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Kingdoms of Life: Basic Characteristics Kingdom Plantae Cells have a membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic) Multicellular Plant cells are specialized to carry out specific processes and functions Can reproduce sexually (via pollination) or asexually (vegetative propagation) Cells have a membrane AND a cell wall made of cellulose Cells contain chloroplast and the pigment chlorophyll Cells contain ribosomes Plant structure: roots, stems, leaves and a vascular system to transfer nutrients throughout the plant Autotrophs that are the main producers in almost all food webs and food chains Carnivorous plants (ex. venus fly trap, sundew, pitcher plant) are considered heterotrophs since they eat insects, but they are essentially still autotrophic and can survive without consuming insects. Click here to learn more. Kingodm Animalia Cells have a membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic) Multicellular Animal cells are specialized to carry out specific processes and functions Most reproduce sexually (2 parents) Some reproduce asexually (regeneration, budding) Cells have a membrane (also called plasma membrane) Cells contain lysosomes and ribosomes Heterotrophs Examples: Mammals, Fish, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, etc Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protista These are organisms that cannot be classified simply in any one of the other kingdoms (the leftovers) Can be unicellular and microscopic (diatoms, dinoflagellates) or multicellular and macroscopic (kelp) Cells have a nucleus (eukaryotic) Live in wet places Protozoa, a group of protists, were once thought to be animals since they can move, have cell membranes, and are heterotrophs. Examples include amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium, and cilliates Diatoms have hard shells made of silica (silica is also used to make glass) Diatoms are responsible for creating one-fifth of the planet's oxygen Slime molds, once mistaken for fungi, are decomposers that can also produce spores. However, these unicellular organisms have the unique capability of coming together to form a single multicellular slime mold Unicellular protists with a cell membrane reproduce asexually via binary fission Have both symbiotic and parasitic relationships with other organisms (dinoflagellate population explosions poison marine life and cause red tides) Use flagella (one long tail) and cillia (many small legs like eyelases) to move around (only the heterotrophs) Can be heterotrophic (amoeba) or autotrophic (algae) Multicellular simple organisms (Bread yeast is an exception; it is unicellular) Cells have one or more nuclei (eukaryotic) Cell walls are made of chitin, a substance also found in the shells of lobster and other crustaceans Reproduce asexually (via spores and budding) or asexualy (via hyphae fusing or by forming a sac) Body structure of cap fungi: cap, gills, stalk, mycellium (hyphae) Their niche on the planet is as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients Some are edible (truffles, mushrooms, yeast), while others are toxic (death cap mushroom) 3 types of fungi: mold (ex. bread mold), sac fungi (yeast, truffles), and club fungi (mushrooms) Like plants, fungi cannot move and although they have cell walls, they lack the roots, stems and leaves that would make them plants Mushrooms are the common name given to the fruiting bodies of club fungi Alexander Fleming discovered that Penicillin notatum - a type of mold - kills Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria) Heterotrophic organisms that digest their food before they eat by producing digestive acids and enzymes