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Transcript
SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. All life on Earth depends on the flow of energy. The primary source of this energy is the ________. Photosynthesis -is the process that happens in the _______________ of plant cells and converts ___________ energy to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates, or _______________. Photosynthetic organisms must also break down carbohydrates to form ATP. These carbohydrates are usually in the form of simple sugars, mainly glucose. _______________are organisms that can make their own energy-providing food molecules. _________________ is the pigment found in chloroplasts of plants that absorbs energy from sunlight. Write the equation for photosynthesis ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Two Main Reactions of Photosynthesis: 1. Light dependent reaction – these reactions split water molecules, creating ______, an energy source for the Calvin cycle. _______________ is released into the atmosphere. This reaction takes place in the _________________ of the chloroplast. 2. Light independent reaction, aka Calvin cycle – the series of reactions that produce _____________ using ___________ ____________ and ATP. This reaction takes place in the _________________ of the chloroplast. Cellular Respiration-is the process that happens in the _________________ of both plant and animal cells and breaks down _____________ to form ____________, ATP for the cell. Aerobic process because it requires ________________. Write the general equation for cellular respiration: _____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Glycolysis-First step in cellular respiration. Takes place in the _______________________. Breaks down glucose into 2 ________________ acid molecules. Also produces NADH and _____ molecules of ATP. Two Main Reactions of Cellular Respiration: 1. Krebs Cycle – Takes place in the ___________ of the mitochondria. Breaks down the pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis to produce energy carrying molecules, NADH & FADH2, that will be used in the electron transport chain. Also produces ______ molecules of ATP. 2. Electron Transport Chain – Takes place in the ___________________ of the mitochondria. ADP is converted to ATP by transferring electrons. Oxygen is used to make ____________. ______ molecules of ATP are produced. Fermentation-Happens after glycolysis when oxygen is not present. ______________ process because it does not require oxygen. Takes place in the ____________ of cells. 2 Types of Fermentation: 1. Lactic acid fermentation-occurs in animal muscles, used in the production of yogurt and cheese, also gives sour taste to fermented vegetables like pickles. 2. Alcoholic fermentation-involves yeast and certain bacteria. Used in the production of alcoholic beverages and bread. b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). Kingdoms Characteristics Eubacteria ArcheaBacteria Protista Fungi Present in some/Absent in others Cell Wall (chitin) Planate Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Prokaryotic/ Eukaryotic? Cell Wall Present/Absent? Cell Wall Unicellular/ Multicellular/Both Autotroph/ Heterotroph/Both Unicellular Both Both Both Both Heterotrophic All prokaryotic organisms are either in the kingdom Archaebacteria or the kingdom Eubacteria (true bacteria). o The Eubacteria contain all of the bacteria that cause disease as well as the bacteria that are beneficial. o The Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments such as the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. The Protists kingdom contains eukaryotic organisms that are either unicellular or multi-cellular. They lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. Fungi are consumers that do not move. They are unicellular or multi- cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment. Plants are photosynthetic multi-cellular eukaryotes. Most plants have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Animals are multi-cellular eukaryotic consumers. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems such as the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system 3 Domains in the Classification System: Kingdom Eubacteria-Domain _________________________ Kingdom Archaebacteria-Domain _______________________ Kingdom ProtistaKingdom FungiDomain ____________________ Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Animalia- c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Modern classification uses the following levels to classify organisms. __________________ is the branch of biology dealing with the grouping and naming of organisms. List the eight basic levels of modern classification of THE LINNAEN SYSTEM, named after Carolus Linnaeus. LARGEST Binomial nomenclature: a two-word scientific name that consists of the ___________ and ______________ name Cladogram-an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. Organized based on common ancestry. Species placed in order that they descended from a common ancestor. On the cladogram in Figure 12.1, label: clades, derived characteristics, outgroup, common ancestor. d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. Viruses are infectious particles made of a _____________ shell called a capsid. Viruses are considered _______living. Viruses need a ________ cell to exist. Viruses contains either __________ or __________. The genetic material is single-stranded or double-stranded depending on the kind of virus. Some viruses have an outer membranous _____________ which covers the capsid. These viral envelopes, derived from the host cell membrane, may contain both viral and host cell lipids and proteins Viruses are not considered living organisms because they are not cells and they cannot ______________ outside of a host cell.