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3/8 • Pick up quiz answer sheet from the front and graded work from the back. • Reminders: – TEST ON FRIDAY 3/11 OVER ALL BODY SYSTEMS – Make-Up Chicken Wing Dissection today after school or tomorrow afterschool. • No warm up. 5 min to finish and turn in Chicken Wing questions pg 65-66 Animal Systems: DEFENSE Immune System DEFENSE How do the integumentary, immune and lymphatic systems work together to defend the body? These systems work to protect the body from pathogens. The integumentary system (skin) is the first barrier against infection, and any invading pathogens are destroyed and removed via the immune and lymphatic systems. Immune System Purpose: The immune system protects the body from disease by producing specialized cells that inactivate or destroy pathogens. Parts of the System - consists of specialized cells and organs that respond to the presence of a pathogen • skin – body’s first line of defense (also part of integumentary system) • white blood cells – recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens. Macrophages are the white blood cell type that actually eat and destroy these antigens. Macrophage of a mouse stretching its “arms” (pseudopodia) to engulf 2 pathogens How the Immune System works: 1. First line of defense (pathogen does not enter body) o Skin & other non-specific defenses such as mucous, saliva, and tears trap and destroy pathogens. 2. Second line of defense (pathogen enters body) o If pathogen does enter the body, this triggers the inflammatory response – Tissue becomes swollen and painful due to white blood cell accumulation. o Chemicals are released by immune system to cause fever (increased body temperature); increased temperature can kill some bacteria and viruses. o White blood cells called macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens. 3. Third line of defense (pathogen gets past first and second line of defense) • Immune response 1. Triggered by an antigen; virus, bacteria or other Antigen pathogen. binding sites 2. T cells and B cells recognize the Antigen specific pathogen and produce antibodies that will help destroy the invader and protect us the next time it enters the body. This process is called immunity. 3. The reaction to a second infection by the same pathogen is much faster. Antibody Lymph & Immune System Levels of Organization White Blood Cells, B-cells, Tcells, macrophages Lymph nodes, bone marrow Spleen, Liver Lymph and Immune **H.I.V. is the virus that causes AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It attacks a special T cell known as a helper T cell. **Penicillin and other antibiotics can also be used to help the immune system, but it is important to remember that antibiotics only kill bacteria! **Vaccines work by mimicking the body’s natural immune response. A small amount of the specially treated virus, bacterium or toxin (vaccine) is injected into the body. The body then makes antibodies. If a vaccinated person is exposed to the actual virus, bacterium or toxin, they won’t get sick. Interactions with other Body Systems Skin of the integumentary system is the first line of defense of the immune system. The circulatory system transports immune cells around the body. Bones of the skeletal system produce lymphocytes and macrophages. What is happening in the diagram? Vitamin-D Production and Metabolism • Basically, UV light triggers a change of a cholesterol-related molecule in the membrane of skin cells. The vitamin D that is created is then released from the membrane into our circulatory system, where it travels to the liver. In this organ, it is transformed into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (big fancy molecule) • The kidney, as well as some other tissues, further convert this into 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is also called calcitrol. Calcitrol together with parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulates blood calcium levels and, in turn, bone density. • Calcitrol targets the intestine, where it promotes calcium absorption; and bone, where it starts calcium release to help restore depleted blood calcium levels. THINK-PAIR-SHARE Think-Pair-Share