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Organic Chemistry
Carbon Based Molecules
T-17
 To this point in chapter 2, you have studied chemistry
that deals with non-life (acids, bases, salts, atoms….)
 The second part of this chapter deals with the
chemistry of life or “Organic Chemistry”. Organic
Chemistry is the chemistry that deals with carbon.
Carbon forms most of the molecules necessary for
life. What makes carbon so unique is a 2-fold:
 Carbon can bond to itself easily
 Carbon can form up to 4 more bonds with other atoms –
these are covalent bonds!
Carbon has 4 outer electrons which allows carbon to bond 4 times.
Carbon Based Molecules
T-17
 In many carbon-based molecules, smaller subunits
are chained together to make large complex
molecules. The subunits are called monomers
and the larger molecule is called a polymer.
 a polymer is many monomers put together:
 (monomer + monomer + monomer…..=polymer)
Carbon Based Molecules
T-17
 Now, when we talk about making big molecules or
polymers, all organisms are made up of 4 basic
types:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
 All 4 of these compounds (polymers) have
different structures and functions, but all are made
by chains of carbons.
Carbohydrates
T-18
 These are compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen,
and Oxygen. They include starches and sugars.
 Carbohydrates are a major source of energy. When you
consume carbohydrates, they are broken down into
chemical energy that your cells can use.
Carbohydrates
T-18
 The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars or
monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are the
monomer for carbohydrates. Many of them are put
together to make a polysaccharide, or complex sugar.
 Most all carbohydrates have carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio:
 C6H12O6 (Glucose) or C3H6O3
or C12H24O12
Lipids
T-19
 Are non-polar molecules that include fats, oils, and
cholesterol. Like the other 3 major compounds, lipids
contain long chains of carbons bonded to oxygen and
hydrogen.
 Lipids are used for both energy for the cell and for the
cell’s structure.
Lipids
T-19
 Fats and oils are the most familiar type of lipids.
Fats store large amounts of chemical energy. Animal fats are
things like meats and butter while plant fats come in the form
of oils (olive oil and peanut oil).
 All fats are made by taking fatty acids and chaining them
together to make a fat.
 Each monomer consists of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol.
 Fatty acid + fatty acid + fatty acid +…..= Lipid

Lipids
T-19
 There are generally 3 different types of fats:

Saturated fats- fats that have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms.


Bad Fats
Unsaturated fats- contain at least one carbon double bond.

Better fats
Lipids
T-20
 Another type of lipid is a Phospholipid. This molecule is the
most important part of a cell membrane. It contains a “non-polar”
fatty acid end and a “polar” phosphate end. This is how cell
membranes regulate what enters and leaves the cell.
 Cholesterol is the final fat we will talk about. You hear a lot of
bad things about cholesterol, but your body needs it to function
properly.
Proteins
T-20
 Proteins are the most diverse group of organic compounds. A
Protein is a polymer made up of monomers called amino acids.
This compound contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur.
 There are exactly 20 amino acids. Your body makes 12 of them and
you get the other 8 from the food you eat.
Proteins
T-20
 All amino acids are structurally the same with the exception of
what is called the R-Group.
 All amino acids have a carboxyl, amine, and hydrogen. They all
differ in the R-Group.
Proteins
T-21
 Proteins differ from each other by the order in which the
amino acids are put together. Twenty amino acids can form
thousands of different combinations which is what makes the
many different types of proteins possible.
 One very specific type of protein is called an Enzyme.
Enzymes are catalysts. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions
by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction to
start.
 Every reaction requires a certain amount of energy to build up
before the reaction can start. Enzymes decrease the amount of
energy needed to start so the reaction starts sooner.
Proteins
T-21
 Enzymes are involved in almost every reaction in your
body. Enzymes are a specialized protein made up of long
chains of amino acids. Enzymes function is affected by
temperature and pH. Enzymes work in a certain pH and
temperature range and will not work properly if
conditions change. This is one reason why a high
temperature is very dangerous.
Proteins
T-21
 Enzymes work by “binding” or “connecting” to the
substrates it is going to affect. Each enzyme is very
“specific” to certain substances, which means certain
enzymes only act upon certain substrates. This is
demonstrated by the “Lock and Key Theory”.
Proteins
T-22
 Enzymes work on the “Lock and Key” theory. This
means that like a lock and key, only certain enzymes will
fit certain interactions. The shape of the enzyme
determines which substance it will affect.
 Notice that the enzyme for one reaction would not work
for the enzyme of another reaction because the shapes
would not match up.
Nucleic Acids
T-22
 Where does your body get the instructions to do
everything needed to be done? Nucleic Acids are
carbon based molecules that contain hereditary
information and instructions on how things are to
work. The monomer is a Nucleotide. These
nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate,
and nitrogen base.
 The 2 types are DNA and RNA


DNA = stores genetic information
RNA = helps build proteins
Nucleotide
Chemical Reactions
T-23
Chemical reactions change substances into different
substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.
 When a reaction occurs, Reactants make Products
 Chemical reactions break bonds of the reactants and make
bonds in the products. Breaking and making bonds is difficult.
Bond Energy is the energy needed to break bonds.
 All chemical reactions involve changes in energy. Reactions will
not start until enough energy has built up. This is called
Activation energy.
 Exothermic Reactions= release more energy than they take
in
 Endothermic Reactions= absorb more energy than they
release.
