* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Organic Compounds
Survey
Document related concepts
Isotopic labeling wikipedia , lookup
Biosequestration wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Organic Compounds Macromolecules Elements and Compounds in Living Things 90 elements NATURALLY occurring Only 11 are common in living things MOST Common are: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen These 4 elements make up 96.3% of the human body 20 elements are found in small (TRACE) amounts in living things 2 Main Groups of Chemical Compounds Organic Inorganic Organic Compounds Contain carbon Also tend to be Large molecules (made up of lots of atoms) Complex Lots of carbon and hydrogen atoms bound covalently These are the primary compounds that make up the working structures of living things! Inorganic Compounds Generally do NOT contain carbon Also tend to be CO2 is an exception Small Simple While NOT the major building blocks of life, they are absolutely necessary for life Think WATER and Carbon Dioxide! What’s so special about CARBON? It’s a great Tinker Toy! 4 outer (valence) electrons Can bind with 4 different atoms What’s so special about CARBON? Readily forms COVALENT bonds with other atoms that are strong and stable What’s so special about CARBON? Can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding with other carbon atoms These long chains can then FOLD to make many complex shapes THE BOTTOM LINE about CARBON It has HUGE potential for making a WIDE VARIETY of different types of molecules! How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Polymer – a large molecule made up of many smaller subunits Monomer – a small subunit (building block) that can be joined with other subunits to make a polymer How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Polymerization – the process of building LARGE molecules by joining together many smaller subunits Provides a way for really large complex molecules to form from smaller ones Macromolecule – term for VERY large polymers How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis Process that MAKES polymers Two monomers are joined together by removing a molecule of water from between them Dehydration – lose water Synthesis – making or putting together How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Hydrolysis Process in which polymers are broken apart Add back the water that was taken out Breaks polymer into monomer subunits Example: digestion Bottom Line about Making Polymers Small subunits link together to make large polymers Dehydration reactions link them Removal of water Creates covalent bonds between subunits To break apart polymers into subunits, you just add the water back Hydrolysis reaction Breaks covalent bonds between subunits Bottom Line about Making Polymers Really LONG complex molecules can be made and broken down by these methods. Like linking and unlinking cars in a train. FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Functions Quick ENERGY They function in short-term energy storage in plants an animals (ex. Sugar) They function as intermediate-term storage (ex. Starch in plants) They function as structural components in cells. (ex. Cellulose in cell walls of plants) GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE: Monomers and Polymers Monomers Monosaccharides (single sugars) Individual car in the train Polymers Polysaccharides The whole train Monosaccharides Monomers of carbs are monosaccharides Simple/single sugars Basic formula CH2O Example: GLUCOSE; C6H12O6 Sugar made by plants in photosynthesis Others: galactose (milk sugar); fructose (fruit); Why monosaccharides are important Energy in them can be made QUICKLY available to living things Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the sugar molecules In particular, bonds between CARBON and HYDROGEN atoms store lots of energy When these bonds are broken, energy is released This energy is then available to use Cellular respiration converts this energy to a usable form! Monosaccharide - Glucose Note that there are lots of these C-H bonds in a sugar molecule Each has lots of potential energy stored in it Disaccharides DOUBLE sugars Two monosaccharides joined Examples: Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + fructose Lactose (milk) Galactose + glucose Why are Disaccharides useful? Not quite so easily broken down as monosaccharides Can by used by plants / animals for safe temporary storage of sugars Used in transport in plants Sugar not consumed on its way from leaves to roots Makes milk harder to digest in animals MOST adult animals cannot digest milk Keeps it for YOUNG ONLY Polysaccharides Made by joining MANY monosaccharides Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in this form TYPES of Polysaccharides STARCH PLANTS store energy in this form LOTS of GLUCOSE molecules linked in LONG CHAINS Animals CANNOT store energy in this form, but they CAN digest and USE it! Starch TYPES of Polysaccharides GLYCOGEN Energy storage carbohydrate in ANIMALS Found in the liver, mostly. ALSO made of lots of glucose linked together As you consume sugar, your liver converts it to glycogen and stores it (stores one day’s worth at a time). Through the day as you need energy, the liver breaks off sugars from the glycogen molecules for you to use and puts it into your bloodstream. Polysaccharides - Glycogen Polysaccharides - Cellulose Cellulose STRUCTURAL carbohydrate in PLANTS ALSO lots of glucose linked together CELL WALLS in plant cells SUPPORT and PROTECTION UNDIGESTABLE BY ANIMALS WOOD Polysaccharides - Chitin STRUCTURAL carbohydrate Cell walls of fungi Exoskeleton of arthropods Lipids Waxes Oils Fats Steroids Hormones All are NONpolar (don’t dissolve in water) Functions of Lipids Energy Storage animals (and limited in plants – seeds) Insulation Keeps animals warm blubber Functions of Lipids Waterproofing Duck feathers are kept dry by a layer of oil Mammal fur (beaver, otter, etc.), too. Functions of Lipids shock-absorption/ protection of organs formation of membranes in cells and organelles make important compounds - cholesterol and hormones (estrogen and testosterone, for example) used for communication Structure of Lipids Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Glycerol is just a “connector” 3 fatty acids are the most important part Why are Fatty Acids the “important part”? fatty acids are LONG chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms remember: bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms STORE ENERGY! So fats (with their 3 fatty acids) are PACKED with energy and are GREAT at energy storage EFFICIENT energy storage Because there are SO MANY C-H bonds in fatty acids, lipids are VERY efficient ways of storing energy. Fats produce 6x more energy per gram than carbohydrates do! more efficient means better for animals lots of energy without much "baggage“ for animals that need to move. Efficient energy storage Some plants do use oils for energy storage Corn oil, peanut oil, etc. Efficiency is just not as important for plants since they don’t have to move around - so starch is still often the primary energy storage molecule for them Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats saturated fat - when each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possible causes the fatty acids to be very straight fatty acids like this can pack very tightly together because they can pack tightly, saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature butter and lard Saturated Fat Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats unsaturated fat - a fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead of to hydrogen atoms - that is, the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. causes the fatty acids to bend fatty acids like this cannot pack very tightly together because of this unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature oils Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Protein Functions – MANY! Structural – build structures in organisms muscle contraction communication between cells movement of cell parts MOST IMORTANT: ENZYMES!!! Structure of Proteins Monomers of Proteins are AMINO ACIDS (20 types) ALWAYS a carbon in the middle ALWAYS an H at the “top” ALWAYS an amino group on one side ALWAYS a carboxyl group on the other side R group is always there, but TYPE of R-group VARIES 20 different types All have different characteristics Protein Structure A protein is a polymer of amino acids Amino acid monomers link together by covalent bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS. = Proteins are long chains of amino acids sometimes called polypeptides in reference to their peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are formed the same way as all bonds among the organic compounds we're discussing - DEHYDRATION reactions. Making Proteins from Amino Acids 20 Amino Acids Enzymes Chemical reactions are what living things are all about. Most of the chemical reactions in your body, if left to themselves, would not happen quickly enough for you to survive. CATALYST - something that speeds up a chemical reaction Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for the chemical reactions in your body. Enzymes Enzymes have unique shapes designed to fit the chemicals that they are to "speed up" (the SUBSTRATES of the REACTION) The region of the enzyme that FITS the substrate specifically is called the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. The substrate BINDS with the enzyme at the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. Enzymes Enzymes can either: bring two (or more) reactants together more quickly and force them to react stress bonds in a single substrate and cause it to break apart more easily Enzymes An enzyme itself is NOT CHANGED by the chemical reaction it catalyzes A single enzyme can repeat its catalytic activity with many, many substrate molecules - that is, it can be used over and over again. Enzyme catalyzed reaction Enzymes ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! If the shape of the enzyme's active site becomes damaged, it will be unable to bind with its substrate Thus, it will be unable to function. If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to be DENATURED. enzymes can be denatured by HEAT or by extremes in pH. Nucleic Acids Functions Main function is information storage. tells the cell how to function transmits genetic information to offspring Examples: The main component in DNA, RNA, ATP, & NAD Nucleic Acids Structure Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides Sugar Phosphate Base (ATCG) Many nucleotides linked together give a nucleic acid RNA and DNA are the two main examples Elements in each Macromolecule Carbohydrates C, H, O only Protein C, H, O, N Lipid C, H, O N, P in cell membranes Some contain S Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Summary of the Organic Molecules: