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Name: Date: Period: DRAGON GENETICS LAB INTRODUCTION In this activity, you and a partner will work together to produce a baby dragon. You will simulate meiosis and fertilization. To begin, we will review meiosis and fertilization for dragons that have only one chromosome with a single gene. This gene codes for the enzyme that makes the pigment that gives dragon skin its color. The dominant allele, A, codes for a normal enzyme that results in normal skin color. The recessive allele, a, codes for a defective enzyme that cannot make skin pigment, so an aa dragon is an albino with completely white skin. ★ Suppose that each dragon parent has the pair of homologous chromosomes shown. Father Mother _A _A _a _a Draw the chromosomes of the two types of eggs and the two types of sperm produced by meiosis. Then, draw the chromosomes of the zygotes that are produced when the different types of sperm fertilize the different types of eggs. Next, use an * to indicate any zygote or zygotes that will develop into albino baby dragons. In this activity you will work with a partner to carry out a simulation of meiosis and fertilization and produce a baby dragon. Each student will be a surrogate dragon parent who has the genes indicated on a set of three Popsicle sticks. Each Popsicle stick represents one chromosome, and the two of the same color represent homologous chromosomes. This table explains how the simulation mimics the biological processes of meiosis and fertilization. The homologous chromosomes will be separated according to Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment. The genetic codes that are passed on to the baby will be recorded on the following pages. The surrogate parents must then decode the genes inherited by their bundle of joy to determine the phenotype traits of their baby. Using the pictures provided, they will cut out these traits and paste them together to have a picture of their baby. Biological Process Simulation The parents' diploid cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Meiosis separates each pair of homologous chromosomes, so each gamete receives only one from each pair of chromosomes. Thus, the parents' diploid cells have two copies of each gene, but each haploid gamete has only one copy of each gene. Each dragon parent puts his or her Popsicle sticks on the table or desk, and randomly separates the Popsicle sticks into the separate gametes. The alleles from this chromosome are recorded in the Egg or Sperm column in the charts on page 4. When a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg, this produces The dragon parents record the phenotypic traits a diploid zygote with one copy of each gene from the of their baby in the Baby's Traits column in the mother and one copy from the father. These genes charts on page 4. determine the phenotypic traits of the baby dragon that develops from this zygote. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment The principles that govern heredity were discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1860's. One of these principles, now called Mendel's law of independent assortment, states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another. Mendel’s Law of Segregatoin Mendel's law of segregation states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization. There are four main concepts involved in this idea. They are: 1. There are alternative forms for genes. This means that a gene can exist in more than one form. 2. For each characteristic or trait organisms inherit two alternative forms of that gene, one from each parent. These alternative forms of a gene are called alleles. 3. When gametes (sex cells) are produced, allele pairs separate or segregate leaving them with a single allele for each trait. This means that sex cells contain only half the compliment of genes. When gametes join during fertilization the resulting offspring contain two sets of alleles, one allele from each parent. 4. When the two alleles of a pair are different, one is dominant and the other is recessive. This means that one trait is expressed or shown, while the other is hidden. From Mendel's law of segregation we see that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed (through a type of cell division called meiosis). These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization. If a pair of alleles for a trait are the same they are called homozygous. If they are different they are called heterozygous. PROCEDURE 1. Choose a partner carefully. You and your spouse will share the grade for this lab. Your instructor does not care which partner worked the hardest. This is a no divorce classroom. The lab must be completed on time. 2. Each partner must pick up ten Popsicle sticks -- two of each color of autosome (green, purple, orange, and yellow) and two sex chromosome stick (blue or pink). Each stick represents a chromosome, and the pair together represents homologous chromosomes. 3. For each color autosome and then for the sex chromosomes follow steps: a. Each parent will hide his or her stick behind their back. b. The other person will randomly choose one chromosome to put down on the table. c. This will show the alleles passed onto the baby. 4. The alleles from each pair of homologous chromosomes will be recorded in the data chart. 5. The decoding chart indicates the phenotypic effect of each gene. The trait produced by each pair of alleles should be recorded in the data chart. Remember that a CAPITAL letter is dominant over a small letter [recessive] unless the decoding chart indicates those traits are codominant, sex-influenced, or sex-limited. 6. Students will use the key to draw their dragon. They may trace the features, but your teacher much prefers if you use your skills and create a drawing. 7. The baby’s colors will be added to the picture. DRAGON GENOME DECODING OF THE GENES Chromosome Green Autosome Dominant genes A. no chin spike B. Nose spike C three head flaps D. no visible ear hole E. (see below) Recessive genes a. chin spike b. no nose spike c. four head flaps d. visible ear hole Purple Autosome F. long neck G. no back hump H. no back spikes I. long tail J. flat feet f. short neck g. back hump h. back spikes i. short tail j. arched feet Orange Autosome K. red eyes L. spots on neck M. (see below) N. no fang O. spots on back k. yellow eyes l. no spots on neck P. no spots on thigh Q. green body R. small comb on head (see below) S. See below T. See below U. regular thigh V. four toes W. no chest plate p. spots on thigh q. purple body r. large comb on head X Chromosome only X. no tail spike Z. long arms + non-fire breather x. tail spike z. short arms - fire breather Y chromosome only Y male Yellow Autosomes Sex Chromosomes n. fang o. no spots on back u. pointed thigh v. three toes w. chest plate Co-Dominant traits (both show up) E. eye pointed at each end S. Red spots e. round eye s. yellow spots Sex Influenced traits M. wings T. no elbow spike m. no wings (dominant in presence of male hormone) t. elbow spike (dominant in presence of male hormone) Sex Limited traits R or r Only males have the comb on the head Ee. Eye round at front Ss. Orange spots OUR BABY DRAGON! Name: Your Partner: your chromosome gender and number: your partner’s chromosome gender and number: *Use punnett squares for probability Green Autosomes GENOTYPES MOM DAD Alleles in Egg Sperm Show probability for chin spike Purple Autosomes GENOTYPES MOM DAD Alleles in Egg Sperm Show probability for neck length Orange Autosomes GENOTYPES MOM DAD Alleles in Egg Sperm Show probability for eye color TRAIT—Phenotype of Baby Show probability for number of flaps TRAIT—Phenotype of Baby Show probability for tail length TRAIT—Phenotype of Baby Show probability for neck spots Yellow Autosomes GENOTYPES MOM DAD Alleles in Egg Sperm TRAIT—Phenotype of Baby Show probability for body color Sex Chrosomes GENOTYPES MOM DAD Alleles in Egg Sperm Show probability for spots on thigh TRAIT—Phenotype of Baby Questions Answer on binder paper and staple to data. 1. How does dropping the stick on the table and transcribing the letters on the sides facing up follow Mendel’s Law of Segregation? [First state the law.] 2. Explain how dropping the green, orange, and red sticks illustrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment? [First state the law.] 3. The gene for fangs is recessive, yet most of the dragons have fangs. How can this happen? 4. What is the sex of your baby? 5. What traits are sex-linked? [First define “sex-linked”.] 6. Identify any gene deletions or inversions in the chromosomes you have. 7a. What traits are more likely to be found in males? [Consider sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited traits.] 7b. How might these be an advantage to this sex? [Be creative in your answers.] 8. Suppose that Mom and Dad had a second baby. Would the second baby necessarily have this same traits as the first? Why or why not? 9. For this couple, will all of their sons have horns? Explain why or why not. 10. Which sex will be more likely to have horns. How might horns be an advantage for this sex? Phenotypic Trait Can two individuals with this phenotype have different genotypes?If yes, give an example Has wings Has red eyes Has a short tai