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HANDOUT Chapter 6 – Behavioral Views of Learning Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - event that automatically produces an emotional or physical response Unconditioned Response (UR) - naturally occurring emotional or physical response Neutral Stimulus (NS) - stimulus not connected to a response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - stimulus that evokes a response after conditioning Conditioned Response (CR) - learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Generalization - responding in the same way to stimulus similar to the CS Discrimination - responding to only the CS used during training, or to stimuli very similar to it Extinction - disappearance of CS-CR pairing Reinforcement - use to strengthen or increase the occurrence of a behavior Positive reinforceme nt – a stimulus that increases the probability of a response Negative reinforcement – a stimulus, which when removed, increases the probability of a response Punishment – is the opposite of reinforcement; it is used to weaken or decrease the occurrence of a behavior (through the presentation of an aversive stimulus, or the removal of a pleasant stimulus) Continuous – reinforcement every time the behavior is displayed Intermittent – reinforcement of the behavior some of the time: Interval – provides reinforcement based on the time elapsed (e.g., every 5 minutes) Ratio – provides reinforcement based on the number of responses (e.g., every 3 times) Fixed – schedule of reinforcement is known or predetermined (exactly every 5 minutes or exactly every 3 times) Variable – schedule of reinforcement is random (on average every 5 minutes or on average every 3 times) Cueing - providing a stimulus or event Prompt – reminder following a cue