Download the distinct patterns of behavior including thoughts and feelings that

STUDY OF PERSONALITY – FX - REVIEW
Personality: the distinct patterns of behavior including thoughts and feelings that characterize a
person’s adaptation to life
Psychology: the science that studies behavior and mental processes (overt and inner)
Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist: Psychiatrist (medical dr) can write prescriptions (scientist)
Contemporary perspectives: Biological, Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Humanistic, Learning,
Sociocultural
Methodologies:
1. Scientific
a. Four steps, hypothesis
2. Naturalistic-Observation
a. Organisms observed in natural environment
b. Instinctive- natural, unlearned
3. Correlational
a. Relationships between variables—Pos.- one variable increases as the other increases and
Neg.- one variable increases as the other decreases
b. Doesn’t show cause + effect
4. Experimental
a. Looks for Cause and Effect
b. Independent Variable: manipulated so that its effects may be observed
c. Dependent Variable: measure of an assumed effect on an indep. Variable
d. Experimental Subjects/ Group: receiving treatment in an experiment
e. Control Subjects/ Group: normal—kept to compare w/ experimental
f. Placebo: bogus treatment for experimental group
g. Blind Study: nobody knows who is receiving treatment
h. Double-Blind Study: neither subjects/ experimenter know who’s getting treatment
5. Survey
a. Large samples of people questioned
b. Random Sample: every member of pop. has equal chance of being selected
c. Stratified Sample: identified subjects of pop. are represented proportionally
6. Testing
a. Validity Scales: measure what they are supposed to measure
7. Case Study
a. Interviews, questionnaires, psychological tests
b. Freud developed psychodynamic theory
Father of Behaviorism: John B. Watson
Sigmund Freud: created psychodynamic theory—primitive sexual & aggressive impulses more
influential than conscious thought—Oedipal Complex
Validity: measures what it is supposed to
Reliability: consistency
Fields of Psychology: Clinical Counseling, School and Education, Developmental, Personality, Social,
Environmental, Experimental, Industrial/Organizational/Consumer, Forensic, Health….
Absolute Threshold: the minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation—at least 50% of the
time. Ex: for smell, 1 drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house
Sensation: the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the
central nervous system—“taking it all in”
Perception: the process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world—
“making sense out of sensations”
STUDY OF PERSONALITY – FX - REVIEW
Positive Adaptation: sensitization—our eyes can adjust to lower light intensity as they become more
used to it—movie theater
Negative Adaptation: desensitization—being a doctor, become less sensitive to graphic factors
Perceptual Organization:
1. Perceptual Organization: tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns
2. Ambiguous: having two or more possible meanings
3. Closure: tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole
4. Proximity: nearness—tendency to group together objects that are near one another
5. Similarity: tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance
6. Continuity: tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity
7. Common fate: tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together
Perceptual Constancies: SIZE, SHAPE, COLOR, BRIGHTNESS
Illusion: sensations that give rise to misperceptions
Sound: caused by changes in air pressure that result from vibration
Loudness: higher the amplitude of the wave, louder the sound
Types of Deafness:
1. Conduction Deafness: damage to structures of middle ear—can’t amplify
2. Sensory-Neural Deafness: damage to inner ear
3. Stimulation Deafness: stimulation loss by prolonged exposure to loud noise
Classical Conditioning: A form of learning in which one stimulus comes to evoke the response usually
evoked by a second stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus
Pavlov Equation:
Food  Salivation (natural)
UCS
UCR
Bell + Food  Salivation
NS
UCS
UCR
Bell  Salivation
CS
CR
Spontaneous Recovery: the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of
time—ex. : BELL + FOOD + TIME  No salivation
BELL  Reduced Salivation
Baby had no prejudices. After scaring him with noise, they paired
Little Albert:
Noise  Cry noise w/ rat so then he feared the rat. Put a different white rat in with
UCS
UCR him (easy to distinguish between the two) he was scared. Responded
Rat + Noise  Cry same way to furry white rabbit, white fur, Santa Claus mask, etc.
NS
UCS
UCR Generalization vs. Discrimination—generalized all white furry
Rat  Cry
things to be scary. Began new life terrified of white rats, cats,
CS
CR
bunnies, puppies, coats, etc. Would lose his fear naturally as soon as
he ran into something white and furry that did not make a loud,
frightening noise—extinction. So young, wouldn’t remember why
afraid of such things. Turned into an anxiety—phobia. Ways to
remove instilled fears: flooding, systematic desensitization, counter
conditioning. Father of Behaviorism—John B. Watson.
STUDY OF PERSONALITY – FX - REVIEW
Schedules of Reinforcement:
1. Fixed-Interval Schedule—time
2. Variable-Interval Schedule—random pop quizzes, random drug tests, etc.
3. Fixed-Ratio Schedule—1:1 money for grade
4. Variable-Ratio Schedule—gambling
B.F. Skinner:
1. Operant Conditioning: a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in
behavior because it is reinforced
2. Reinforcement: a stimulus that follows a response and increase the frequency of the response
Media Violence: violence in media reflects peoples actions b/c visual representation remembered more
because directly connected w/ Limbic system, center of emotions
Maintenance Rehearsal: mental repetition of information in order to keep it in memory
Elaborative Rehearsal: a method for increasing retention of new information by relating it to
information that is well known
Encoding: modifying information so that it can be placed in memory
 visual code - picture
 acoustic code - sound
 semantic code – meaning
Storing: maintenance of information over time
 Maintenance Rehearsal
Retrieving: location of stored information and its return to consciousness
 Proper Cues
Short-Term Memory:
 Serial Position Effect: the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series
 Primacy Effect: tendency to recall the first items in a series
 Recency Effect: tendency to recall the last items in a series
Displacement: in memory theory, to cause chunks of information to be lost from short-term memory by
adding new items
Three Kinds of Memory:
1. Episodic
2. Semantic
3. Procedural
Three Processes of Memory:
1. Encoding
2. Storing
3. Retrieving
Three Stages of Memory:
1. Sensory Memory
2. Short-Term Memory
3. Long-Term Memory
Three Memory Tasks:
1. Recognition
2. Recall
3. Relearning
STUDY OF PERSONALITY – FX - REVIEW
Interference Theory: the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes
Retroactive Interference: the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve the previously
learned material—forget the OLD because of the NEW ex: Betis # 36, don’t know other #36’s
Proactive Interference: the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned
recently—forget the NEW because of the OLD ex: test, forget newest material b/c familiar w/ old
Childhood Amnesia: inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of 2 or 3
Anterograde Amnesia: failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the
effects of the trauma (grade of A for AFTER)
Retrograde Amnesia: failure to remember events that occur PRIOR to physical trauma because of the
effects of the trauma
Repression: in Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking stimuli from conscious
awareness
Spearman: 2 branches “g” and “s” factors, broad reasoning & master of one trade
Thurstone: 8 Primary Mental Abilities (“s” factors)—visual/spatial abilities, perceptual speed,
numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, deductive reasoning, inductive
reasoning
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences (8)—Logical-Mathematical Intell., Spatial Intell., Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intell., Musical Intell., Interpersonal Intell., Intrapersonal Intell., Naturalist Intell.,& Linguistic
Intell.
Guilford: Structure of Intellect (SOI)—Operations, Contents, Products
Jensen: Level I. / Level II.—associative abilities, conceptual abilities
Sternberg: Triarchic Model of Intelligence—Contextual, componential, experiential
Wechsler: WAIS-R—Wechsler intelligence scales, Verbal tasks vs. performance tasks…IQ
Goleman: EQ = Emotional Quotient
Intelligence: the capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges
(according to Wechsler)
Creativity: the ability to generate novel solutions to problems
Stanford-Binet IQ: intelligence scale—IQ = MA/ CA x 100
“Twins” Study: Identical twins reared together have the highest correlation of IQ scores
Down Syndrome: a group of associated defects including mental retardation, delayed development,
heart defects (in some cases), and other characteristics
Mental Retardation: criteria is IQ scores (w/ associated behavior) below 70—some causes biological;
chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, and brain damage. Also caused by harmful
substances consumed while mother pregnant (smoking, drinking alcohol, etc.)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 yrs), Preoperational Stage (2-6
yrs), Concrete Operational Stage ( 6-12 yrs), & Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Preconventional Level (through age 9), Conventional
Level (13-16 yrs.), & Postconventional Level (early/ mid. Teens)
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Trust v. Mistrust (0-1), Autonomy v. Doubt (1-2),
Initiative v. Guilt (2-5), Industry v. Inferiority (5-puberty), Identity v. Role Confusion
(Adolescence), Intimacy v. Isolation (early adulthood), Generativity v. Stagnation (Middle Age),
& Integrity v. Despair (Later Adulthood)
 Adolescence Identity v. Role Confusion: The teenager tries to develop her own separate identity
while “fitting in” with her friends. Failure leads to confusion over who she is.
Developmental Psychology: study of growth and changes as we progress through the life cycle—
physical, social, moral, & cognitive