* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 1: What is Biology
Survey
Document related concepts
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Symbiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to genetics wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
What is Biology? Branches: Botany: ________________________________ Zoology: _______________________________ 9 Characteristics of Living Things: __________________ ____________________ __________________ ____________________ __________________ ____________________ __________________ ____________________ __________________ Steps of the Scientific Method: 1. _________________ 5. __________________ 2. _________________ 6. __________________ 3. _________________ 7. __________________ 4. _________________ 8. __________________ Hypothesis: Experiment: Control group: Experimental group: o Independent variable: o Dependent variable: Theory: Safety in the Lab: Biochemistry Isotopes: Bonding (2 types) Ionic: Covalent: Water (H2O): Diagram: Polar covalent compound Hydrogen bonding Most cells have ~70% water Chemical Equations (Reactions) Hydrolysis: breaking down substances Condensation: building substances o Also called a dehydration synthesis pH Acids Bases Neutral pH scale Organic Molecules: backbone of life Have the element _____________ in it 4 types of organic compounds 1. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Building blocks: Monosaccharides vs. Polysaccharides Functions: Ex: sugars, starches 2. Lipids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Building blocks: 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule Functions: Examples: 3. Proteins Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Building blocks: amino acids Functions: Examples: Enzymes Acts as a lock and key Acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy 4. Nucleic Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous Building blocks: nucleotides Function: Examples: Cells Robert Hooke: ___________________________ Schleiden and Schwann: ___________________ 1. 2. 3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells Levels of organization: Eukaryotic Cells: Plant cells Light microscope: simple or compound o What can it view? ____________________ Electron microscope: transmission or scanning o What can it view? ____________________ Field of view: high power (view smaller things) or low power (view bigger things) Total magnification: eye lens x objective lens Animal cells Organelles: Function Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Microscopes vs. Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Golgi body Ribosomes Vacuole Lysosomes Cell wall Chloroplast Nickname Cell specialization: __________________________ Cell membrane 1. Structure 2. Lipid bilayer with proteins Hydrophobic: ______________________ Hydrophilic: _______________________ Cell Transport (2 Types) 1. Passive Transport (goes with the concentration gradient: H L) Diffusion: __________________________ Facilitated diffusion: __________________ Osmosis: __________________________ o Hypertonic solution:________________ o Hypotonic solution: ________________ o Isotonic solution: __________________ 2. Active Transport (goes against the concentration gradient: LH) Uses __________ ____________ Transports larger substances Endocytosis: Exocytosis: Energy in Cells, Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration ATP: energy of a cell o Adenosine Triphosphate o Diagram: Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 o Light energy o In plant cells only o Building reaction makes food (sugar) o Takes place in chlorophyll (chloroplasts) o 2 reactions: Light-dependent (light reactions) Light-independent (dark reactions or Calvin Cycle) White light: ROYGBIV o Most light for photosynthesis is from red, blue, and violet part of spectrum Chemosynthesis: makes food using chemicals (no light) Autotrophs: _____________________________ Heterotrophs: ___________________________ Cell respiration: o Chemical energy o In plant and animal cells o C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP o 1st step: Glycolysis in the cytoplasm (makes 2 ATP) If no O2 Anaerobic (Fermentation) Lactic acid Alcoholic No ATP made If O2 Aerobic (in mitochondria) Pyruvic acid conversion Citric acid (Krebs) cycle Electron transport chain Makes 36 ATP 2 types of cell division: Mitosis Meiosis 1 division 2 divisions Somatic (body) cells 2n n Daughter cells Formation of identical to parent gametes 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) 1 4 different 1 2 identical cells cells 2n 2n Each cell has 23 chromosomes Structure of a chromosome: = 38 ATP Cell Growth and Reproduction Limits to cell size: o Diffusion not efficient over long distances o Surface area to volume ratio o DNA cannot make enough proteins for big cell Cell cycle: Interphase, PMAT, Cytokinesis o 2n= ___________ which = ____________ o n = ___________ which = _____________ Steps of Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction) Human chromosomes: o Somatic (body cells): ________________ o Gametes (sex cells): _________________ Steps of meiosis: Meiosis I and II o Sexual reproduction o PMAT I and II o Egg + sperm = zygote (fertilized egg) DNA DNA: ________________________________ RNA: ________________________________ Watson and Crick: ________________________ Shape of DNA: __________________________ 4 nitrogen bases: o Adenine-A o Thymine-T o Guanine-G o Cytosine-C DNA RNA Name: Sugar: Protein Synthesis: Making _________ o Chain of _______ ________ Where does this happen? _______________ 2 steps: o Transcription Where does it happen? _____________ What is made? ____________________ o Translation Where does it happen? ______________ What is made? _____________________ Shape: Location in cell: Nitrogen bases: Codon:___________________ DNA Replication: What happens? How does it happen? When does it happen? Result: ½ _______ and ½ _______ 3 Types of RNA: Messenger RNA: carries DNA’s instructions out of the ____________ to the _____________ Ribosomal RNA: _____________________ Transfer RNA: _______________________ Genetics Gregor Mendel: pea plants o 3 laws (principles) Dominance Segregation Independent assortment Genotypes: Phenotypes: o TT: homozygous dominant Tall o Tt: heterozygous Tall o tt: homozygous recessive Short Homozygous: _________________________ Heterozygous: ________________________ Crosses (Punnett Squares) o Monohybrid cross (1 trait) Ex: Tt x Tt enotypic ratio: 1:2:1 Phenotypic ratio: 3:1 o Dihybrid cross (2 traits) Ex: TtBb x TtBb TB Tb tB If offspring are tall and short, the genotype is Tt Incomplete dominance: _______________________ Ex: red + white = pink Ex: cat with no tail + cat with long tail = cat with short tail Codominance:_______________________________ Ex: black chicken + white chicken = speckled or checkered chicken Ex: red cows + white cows= roan cows (red and white patches) Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders: found on _________ Hemophilia: _____________________________ G Red-green colorblindness: _________________ Why does this mostly affect males? __________ ________________________ tb TB Tb tB tb Test Cross o Done to determine the genotype of a parent o Ex: tall plant is its genotype TT or Tt? Cross the tall plant with a short plant (tt) to find out If all offspring are tall, the genotype is ___ Pedigrees: map ______________________________ : _____________ : _____________ Normal: Carrier: Has trait: Married: Has children: Karyotype: picture of __________________________ Can detect aneuploidies (wrong # of chromosomes) o Ex: Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) o Caused by nondisjunction: ___________ _______________________ Polygenic traits: _____________________________ Multiple alleles:______________________________ Blood typing (3 alleles: IA,IB, and i) o Charles Drew: _______________________ Genotypes o Whole parts of _________ involved Gene Mapping: Human Genome Project Cloning: _______________________________ Transgenic organism: ____________________ o Ex: Gene Therapy: used to treat genetic disorders (changing DNA) Phenotypes Gel Electrophoresis: DNA is cut into different sized fragments Apply an electric current to move DNA fragments o Smaller fragments move ____________ Recombinant DNA: used to ____________________ Human Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes Genetic disorders: a lot are recessive o PKU: _______________________________ o Sickle-cell anemia: ____________________ o Cystic fibrosis: _______________________ o Tay-Sachs: __________________________ Dominant genetic disorder: _________________ Mutations: Point mutation: 1 base pair is affected o Ex: substitution Frameshift mutation: 1 base pair is _______ or _________ Chromosomal mutations o Addition, deletion, insertion, inversion DNA Fingerprinting: comparing DNA Used to identify individuals (suspects, paternity) Who has exact DNA? _________________ Early Earth Earth’s history: 4 eras: __________, __________, ____________, and ____________ Fossil record Vestigial structures Comparative embryology Fossils and the fossil record: _________________ ____________________________ Origin of Life: Alexander Oparin: ___________ “primordial soup” Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation): ________ ______________________________ Biogenesis: _____________________________ Francesco Redi: _______________________ Louis Pasteur: ________________________ Their experiments disproved abiogenesis Miller and Urey: recreated conditions of early earth in a lab to see if they could produce the believed 1st organic molecules Evolution Evolution means: _____________________________ Charles Darwin Wrote ___________________________________ Natural selection (visited Galapagos Islands) o Studied finches and tortoises o “Survival of the Fittest” The best adapted will survive and reproduce Evidence for Evolution: Biochemistry Homologous structures Patterns of Evolution: Convergent evolution: NOT related but look alike o Ex: dolphin and a shark Divergent evolution: from a common ancestor o Adaptive radiation Classification/Taxonomy How organisms are classified Aristotle: plant or animal Linnaeus: modern system binomial nomenclature o Scientific names are in Latin o 1st name: _________ 2nd name: ________ o Humans: __________ __________ 6 Kingdoms: _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ K: ________________ (Largest) P: _______________ C: ______________ O: ____________ F: ___________ G: __________ S: _________ (most specific) Dichotomous Key: way to identify and classify an organism by using ___________________________ Bacteria and Viruses Viruses: Structure: o Outer protein coat (_________) and an inner core of DNA or RNA NONLIVING Can only reproduce in a ____________ 2 life cycles: short (__________) and long (____________) Viral replication kills host cell in the process o How do you treat a virus? _____________ Bacteria: Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ________________ Structure: o 3 shapes: Coccus: ________ Bacillus: ________ Spirilla: _________ o 3 arrangements: Diplo-: ___________ Strepto-: __________ Staphylo-: __________ Used to be known in the kingdom MONERA and were called monerans o Now in 2 groups: Archaebacteria: ________________ Eubacteria: ____________________ Alexander Fleming (1928) o Discovered penicillin (1st antibiotic) from bread mold How it kills: ____________________ ______________________________ Good bacteria: found in ________ and __________________ Bad bacteria: called ______________ Protists and Fungi Protists: Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? _______________ Protozoans: ____________________________ Algae: ________________________________ o Carry out _____________________ Decomposers: __________________________ Fungi: Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeast), and heterotrophs Cell walls made of ______________ Zygomycotes: produce ________________ o Ex: ______________________________ Ascomycotes: produce ________________ in an __________ o Ex: ______________________________ Basidiomycotes: produce ______________ in a ____________ o Ex: ______________________________ Deuteromycotes are called ______________ fungi o Ex: ______________________________ Importance: are decomposers, aid in alcoholic fermentation, make foods Can be harmful: can act as parasite on plants and animals, can be poisonous, can cause disease Plants Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs 3 main structures: o Roots: ____________________________ o Stems: ____________________________ o Leaves: ___________________________ Cell walls made of _______________ Stomata (stoma): ________________________ Guard cells: _____________________________ Diagram: Monocots vs. Dicots: # of seed leaves Veins in leaves Vascular bundles Flower parts Monocot Dicot Vascular vs. Nonvascular plants Nonvascular _____________ (example: mosses) Vascular _____________, _________________, and ________________ Has xylem (carries __________) and phloem (carries ___________) Plant reproduction Male parts: ________________________________ Female parts: ______________________________ Pollination: ________________________________ Fertilization: _________ + ________ = __________ Germination: ______________________________ Plant hormones: ______________________________ Auxins: ________________________________ Gibberellins: ____________________________ Cytokinins: ______________________________ Tropism: Hydrotropism: ___________________________ Phototropism: ___________________________ Geo/gravitropism: ________________________ Thigmotropism: __________________________ Animals Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs Invertebrates: _________________________ Vertebrates: __________________________ Do they have a cell wall? _______________ Phylum Examples Porifera Coelenterates (Cnidarians) Mollusca: Univalves Mollusca: Bivalves Mollusca: Cephalopods Annelids Platyhelminthes Nematodes Arthropods: Arachnids Arthropods: Insects Arthropods: Myriapods Arthropods: Crustaceans Echinoderms Behavior: ___________________________________ Innate behavior: _________________________ Learned behavior: ________________________ o Imprinting: ______________________________ o Conditioning: ____________________________ o Habituation: _____________________________ o Dominance hierarchy: _____________________ o Circadian rhythm: ________________________ o Nocturnal: ______________________________ o Diurnal: ________________________________ o Hibernation: _____________________________ o Estivation: ______________________________ o Courtship: ______________________________ Type: Characteristics: Covering: Fish Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Amphibians fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Reptiles fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Birds fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Mammals fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: Examples: Carbon cycle: Human Body All body systems make work together to maintain _______________. Body System Structures Function Integumentary Problems with the carbon cycle: Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants Must be converted into a usable form (_________ _________) done by bacteria Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Urinary/Excretory Skeletal Muscular Immune White blood cells, antibodies Fight infection pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas Hormone production Nervous Reproductive Endocrine Ecology Water cycle: Problems with the water cycle: Ecology: The study of ________________________ 3 parts to the biosphere: _________________ Biotic vs. abiotic factors: o Biotic: _____________________________ o Abiotic: ____________________________ species population community ecosystem biome Habitat: ________________________________ Niche: _________________________________ Predator: ______________________________ Prey: who is being hunted and eaten Ultimate source of energy is the SUN!! Symbiosis: Close relationship between 2 organisms Mutualism: _____________________________ Parasitism: _____________________________ Commensalism: _________________________ Getting energy: Producers: _____________________________ o Examples: Consumers: ____________________________ o Examples: o o o o o Herbivores: Carnivores: Omnivores: Scavengers: Decomposers: Biomes: based on ___________________________ Terrestrial or aquatic Examples: tundra, desert, grassland, tropical rainforest…etc. Food chain: _________________________________ Example: Food web: __________________________________ Example: Only 10% of energy gets passed on Succession Change in the environment over time (occurs in __________) Primary succession: starts with bare land o Pioneer species: _____________________ Secondary succession: starts with some life but has been disrupted Climax community: ______________________ Carrying capacity: population has reached the _____________________ it can support J-Curve: S-Curve: