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Transcript
Bio1 lecture/ Dr. Tayyar Review sheet for lecture exam II Spring 2017 Please read carefully: This sheet does NOT necessarily include everything you will need to know for the exam – it is intended to help guide you with your studying. You will be responsible for everything that has been covered in lecture and for the corresponding information in the textbook. Chapter 6- Where It starts-Photosynthesis Key Terms Accessory pigments ATP synthase Autotroph Chloroplast Electromagnetic spectrum Electron transfer phosphorylation PGA Photoautotroph Photosystem Redox reaction Ribulose bisphosphate Stroma Thylakoid Carbon fixation Chlorophyll Electron transport chain Light harvesting complex Rubisco enzyme Stomata Important Concepts Know the overall reaction for photosynthesis. What are the reactants (substrates)? What are the products? Know the structure of chloroplasts. In photosynthesis, which reactant is reduced? Which is oxidized? What are the two main stages of photosynthesis? Where in the chloroplast does each one of these stages occur? Which colors of light are absorbed by chlorophyll? Why is chlorophyll green? Know the basic steps of the light reactions. What are the products of the light reactions? Know the basic steps of the Calvin cycle. What are the products of the Calvin cycle? When is oxygen produced? When is carbon dioxide reduced? Know the differences between Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Be able to describe the process of photosynthesis including stages, locations, reactants, products and energy molecules. Know the difference between C3, C4 and CAM plants. Chapter 7- How Cells Release Chemical Energy Key terms Acetyl CoA Aerobic respiration ATP synthase Cellular respiration Electron transport chain Oxidation Oxidative phosphorylation Redox reaction Reduction Anaerobic respiration ATP Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Fermentation Glycolysis Pyruvate Substrate-level phosphorylation Important Concepts Know the structure of mitochondria Know the overall equation for cellular respiration. What are the reactants? What are the products? Be familiar with the three main stages of cellular respiration. What are they called? Where do they occur? What are the products of each? Be familiar with NADH, FADH2, ATP, and acetyl CoA. What are they and how do they function in cellular respiration? Know at what stages of cellular respiration are ATP, NADH and FADH2 produced and how many of them are produced at each stage. What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? Understand the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation. The breaking down one glucose molecule during cellular respiration yields about ________ ATP molecules. During which stage of cellular respiration are most ATP molecules produced? What are the two types of fermentation and what do they yield? Chapter 8-DNA Structure and Function Key Terms Autosome Bacteriophage Diploid DNA polymerase Karyotype Mutation Reproductive cloning Sex chromosomes Somatic cell nuclear transfer Chromosome Continuous strand Haploid Histones Nitrogenous bases Nucleosomes Semi-conservative model Sister chromatids Therapeutic cloning X-ray crystallography Important Concepts Be able to describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment and results. Understand the structure of a nucleotide. What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA nucleotides? What are some structural differences between DNA and RNA? Who were Watson and Crick? Who was Rosalind Franklin? Understand the 3-D structure of DNA (double helix, complementary base pairs). How does this structure contribute to the ability of DNA to replicate? What are the major enzymes involved in DNA replication? Know the functions of DNA polymerase? In what direction does DNA polymerase work? Understand the balance of A-T and C-G in a genome. What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication? Chapter 9-From DNA to Protein Key Terms Anticodon Codon Gene Nucleotide RNA processing Alternative splicing Double helix Introns Peptide bond rRNA Base insertion / deletion Exons mRNA Promoter Transcription Base substitution Frame shift mutation Mutation tRNA Translation Important Concepts Know the major processes involved in the flow of genetic information and understand the genetic code. Know where in the cell transcription and translation occur. Know the major steps and molecules involved in transcription and translation. Be able to identify the three types of point mutations and understand their potential severity. What are the different types of mutations? Chapter 10-Control of Gene Expression Key Terms Acetylation Activator Barr body Master genes methylation microRNA Repressor Transcription factors DNA packing Homeotic genes Operator Operon X chromosome inactivation Important Concepts What is the significance of gene expression control? Know the role of gene expression and cell differentiation. Know the different steps at which gene expression control can occur in eukaryotic organisms. How is gene expression controlled in prokaryotes? Understand how the lac operon functions. Chapter 11– How cells Produce and Chapter 12- Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Key Terms Alleles Anaphase Asexual reproduction Cell cycle Cell plate Centromere Chromatin Chromosome Crossing over Daughter chromosomes Diploid Gamete Haploid Genome Independent assortment Interphase Locus Malignant tumor Neoplasm Oncogene Polyploidy S-phase Sexual reproduction Spindle Telomeres Telophase Trisomy Tumor Zygote Benign tumor Cancer Centrosome Checkpoints Cytokinesis G1 phase G2 phase Homologous chromosomes Karyotype Metaphase Metastasis Prophase Protooncogene Sister chromatids Somatic cells Tetrad Translocation Important Concepts What are the major phases of the cell cycle? What happens during those stages? Remember the importance of the S-phase. Be familiar with the major stages of mitosis. What occurs during each of these stages? How many daughter cells result from mitosis? Understand the significance of mitosis. How does mitosis in animals differ from mitosis in plants? Understand how the cell cycle is controlled and the role of checkpoints. Understand how cancer is a disease of mitosis. What is the significance of meiosis? What happens at the end of meiosis I? What happens at the end of Meiosis II? Are the starting cells haploid or diploid? Are the resulting cells haploid or diploid? What are the two ways that meiosis can contribute to genetic variation? When does crossing over take place? When does independent assortment of chromosomes take place? Be able to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. What is the diploid number for humans? What is the haploid number?