Download Types of Mood Disorders

Ch. 18 Section 5: Mood Disorders
Obj: Describe how psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders
Most people have mood __________________ that reflect the normal ups and
downs of daily life. They feel down when things go wrong, such as failing an
important test, and they feel up when good things happen.
Some people, however, experience mood changes that seem inappropriate for or
inconsistent with the ____________________ to which they are responding.
These people feel sad when things are going well, or they feel elated for no
apparent reason. People who have __________________ moods such as these
may have a mood disorder.
Mood disorders fall into two general categories. _____________________
typically involves feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and
great sadness. _________________ disorder involves a cycle of mood changes
from depression to wild elation and back again.
Mood disorders – particularly depression – are very common psychological
disorders. In any six-month period, about 8 percent of women and 4 percent of
men are likely to be _______________________ with some level of depression.
Types of Mood Disorders
The DSM-IV classifies mood __________________ into several different
___________ of depressive and bipolar disorders.
_______________ Depression – Depression is by far the most common of all the
psychological disorders. It has been estimated that depression affects more than
100 million people worldwide and that between 8 and 18 percent of the general
______________________ will experience depression in their lifetime.
According to the DSM-IV, major depression is diagnosed when an individual
experiences at least ____________ of the following nine symptoms of depression.
 Persistent ____________________ mood for most of the day
 Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
 Significant weight loss or gain due to changes in appetite
 ____________________ more or less than usual
 Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions
 Fatigue or loss of energy
 Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded ______________
 Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions
 Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
For a diagnosis of major depression to be made, at least one of the individual's
five symptoms must be one of the first _________ symptoms in the list.
Additionally, the symptoms must be present for at least two _____________, and
occur nearly every day during that period.
Severely depressed individuals may become consumed by feelings of
________________________ or guilt. Severe depression calls for immediate
treatment – as many as 15 percent of severely depressed individuals eventually
commit suicide.
Bipolar _________________ – Formerly called manic depression, bipolar disorder
is characterized by dramatic ups and downs in mood. Periods of
______________, or extreme excitement characterized by hyperactivity and
_______________ behavior, can change into depression very quickly and for no
apparent reason.
The manic phase is characterized by a mood that is persistently and abnormally
elevated. In some people, however, this phase may be characterized by
___________________ instead of elation. Manic moods are also characterized by
at least some of the following traits:
 Inflated ______________________
 Inability to sit still or sleep restfully
 Pressure to keep __________________ and switching from topic to topic
 Racing thoughts (referred to as “flight of ideas”)
 Difficulty concentrating
Individuals in the manic phase may appear highly excited and act silly or
argumentative. In severe cases, they may have ________________ (beliefs that
have no basis in reality) about their own superior abilities or about others being
jealous of them. They may also experience hallucinations (sensory perceptions
that occur in the absence of sensory stimuli) such as hearing imaginary
_________________ or seeing things that are not really there. These individuals
ma also engage in impulsive behaviors, such as going on wild spending sprees,
quitting their jobs to pursue wild dreams, or making foolish business investments.
Thus, the manic phase of bipolar disorder can be very ________________ to an
individual’s life.
Explaining Mood Disorders
Psychological and biological theories have been proposed to ______________
why such a large number of people ____________________ mood disorders,
particularly depression.
Psychological Views – The psychoanalytic view of depression is that some
people are _______________ to depression because they suffered a __________
or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood. According to this view,
the child feels anger toward the lost object or person but, instead of expressing the
anger, _____________________ it and directs it toward himself or herself. This
leads to feelings of guilt and loss of self-esteem, which in turn leads to depression.
Learning theorists have suggested other explanations for depression. Some
believe that ___________________ helplessness makes people prone to
depression. Psychologist Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of learned
helplessness in a classic experiment in which he taught does that they were
helpless to escape from electric shock. First, he placed a ________________ in
the dogs’ cage to prevent them from leaving when shock was administered. Later
the barrier was removed. However, when shocks were again administered, the
dogs made no effort to escape. They had apparently learned there was nothing
they could do to prevent the ____________.
This ___________________ behavior has been compared to the helplessness
often seen in people who are depressed. Learning theorists argue that people
prone to depression have learned through experience to believe that previous
events in their lives were out of their _____________. This leads them to expect
that future events will be out of their control as well. As a result, whenever a
negative event occurs, these people feel ____________________, and this leads
to depression.
In contrast, cognitive theorists have suggested that some people are prone to
depression because of their habitual style of explaining __________ events.
According to this view, people assign different types of explanations to most
events – internal or external, stable or unstable, and global or specific. These
___________________ styles affect people’s self-esteem and self_______________. These styles also relate to expectancy – what people expect
based on prior experiences. Suppose, for example, that someone goes on a date
that does not work out. Different ways to explain this might include the following:
 “I really messed up” (internal explanation, places blame on __________.)
 “Some people just don’t get along” (external explanation, places the blame
elsewhere).
 “It’s my personality” (____________ explanation, suggests problem cannot
be changed.)
 “It was my head cold” (unstable explanation, suggests problem is
temporary).
 “I have no idea what to do when I’m with other people” (global explanation,
suggests problem is too large to deal with).
 “I have difficulty making ______________ talk” (specific explanation,
suggests problem is small enough to be manageable).
Research shows that people who are depressed are more likely than other people
to explain their __________________ on internal, stable, and global causes –
causes they feel helpless to change. _____________________ theorists argue
that such explanations give rise to feelings of helplessness, which in turn lead to
depression.
Another cognitive theory was proposed by Aaron ___________, who suggested
that people who are depressed have a negative view of themselves, their
experiences, and their future. According to Beck, this is because people who are
depressed have negative self-schemas, developed from negative experiences in
early childhood. This leads them to filter out positive information and perceive
negative information as more negative than it really is. Such negativity, Beck
argued, makes people prone to depression.
______________________ Views – Other researchers have investigated
biological factors in mood disorders. Mood disorders, like anxiety disorders, tend to
occur more often in the close relatives of affected individuals than they do in the
______________ population. Between 20 and 25 percent of people with mood
disorders have a family member who is affected by a similar disorder. Moreover,
identical twins of affected individuals are more likely to be affected than fraternal
twins. These studies seem to indicate that mood disorders have ______________
basis.
Scientists believe that two neurotransmitters, or chemical __________________,
in the brain – serotonin and noradrenaline – may at least partly explain the
connection between genes and mood. Serotonin and noradrenaline both play a
role in mood regulation. Low levels, or deficiencies, or _________________ may
create a tendency toward mood disorders in general. Deficiencies of serotonin
combined with deficiencies of ________________________, however, may be
linked to depression specifically. These findings have been important in the
development of drug therapy for the treatment of mood disorders.
Biological and Psychological Factors – many cases of depression may reflect
the __________________ of biological factors such as neurotransmitter levels and
psychological factors such as learned helplessness. This has been demonstrated
with laboratory ____________________. Seligman and Weiss found that dogs
that learned they were helpless to escape electric shocks also had less
noradrenaline activity in their brains. Helplessness is thus linked to specific
neurotransmitter deficiencies. The relationship may result in a vicious cycle. A
depressing situation may slow down the activity of noradrenaline in the
________________; in turn, the chemical changes may then worsen the
depression.