Download ES CH 5 Test Review

CH 5 Test Review
1. Evolution, as a general term, means “change over time.”
2. Specifically, biologists define biological evolution as a change in a population’s
gene pool over time.
3. A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait.
4. Mutations are changes in DNA.
5.
Evolution that occurs by chance is called genetic drift.
6. Natural selection is the process by which traits that improve an organism’s
chances for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future
generations than those that do not.
7. Fitness describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its
environment.
8.
A heritable trait that increases an individual’s fitness is called an adaptation.
9. The process of selection conducted under human direction is termed artificial
selection.
10. The process by which new species are generated is called speciation.
11. The disappearance of a species from Earth is called extinction.
12. An organism’s niche describes its use of resources and its functional role in a
community.
13. Tolerance is the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental
conditions.
14. During resource partitioning, species partition, or divide, the resource they use
in common by specializing in different ways
15. Predation is the process by which an individual of one species, a predator, hunts,
captures, kills, and consumes an individual of another species, the prey.
16. Coevolution is the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in
each other.
17. Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism, the parasite, depends on
another, the host, for nourishment or some other benefit.
18. We define symbiosis as a long-lasting and physically close relationship in which
at least one organism benefits.
19. The interaction in which an animal feeds on a plant is called herbivory.
20. A relationship in which two or more species benefit is called mutualism
21. Commensalism, describes a relationship in which one species benefits and the
other is unaffected
22. Organisms called autotrophs or primary producers capture energy from the sun
or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making energy available to
the rest of the community.
23. Photosynthesis is the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen along the way.
24. Primary producers such as bacteria use energy stored in the bonds of hydrogen
sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars in a process called
chemosynthesis.
25. Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called
heterotrophs, or consumers.
26. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the
chemical energy of sugars such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water as
a byproduct.
27. Most primary consumers, such as deer and grasshoppers, eat plants and are called
herbivores.
28. Most secondary and tertiary consumers kill and eat other animals and are called
carnivores.
29. Animals that eat both plant and animal food are called omnivores.
30. Detritivores, such as millipedes and soil insects, consume detritus—nonliving
organic matter including leaf litter, waste products, and the dead bodies of other
community members.
31. Large detritivores, like vultures, are often called scavengers.
32. Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, break down nonliving matter into
simpler parts
that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers.
33. An organism’s trophic level is its rank in a feeding hierarchy.
34. A trophic level’s biomass is the total amount of living tissue it contains.
35. A food chain is a linear series of feeding relationships.
36. A food web is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow, showing the
many paths by which energy and nutrients pass among organisms as they
consume one another.
37. A species that has strong or wide-reaching impact on a community is called a
keystone species.
38. A community experiences a somewhat predictable series of changes over time
that
ecologists call succession.
39. When a disturbance is so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains, primary
succession occurs.
40. Species that colonize the newly exposed land first are called pioneer species.
41. Secondary succession, unlike primary succession, begins when a disturbance,
such as a fire, logging, or farming, dramatically alters an existing community but
does not destroy all living things or all organic matter in the soil.
42. An invasive species is a nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community.
Complete the food chain below.
1. Fill in each circle with one of the organisms in Word Bank A
2. Identify the role of each type of organism in the food chain by writing a label
from Word Bank B on the lines below the circles. (HINT: one word is used TWICE)
3. Use the percentages in Word Bank C to show how much energy is transferred to
each organism on the lines above the circles.
Word Bank A:
guppy
Word Bank B:
carnivore
Word Bank C:
0.1%
100%
Algae
Primary
producer
largemouth bass
herbivore
algae
grass shrimp
decomposer
primary
producer
10%
100%
1%
10%
1%
grass shrimp
herbivore
guppy
carnivore
decomposers
0.1%
largemouth bass
carnivore