Download HANDOUT Chapter 6 – Behavioral Views of Learning

HANDOUT
Chapter 6 – Behavioral Views of Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - event that automatically produces an emotional or physical
response
Unconditioned Response (UR) - naturally occurring emotional or physical response
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - stimulus not connected to a response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - stimulus that evokes a response after conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR) - learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Generalization - responding in the same way to stimulus similar to the CS
Discrimination - responding to only the CS used during training, or to stimuli very similar to it
Extinction - disappearance of CS-CR pairing
Reinforcement - use to strengthen or increase the occurrence of a behavior
Positive reinforceme nt – a stimulus that increases the probability of a response
Negative reinforcement – a stimulus, which when removed, increases the probability of a
response
Punishment – is the opposite of reinforcement; it is used to weaken or decrease the occurrence
of a behavior (through the presentation of an aversive stimulus, or the removal of a pleasant
stimulus)
Continuous – reinforcement every time the behavior is displayed
Intermittent – reinforcement of the behavior some of the time:
Interval – provides reinforcement based on the time elapsed (e.g., every 5 minutes)
Ratio – provides reinforcement based on the number of responses (e.g., every 3 times)
Fixed – schedule of reinforcement is known or predetermined
(exactly every 5 minutes or exactly every 3 times)
Variable – schedule of reinforcement is random
(on average every 5 minutes or on average every 3 times)
Cueing - providing a stimulus or event
Prompt – reminder following a cue