Download Study guide for exam 2 Spring 2017

Bio1 lecture/ Dr. Tayyar
Review sheet for lecture exam II
Spring 2017
Please read carefully: This sheet does NOT necessarily include everything you will need to
know for the exam – it is intended to help guide you with your studying. You will be responsible
for everything that has been covered in lecture and for the corresponding information in the
textbook.
Chapter 6- Where It starts-Photosynthesis
Key Terms
Accessory pigments ATP synthase
Autotroph
Chloroplast
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electron transfer phosphorylation
PGA
Photoautotroph
Photosystem
Redox reaction
Ribulose bisphosphate
Stroma
Thylakoid
Carbon fixation
Chlorophyll
Electron transport chain
Light harvesting complex
Rubisco enzyme
Stomata
Important Concepts
Know the overall reaction for photosynthesis. What are the reactants (substrates)? What are the
products?
Know the structure of chloroplasts.
In photosynthesis, which reactant is reduced? Which is oxidized?
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis? Where in the chloroplast does each one of these
stages occur?
Which colors of light are absorbed by chlorophyll? Why is chlorophyll green?
Know the basic steps of the light reactions. What are the products of the light reactions?
Know the basic steps of the Calvin cycle. What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
When is oxygen produced? When is carbon dioxide reduced?
Know the differences between Photosystem I and Photosystem II.
Be able to describe the process of photosynthesis including stages, locations, reactants, products
and energy molecules.
Know the difference between C3, C4 and CAM plants.
Chapter 7- How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Key terms
Acetyl CoA
Aerobic respiration
ATP synthase
Cellular respiration
Electron transport chain
Oxidation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Redox reaction
Reduction
Anaerobic respiration
ATP
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Important Concepts
Know the structure of mitochondria
Know the overall equation for cellular respiration. What are the reactants? What are the
products?
Be familiar with the three main stages of cellular respiration. What are they called?
Where do they occur? What are the products of each?
Be familiar with NADH, FADH2, ATP, and acetyl CoA. What are they and how do they
function in cellular respiration?
Know at what stages of cellular respiration are ATP, NADH and FADH2 produced and how
many of them are produced at each stage.
What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in cellular
respiration?
Understand the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation.
The breaking down one glucose molecule during cellular respiration yields about ________ ATP
molecules.
During which stage of cellular respiration are most ATP molecules produced?
What are the two types of fermentation and what do they yield?
Chapter 8-DNA Structure and Function
Key Terms
Autosome
Bacteriophage
Diploid
DNA polymerase
Karyotype
Mutation
Reproductive cloning
Sex chromosomes
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Chromosome
Continuous strand
Haploid
Histones
Nitrogenous bases
Nucleosomes
Semi-conservative model
Sister chromatids
Therapeutic cloning X-ray crystallography
Important Concepts
Be able to describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment and results.
Understand the structure of a nucleotide.
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA nucleotides?
What are some structural differences between DNA and RNA?
Who were Watson and Crick? Who was Rosalind Franklin?
Understand the 3-D structure of DNA (double helix, complementary base pairs).
How does this structure contribute to the ability of DNA to replicate?
What are the major enzymes involved in DNA replication? Know the functions of DNA
polymerase? In what direction does DNA polymerase work?
Understand the balance of A-T and C-G in a genome.
What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?
Chapter 9-From DNA to Protein
Key Terms
Anticodon
Codon
Gene
Nucleotide
RNA processing
Alternative splicing
Double helix
Introns
Peptide bond
rRNA
Base insertion / deletion
Exons
mRNA
Promoter
Transcription
Base substitution
Frame shift mutation
Mutation
tRNA
Translation
Important Concepts
Know the major processes involved in the flow of genetic information and understand the
genetic code.
Know where in the cell transcription and translation occur. Know the major steps and molecules
involved in transcription and translation.
Be able to identify the three types of point mutations and understand their potential severity.
What are the different types of mutations?
Chapter 10-Control of Gene Expression
Key Terms
Acetylation Activator
Barr body
Master genes methylation microRNA
Repressor
Transcription factors
DNA packing
Homeotic genes
Operator
Operon
X chromosome inactivation
Important Concepts
What is the significance of gene expression control?
Know the role of gene expression and cell differentiation.
Know the different steps at which gene expression control can occur in eukaryotic organisms.
How is gene expression controlled in prokaryotes?
Understand how the lac operon functions.
Chapter 11– How cells Produce and Chapter 12- Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Key Terms
Alleles
Anaphase
Asexual reproduction
Cell cycle
Cell plate
Centromere
Chromatin
Chromosome Crossing over
Daughter chromosomes
Diploid
Gamete
Haploid
Genome
Independent assortment
Interphase
Locus
Malignant tumor
Neoplasm
Oncogene
Polyploidy
S-phase
Sexual reproduction
Spindle
Telomeres
Telophase
Trisomy
Tumor
Zygote
Benign tumor
Cancer
Centrosome
Checkpoints
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
G2 phase
Homologous chromosomes
Karyotype
Metaphase
Metastasis
Prophase
Protooncogene
Sister chromatids
Somatic cells
Tetrad
Translocation
Important Concepts
What are the major phases of the cell cycle? What happens during those stages? Remember the
importance of the S-phase.
Be familiar with the major stages of mitosis. What occurs during each of these stages?
How many daughter cells result from mitosis?
Understand the significance of mitosis.
How does mitosis in animals differ from mitosis in plants?
Understand how the cell cycle is controlled and the role of checkpoints.
Understand how cancer is a disease of mitosis.
What is the significance of meiosis? What happens at the end of meiosis I? What happens at the
end of Meiosis II?
Are the starting cells haploid or diploid? Are the resulting cells haploid or diploid?
What are the two ways that meiosis can contribute to genetic variation?
When does crossing over take place?
When does independent assortment of chromosomes take place?
Be able to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
What is the diploid number for humans? What is the haploid number?