* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ES CH 5 Test Review
Survey
Document related concepts
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Conservation agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
CH 5 Test Review 1. Evolution, as a general term, means “change over time.” 2. Specifically, biologists define biological evolution as a change in a population’s gene pool over time. 3. A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait. 4. Mutations are changes in DNA. 5. Evolution that occurs by chance is called genetic drift. 6. Natural selection is the process by which traits that improve an organism’s chances for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not. 7. Fitness describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment. 8. A heritable trait that increases an individual’s fitness is called an adaptation. 9. The process of selection conducted under human direction is termed artificial selection. 10. The process by which new species are generated is called speciation. 11. The disappearance of a species from Earth is called extinction. 12. An organism’s niche describes its use of resources and its functional role in a community. 13. Tolerance is the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions. 14. During resource partitioning, species partition, or divide, the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways 15. Predation is the process by which an individual of one species, a predator, hunts, captures, kills, and consumes an individual of another species, the prey. 16. Coevolution is the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. 17. Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism, the parasite, depends on another, the host, for nourishment or some other benefit. 18. We define symbiosis as a long-lasting and physically close relationship in which at least one organism benefits. 19. The interaction in which an animal feeds on a plant is called herbivory. 20. A relationship in which two or more species benefit is called mutualism 21. Commensalism, describes a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected 22. Organisms called autotrophs or primary producers capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making energy available to the rest of the community. 23. Photosynthesis is the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen along the way. 24. Primary producers such as bacteria use energy stored in the bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars in a process called chemosynthesis. 25. Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called heterotrophs, or consumers. 26. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct. 27. Most primary consumers, such as deer and grasshoppers, eat plants and are called herbivores. 28. Most secondary and tertiary consumers kill and eat other animals and are called carnivores. 29. Animals that eat both plant and animal food are called omnivores. 30. Detritivores, such as millipedes and soil insects, consume detritus—nonliving organic matter including leaf litter, waste products, and the dead bodies of other community members. 31. Large detritivores, like vultures, are often called scavengers. 32. Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, break down nonliving matter into simpler parts that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers. 33. An organism’s trophic level is its rank in a feeding hierarchy. 34. A trophic level’s biomass is the total amount of living tissue it contains. 35. A food chain is a linear series of feeding relationships. 36. A food web is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow, showing the many paths by which energy and nutrients pass among organisms as they consume one another. 37. A species that has strong or wide-reaching impact on a community is called a keystone species. 38. A community experiences a somewhat predictable series of changes over time that ecologists call succession. 39. When a disturbance is so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains, primary succession occurs. 40. Species that colonize the newly exposed land first are called pioneer species. 41. Secondary succession, unlike primary succession, begins when a disturbance, such as a fire, logging, or farming, dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things or all organic matter in the soil. 42. An invasive species is a nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community. Complete the food chain below. 1. Fill in each circle with one of the organisms in Word Bank A 2. Identify the role of each type of organism in the food chain by writing a label from Word Bank B on the lines below the circles. (HINT: one word is used TWICE) 3. Use the percentages in Word Bank C to show how much energy is transferred to each organism on the lines above the circles. Word Bank A: guppy Word Bank B: carnivore Word Bank C: 0.1% 100% Algae Primary producer largemouth bass herbivore algae grass shrimp decomposer primary producer 10% 100% 1% 10% 1% grass shrimp herbivore guppy carnivore decomposers 0.1% largemouth bass carnivore