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Download Chapter 31 Immune System and Diseases
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Honors Biology Semester One • What is an infectious disease? • What is a noninfectious disease? • Germ Theory • Theorized by Louis Pasteur • Proposed that specific microorganisms (pathogens/germs) cause diseases • Hypothesized that if pathogens were eliminated from the body, the person wouldn’t get sick • Koch’s Postulates • Pg. 941 • Bacteria • Single-celled organisms • Release chemicals that are toxic to the host or destroy healthy body cells • Examples: Food Poisoning, strep throat, ear infections • Viruses • Disease-causing strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coats • So small that they couldn’t be seen until the electron microscope was invented • Take over healthy cells, force it to stop normal activities, and produce more viruses • Examples: flu, cold, AIDS • Fungi • • • • Can be multi or single-cellular Pierce healthy cells and take the cell’s nutrients Fungal infections normally occur in warm/damp places Examples: Athlete’s foot • Protozoa • Single-celled organisms that prey on other cells • Need healthy cells to complete their life cycles • Example: Malaria • Parasites • Grow and feed on a host • Some kill the host (why is this NOT the best idea?); some drain the body’s resources without killing the host • Examples: Heartworm, hookworms, pinworms • With your table partner, make a list of ways pathogens might enter the body: • Now, read from the bottom half of pg. 943 through 944 and list all the ways that pathogens can be transmitted: • Think of your body as a castle during a battle in medieval times…what might that entail? • Immune system • A body system that fights off infection and pathogens • Several lines of defense • Relies on physical barriers first; if those fail, immune system cells travel through the lymphatic and circulatory system to the sight of infection • First line of defense is the skin (castle’s outer wall) • Physically blocks invading pathogens • Secretes oil and sweat making the skin hypertonic (what does this mean?) and acidic, an environment that many pathogens can’t survive • However, the skin has openings like the eyes, nose, ears, mouth, and excretory organs • These organs are further protected by mucous membranes meant to trap pathogens before they enter the body • Sometimes, the first line of defense fails, and the immune system gets to work! White Blood Cells • 6 different types • • • • • • • Basophils Mast cells Neutrophils Phagocytes Macrophages Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) Eosinophils Refer to Fig. 31.6 on pg. 946 for function of each type of WBC Proteins • Three types • • • • Complement Proteins Antibodies Interferons Read pg. 947 to determine functions of each protein type; take notes! • Occurs without the body undergoing an immune response • Transferred between generations through DNA and between mother & child • Some diseases can pass between species; some can’t • Genetic immunity is what a species has when they are immune to a pathogen that can’t harm members of that species • Inherited immunity is when pathogen-fighting antibodies in a mother’s immune system are passed to the unborn baby through the umbilical cord or through breast milk to infants • Body-produced immunity in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting the body • Occurs after your immune system reacts to a pathogen invasion and keeps you from becoming sick by a particular pathogen more than once • Body responds to pathogens and foreign particles with specific and nonspecific responses • Specific responses differ slightly for each pathogen; nonspecific responses are the same for every pathogen • Nonspecific Responses • Inflammation is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increase warmth at the affected site • Occurs when a pathogen enters the body or when body’s other tissues become damaged • Fevers develop when mast cells or macrophages release chemicals that cause the hypothalamus (part of which system?) to increase the body’s temperature • Fever goes away when the chemicals are no longer being made by the mast cells • Low fevers stimulate the production of interferons, which prevent viruses from reproducing • Low fevers also make white blood cells mature faster, which is important because only mature WBCs can destroy pathogens • High fevers (103°F or above) are dangerous because at that point, the hypothalamus can not longer regulate body temperature, so enzymes that control chemical reactions in the body stop functioning • High fevers can cause seizures, brain damage, and in extreme cases, death. • When the immune system detects a pathogen, it triggers an immune response • Two types of specific immune responses: • Cellular • Humoral • 4 total groups • 2 groups will make a poster over cellular immunity • 2 groups will make a poster over humoral immunity • Everyone will make a Double Bubble Map comparing and contrasting cellular and humoral immunity • Occurs when the recipient’s immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor’s tissue • Why it’s important to find a “match” for organ/tissue donation • Read on page 955 & 956, and list ways that pathogens are controlled; be ready to discuss! • Oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen • Allergens are antigens that cause an allergic reaction • Steps of an allergic reaction: • 1. Allergen enters body • 2. Mast cells or basophils release histamine – a chemical that causes nonspecific immune responses • 3. Eosinophils sometimes also play a role in allergic reactions • Scientists aren’t sure what causes some individuals to suffer from allergies, while others do not. • Leukemia • HIV • Both of these diseases weaken the immune system in different ways…many times, individuals who have these types of diseases die from complications of them, not the disease itself. • Germs cause many diseases in humans. • The immune system consists of organs, cells, and molecules that fight infections. • The immune system has many responses to pathogens and foreign cells. • Living in a clean environment and building immunity help keep a person healthy. • An overactive immune system can make the body very unhealthy. • When the immune system is weakened, the body can’t fight off diseases.