheritance What traits are genetic? Genes Segments of DNA on chromosomes that control a trait Alleles are different versions of a gene for the same trait Ex. Height Ex. Tall or short for the trait of height. How many copies of each gene do organisms have? Gregor Mendel Austrian monk who observed how traits were inherited in pea plants Mendel’s work is the basis of all genetics What are some traits that Mendel could have observed? Mendel’s Laws Mendel’s work with pea plants helped him develop three laws of genetics: 1. Law of DOMINANCE 2. Law of Segregation 3. Law of Independent assortment Law of Dominance One allele for a trait is expressed more than the other The dominant factor is expressed and dominates the other factor Always represented by a capital letter The recessive factor is hidden by the dominant factor Always represented by a lower-case letter Law of Dominance What letters should be used to represent the following traits? Yellow seeds Wrinkled seeds - Green pods - Tall plants - Dwarf plants - Law of Segregation Genes separate during meiosis and the chromosome number is reduced Each egg or sperm produced by meiosis only has one copy of every gene When egg and sperm join during fertilization the new cells has genes from both parents Will baby be tall or short? Genetics Vocabulary Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism Represented by code letters Phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism The actual trait represented by code letters A homozygous organism has two of the same alleles for a trait Example - AA or aa A heterozygous organism has two different alleles for a trait Example - Aa Genetics Vocabulary The parental generation (P) is the Starting Generation The first filial generation (F1) is the offspring of the parental generation The second filial generation (F2) is the offspring of the F1 generation Punnett Squares Punnett squares are used to predict the probability of traits being passed from parents to offspring Steps of using Punnett squares: 1. Determine alleles of parents 2. Place alleles on top or sides of square 3. Combine alleles inside square 4. Determine genotypes and phenotypes of offspring Monohybrid Cross Genetic cross between ONE pair of alleles for a trait Example: In rabbits, black fur color is dominant to brown fur color. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a cross between a homozygous black rabbit and a homozygous brown rabbit Law of Independent Assortment Genes for different traits are passed down separately from parents to offspring Dihybrid Cross Genetic cross between TWO pairs of alleles for different traits Example: In pea plants, the allele for round seeds is dominant over the allele for wrinkled seeds. The allele for yellow seeds is dominant over the allele for green seeds. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a cross between a plant homozygous dominant for both traits and a recessive plant